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Filth-Inhabiting Flies of Guam

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Filth-Inhabiting Flies of Guam FILTH-INHABITING FLIES OF GUAM BY GEORGE E. BOHART AND J. LINSLEY GRESS ITT BERNICE P. BISHOP MUSEUM BULLETIN 204 HONOLUI,U, HAWAII PUBLISH:tD BY TH:t MUS:tUM August 20, 1951 PBIKTJID BY HONOI.l1I.l1 STAB-BUI.U'UN This book was printed with funds supplied by the McInerny Foundation, to which the Trustees of Bishop Museum wish to express their appreciation. PREFACE This study is an outgrowth of the interest expressed by Commodore Thomas M. Rivers, Captain J. J. Sapero, and other naval medical officers in muscoid flies and other Diptera which may be involved in the mechanical transmission of diseases. Although much research was conducted on mosquitoes during World War II, relatively little attention was paid to other flies. However, serious fly problems made specific control measures necessary, though such measures were often inefficient or unsuccessful owing to the general lack of knowledge concerning species of Pacific flies and their habits. For instance, the cam­ paigns started on several islands to control muscoid flies by elimination of fallen coconuts were probably based on observation of maggots of the coco­ nut fly (Scholastes) rather than on muscoid species. Another unsuccessful measure was the burial of garbage, corpses, and excrement under shallow layers of earth. This practice actually relieved the maggots already present of the necessity of burrowing into the earth for pupation, and did nothing to lessen oviposition and subsequent migration of the first instar larvae to the breeding materials. The establishment on Guam early in 1945 of U. S. Naval Medical Research Unit 2 with its extensive facilities for laboratory and field work offered an excellent opportunity to study the habits of the flies on the island, and this work was continued for much of the year. Although the fly fauna of Guam is not extensive, it is fairly representative of that on most oceanic islands in the Pacific; and although many fly-borne diseases are not found on the island, the conditions for fly breeding are similar to those of most areas in the Pacific and along the coast of eastern Asia. Thus, it is hoped that this paper will be useful as a handbook on fly problems of Guam and serve as a general guide for studies of fly-breeding problems in other Pacific areas. Persons in areas other than the Marianas should be able, with due caution, to make use of the keys and drawings for identification of the various stages of many genera and some of the widely distributed Pacific species. The official support and encouragement given to this research project by Captain J. J. Sapero, U.S.N.; Commodore T. M. Rivers, U.S.N.R.; and other medical officers associated at various times with the research Division and Naval Medical Research Unit 2 are gratefully acknowledged. Able as- v sistance in field work was given by former Navy hospital corpsmen C. L. Wyman, J. R. Stuntz, G. R. Norris, and J. Laffoon. Mr. Wyman also made the excellent pencil drawings for the halftone plates. The senior author drew the pen and ink figures, except the map (fig. 1), which was drawn by E. H. Bryan, Jr. - We are also indebted to many members of the Division of Insect Identifi­ cation in Washington for taxonomic assistance and to Dr. C. F. Muesebeck and Dr. R A. Chapin for the facilities used in our taxonomic studies. Dr. O. W. Richards, Mr. George Steyskal, Mr. E. T. Cresson, Jr., and Dr. A. H. Sturtevant also assisted by identifying species in their taxonomic specialties and by describing new species when necessary. Mr. W. L. Brown of Harvard deserves special thanks for generouslY' allowing us· to use bibliographic references and field data which he collected in the course of special research on fly problems in China during and after the war; vi TABLE OF CONTENTS PAOli Preface .................................................................................................•.............................•................ iii Introduction ..................................... _................................................................................................. 1 Geographical zones in relation to fly populations.............................................................. 2 Scope of paper................................................•................ _......................................................... 4 Methods of study......................................................................................................................... 5 Population and habitat studies......................................................................................... 5 Field observations and collecting.................................................................................... 6 Rearing ............................................................................................................................... 7 Taxonomic study .............................................................................................................. 7 Classification of Diptera................................................................................................................... 7 Morphology of Diptera..................................................................................................................... 8 Biology of Diptera............................................................................................................................. 11 The relation of flies to disease........................................................................................................ 14 Myiasis ........................................................................................................................................ 15 Disease-transmitting potentialities of flies on Guam........................................................ 16 Fly habitats ........................................................................................................................................ 17 Common substances which breed and attract Guam flies................................................ 18 Human excrement .......................... _.......................................... _.....•.•........................ _... 18 Liquid sewage and other liquid wastes........................................................................ 20 Pig excrement and pens ..................................... _........................................................... 20 Cattle droppings and manure heaps ........................................................... ~.................. 21 Horse droppings ........................................................................•.......................... _........... 22 Decaying vegetation ....................... _................................................................................ 22 Decaying fruit .................................................................................................................... 23 Decaying coconuts ............................................................................................................ 23 Carrion ......................................................... _............................................................... _.... 24 Garbage dumps .................................................................................................................. 26 Summary of food habits........................................................................................................... 30 Sex ratios of flies....................................................................................................................... 32 Natural enemies of Guam fHes .................... _..............•.......... _... _........................................ 34 Possible methods for fly control on Guam and other Pacific islands ....................... _........... 35 Control problems peculiar to Pacific area. ........................................................ _............... 37 Problem areas ....... _........................................................................................................... 39 Native villages ............. _................................. _......................................................... 39 Native livestock areas............................................................................................... 39 Military camps .......................................................................................................... 40 Jungle, beach, and roadside breeding....................................................... __ ........... 41 Taxonomy ................................ _ ......... _ ...................................... _...........•........•.. _................... _. 41 Keys to filth-inhabiting flies of Guam .•..... _.......................................................................... ~ 41 Adults ...................................................... ~ ......................... _............................................... 41 Eggs .....................................................................................•................ ,............................. 49 Larvae .............................................................................................. _................................ 51 Pupae .............................................................................. _................................................... 55 Systematic survey ................ ..i..........................................................................................................
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