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Introduction 1 Notes Introduction 1. Georg Herwegh, ed., Einundzwanzig Bogen aus der Schweiz (Zürich: Verlag des Literarischen Comptoirs, 1843). 2. See esp. John Edward Toews, Hegelianism: The Path toward Dialectical Humanism 1805–1841 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1980). 3. Feuerbach to Christian Kapp, Nov. 1/3, 1837, GW 17:303; on the importance of Strauss’s book for the educated bourgeoisie, see Rüdiger Safranski, Romantik. Eine deutsche Affäre (Munich: Carl Hanser, 2007), 245. 4. Karl Löwith, “Ludwig Feuerbach und der Ausgang der klassischen deutschen Philosophie” (1928), in Sämtliche Schriften, vol. 5, Hegel und die Aufhebung der Philosophie im 19. Jahrhundert—Max Weber (Stuttgart: J. B.Metzler, 1988), 4. 5. Gedanken über Tod und Unsterblichkeit, in GW 12 is the standard scholarly edition. The fi rst edition was translated by James A. Massey as Thoughts on Death and Immortality: From the Papers of a Thinker, along with an Appendix of Theological-Satirical Epigrams (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980). 6. Feuerbach, Thoughts on Death and Immortality, 137; Toews argues that the result was a mystical pantheism only gradually abandoned, Hegelianism, 192–95. 7. Das Wesen des Christentums, GW 52. Unless otherwise indicated, quotations are taken from George Eliot’s 1854 translation (Amherst, NY: Prometheus, 1989) cited as EC. 8. I.e., an undetermined will in the case of pure reason. In the realm of law, Feuerbach stressed the way moral action was conditioned or determined by external infl uences or causes: see Oliver Rosbach, “Strafrecht und Gesellschaft bei Anselm von Feuerbach,” Forum historiae juris, December 1, 2000, http:// www.rewi.hu-berlin.de/FHI/zitat/0012rosbach.htm (accessed on June 30, 2008). 9. From the correspondence it appears that Feuerbach was made aware of the utopian socialists through letters from Ruge and Marx in 1844 (see the letters from Ruge to Feuerbach of Feb. 4, 1844, and May 15, 1844, and from Marx of Aug. 11, 1844, as well as Feuerbach to Friedrich Kapp, Oct. 15, 1844, all in GW 18:320–23, 346–52, 376–79, 395–99). A letter from Hermann Kriege to Feuerbach, April 18–19, 1845, in GW 19:19, suggests that Feuerbach agreed with the “true socialist” critique of society but questioned whether the masses 158 ● Notes were ready for revolution; see also Werner Schuffenhauer, Feuerbach und der junge Marx. Zur Entstehungsgeschichte der marxistischen Weltanschauung, 2nd ed. (Berlin: Verlag der Wissenschaften, 1972), 127–28, and Jens Grandt, Ludwig Feuerbach und die Welt des Glaubens (Münster: Westfälisches Dampfboot, 2006), 115–17. 10. In English, Wolfram Siemann’s (1985) The German Revolution of 1848–49, trans. Christiane Banerji (New York: St. Martin’s, 1998) provides an overview of the basic story from a social history perspective, and remains a standard account despite the wealth of new literature coming out of the 150th anniver- sary of the revolution; see a similar disaggregating approach to the revolution in Jonathan Sperber’s excellent Rhineland Radicals: The Democratic Movement and the Revolution of 1848–1849 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991), and Dieter Dowe, et al., eds., Europe in 1848: Revolution and Reform, trans. David Higgens (New York: Berghahn, 2001). Overview of the volumi- nous German-language literature in Hans Fenske, “Ein reichgedeckter Büchertisch: Neue Literatur zur Revolution 1848/49,” Historisches Jahrbuch 120 (2000), 331–57. 11. Karl Löwith, From Hegel to Nietzsche: The Revolution in Nineteenth-Century Thought, trans. David E. Green (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1964); Georg Lukács, The Destruction of Reason, trans. Peter Palmer (Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press, 1980). 12. Löwith, From Hegel to Nietzsche, 183; Lenin describes the management of the planned economy as “something like the mild leadership of a conductor of an orchestra” in “The Immediate Tasks of the Soviet Government” (1918), Selected Works in Three Volumes (Moscow: Progress, 1977), 2:611. 13. On “Baunscheidtismus,” a variety of acupuncture, see Hess to Otto Ule, Summer or Fall 1863, Briefwechsel, 454, referring to an article submitted to Ule’s journal Der Gedanke; on homeopathic medicine, Hess to Sophie von Hatzfeldt, Nov. 18, 1865, Briefwechsel, 511. 14. As he wrote in a letter to Theodor Uhlig on Oct. 22, 1850, “Look, just as we need a water-cure to heal our bodies, so we need a fi re-cure in order to remedy (i.e. destroy) the cause of our illness—a cause that is all around us,” in SL, 219. 15. Dittmar, Zur Charakterisirung der nordischen Mythologie im Verhältniss zu andern Naturreligionen. Eine Skizze (Darmstadt: Leske, 1848), 23. 16. Feuerbach, “Die Naturwissenschaft und die Revolution” (1850), in GW 103, 367. 17. See Bakunin, Statism and Anarchy, trans. and ed. Marshall S. Shatz (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Bakunin praises Feuerbach for having pushed the work of destroying metaphysics as far as possible within the realm of philosophy at page 131. 18. Letter to Gustav Bäuerle, May 31, 1867, in GW 21:302–3, cited in Manuela Köppe, “Zur Entstehung von Ludwig Feuerbachs Schift ‘Über Spiritualismus und Materialismus, besonders in Beziehung auf die Willensfreiheit,’” in Notes ● 159 Materialismus und Spiritualismus. Philosophie und Wissenschaften nach 1848, ed. Andreas Arndt and Walter Jaeschke (Hamburg: Felix Meiner, 2000), 43–44. 19. Dittmar, Zur Charakterisirung der nordischen Mythologie, 4. 20. “Zur Beurteilung der Schrift: Das Wesen des Christentums’” (1842), GW 93:241; Toews, Hegelianism, 329–30. 21. Edmund Silberner, Moses Hess: Geschichte seines Lebens (Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 1966), 5. Chapter 1 1. Josef Winiger, Ludwig Feuerbach: Denker der Menschlichkeit (Berlin: Aufbau, 2004), 37, 47–48. Jens Grandt, Ludwig Feuerbach und die Welt des Glaubens (Münster: Westfälisches Dampfboot, 2006) 12–13, makes too much of an activist of the young Feuerbach; Alfred Schmidt, in his description of an unpolitical, loner student, who is, however, radical in his thoughts, presents a more realistic description, in his introduction to Feuerbach, Anthropologischer Materialismus. Ausgewählte Schriften (Frankfurt: Ullstein, 1985), 12–13. 2. Ludwig Feuerbach, Thoughts on Death and Immortality: From the Papers of a Thinker, along with an Appendix of Theological-Satirical Epigrams, trans. James A. Massey (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980), 179; Grandt, Ludwig Feuerbach, 11–12, 27–34, who describes the anger in some parts of the Thoughts on Death and Immortality; John Edward Toews, Hegelianism: The Path toward Dialectical Humanism 1805–1841 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1980), 175–99. 3. Toews, Hegelianism; see also David McLellan, The Young Hegelians and Karl Marx (London: Macmillan, 1969), for a brief overview of the history. 4. Toews, Hegelianism, 131–34; and Warren Breckman, “Eduard Gans and the Crisis of Hegelianism,” Journal of the History of Ideas 62 (2001): 543–564, with further references. 5. Toews, Hegelianism, 230–31, 260–70; see also Marilyn Chapin Massey, Christ Unmasked: The Meaning of the Life of Jesus in German Politics (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1983). 6. Toews, Hegelianism, 288–336; more sympathetic to Bauer: Harold Mah, The End of Philosophy, the Origin of “Ideology”: Karl Marx and the Crisis of the Young Hegelians (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987), 45–86; Douglas Moggach, The Philosophy and Politics of Bruno Bauer (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003). 7. Pierre Bayle, GW 42; centrality of this work to Feuerbach’s development noted in Marx W. Wartofsky, Feuerbach (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1977), 110–34, and Winiger, Ludwig Feuerbach, 129–42. 8. Wartofsky, Feuerbach, 135–95; the article in question is “Zur Kritik der Hegelschen Philosophie,” GW 93:16–62. 9. Wartofsky, Feuerbach, 173. 160 ● Notes 10. See Todd Weir, “The Fourth Confession: Atheism, Monism, and Politics in the Freigeistig Movement in Berlin, 1859–1924” (PhD diss., Columbia University, 2005, 31). 11. Van A. Harvey, Feuerbach and the Interpretation of Religion (New York: Cambridge, 1997); Karl Löwith, From Hegel to Nietzsche: The Revolution in Nineteenth-Century Thought, trans. David E. Green (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1964). The tension between the skeptic and the utopian is long standing in Feuerbach scholarship, as noted in Francesco Tomasoni, “Feuerbach und die Skepsis: Zur Relativität und Absolutheit der menschlichen Werte,” in Ludwig Feuerbach (1804–1872): Identität und Pluralismus in der globalen Gesellschaft, ed. Ursula Reitemeyer, Takayuki Shibata, and Francesco Tomasoni (Münster: Waxmann, 2006), 33–34. 12. In general on the infl uence of Feuerbach, S. Rawidowicz, Ludwig Feuerbachs Philosophie: Ursprung und Schicksal (Berlin: Reuther und Richard, 1931); on the tension between the fi nite and the infi nite, Benjamin Wildish Canter, “Feuerbachian Imagination and the Reversal of Hegelian Ontology in The Essence of Christianity (1841)” (PhD diss., Memorial University of Newfoundland, 2003), 10–11, 53; and Arsenio Ginzo Fernández, “Filosofía de la fi nitud y utopia en L. Feuerbach” in O homen integral: Antropologia e utopie em Ludwig Feuerbach, ed. Adriana Veríssima Serrão (Lisbon: Centro de Filosofi a de Universidade de Lisboa, 2001), 231–56. 13. On the fundamentalist, Pietist turn in state policy—against the Hegelians— see Toews, Hegelianism, 245–54; David A. Barclay, Frederick William IV and the Prussian Monarchy 1840–1861 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1995); James A. Massey, “The Hegelians, the Pietists, and the Nature of Religion,” Journal of Religion 58 (1978): 108–29. 14. Foreword to the fi rst edition of Das Wesen des Christentums, GW I2: 6. Unless otherwise indicated, quotations are taken from George Eliot’s 1854 translation of the second edition of 1843 (Amherst, NY: Prometheus, 1989); cited as EC in the text that follows. 15. On the veiled logic of the book, Wartofsky, Feuerbach, 202. 16. EC, 271. 17. Connecting this aspect of Feuerbach to Marx, Nietzsche, and Heidegger: Ginzo Fernández, “Filosofía de la fi nitud y utopia en L. Feuerbach,” in O homen integral, 231–56. 18. EC, 5. 19. Ibid. 20. Ibid. 21. Ibid., 6. 22.
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