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Parametrical Vitruvius. Generative Modeling of the Architectural Orders

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Parametrical Vitruvius. Generative Modeling of the Architectural Orders SCIentific RESearch and Information Technology Ricerca Scientifica e Tecnologie dell'Informazione Vol 8, Issue 2 (2018), 29-48 e-ISSN 2239-4303, DOI 10.2423/i22394303v8n2p29 © CASPUR-CIBER Publishing, http://caspur-ciberpublishing.it PARAMETRICAL VITRUVIUS. GENERATIVE MODELING OF THE ARCHITECTURAL ORDERS Fabio Bianconi, Marco Filippucci, Federica Magi Meconi* *Università degli Studi di Perugia, Italy. Abstract The Architectural Orders have always occupied a key role in architectural history, starting from the rediscovery of the Vitruvian text in Renaissance, when all of the most famous architects gave their own interpretation about the Orders composition and proportion. According to the importance of the theme for the Cultural Heritage but also the educational value inherent in the redrawing through this roles, the aim of the research is testing and defining a generative representation of the five orders parametrized in function of the most important authors, modifiable changing different parameters. The definition of a single digital model is interesting for the direct comparison between authors interpretation, to support their accurate representations, but also it is useful to aid in the interpretation of the actual artifacts shape, allowing us to hypothesize the author's style and, in case of restoration, to operate in a consistent way. Keywords Architectural Orders, Cultural Heritage documentation, drawing, generative modeling 1. Introduction centrality of drawing: "it will be possible to The aim of the study is testing and defining a represent the integrated designs in our thought generative representation of the five orders, and imagination entirely separate from matter, a parametrized in function of the different authors, condition derived by recording and pre-setting useful for the study and for the preservation of angles and lines to defined directions and ancient artifacts. Connected to other experiences connections. This being so, the drawing will be a developed by other group of research using defined and constant design, conceived in the different approaches (Apollonio, Gaiani, & Sun, mind, made by lines and angles, and carried out 2012), the transcription of the rules handed down by a person endowed with intelligence and by historical treatises through the new language culture" (Alberti, 1443, pag. 2). The "lineamenta", of generative design represents an act of the drawing, is a system of connected signs, the documentation, analysis, and experimentation conscious use of this medium to understand the that can be exchanged for sharing the know-how real. Drawing is the modeling and, in this in support of Cultural Heritage. conception, is forecast our contemporary idea of The generative design establishes itself as a generative modeling, composed by links between significant and widespread representative form. simple algorithms to define a digital path. The Usually, the parametrical approach is connected representation, in fact, is a scientific code, to the contemporary aesthetic, a new language "correct and unique", absolute, a way of joining and a style (Schumacher, 2011), also for the and fitting together lines and angles. revolution "in the making of architecture" The parametric revolution (Schumacher, (Oxman & Oxman, 2010, pag. 24). Instead, it is 2011) is strongly marked to the extrapolation of possible to show as this design approach is really logical connections in the construction of the form close to the study of the Cultural heritage. is based on the individuation of relations and Leon Battista Alberti, in 1485, starts his dependences (Jabi, 2013), defining ranges of the treatment De re aedificatoria introducing the possible input data to determinate the options. (2018), n. 2 F. Bianconi, M. Filippucci, F. Magi Meconi “Variety is always a most pleasing space, where mind, is made of lines and angles, through distant objects agree and conform with one geometrical elements but also through their another; but when it causes discord and relations, the edges. The representation is firstly difference between them, it is extremely interested to the deep structure, a linguistic disagreeable” (Alberti, 1443, vol. I, IX). Ante expression that refers to a technical construct litteram, Alberti shows how parametric principles that seeks to unify several related structures, are the basis of architectural theory, founded in according to the requirements for the generative the composition of these relations, showing how design to define relations. also in this field difference is not diversity, in the unity of the model. Drawing conceived by the Fig. 1: Graphical abstract of the research about the corrispondence between architectural order grammar shape and the generative-based approach 30 (2018), n. 2 Parametrical Vitruvius. Generative modeling of the architectural orders Fig. 2: Comparison of Vignola's Order In general, the parametric design is based on the (iambus) consists of an unstressed syllable subdivisions and on the hierarchical organization followed by a stressed syllable, the same of the model, guaranteeing variable and dynamic condition that happens in moldings composition representations (Apollonio et al., 2012, pag. 42). and alternation. In particular, generative based approach The same idea of order codification can be reinforces the role of semantic, marking the read as an "algorithm", the basis also of centrality of the relationships. (Fig. 1) generative design (Migliari, 1991; Migliari & In this context, the theme of architectural Romor, 2015): the sequence of operations orders becomes one of the most interesting fields arranged in such a way to obtain a certain result, of application. The architectural orders define a the concept on which the programming of shape-grammar approach in the deconstruction computers is based. All the treatise-writers aim of the semantic elements. The treatises dealt with was to give general rules to proportionate the the elaboration of the "grammatical" rules, their architectural orders. Their algorithms define the structure of the architectural language (Morolli, relationship between parts, independent by the Cantini, & Ente Cassa di risparmio di Firenze., measure, in the same definition of proportion as 2013, pag. 43). and today too, through new digital the comparative relation of the parts to a whole. tools (Filippucci et alii, 2016), the same classical (Fig. 2) path appears as ideal to show the parametric soul The deconstruction of elements, fundamental also of their project, the real subject of the research for parameterization, together with the (Migliari, 2004). representation of connections and structures, "The language of the columns is composed of clarifies the mutual positions of algorithms. the mouldings such as vowels, the elements as Digital revolution has strengthened the requests consonants, the portions as phonemes: to then of rigorous with its own syntactic alphabet, arrive, with further, more articulated purely mathematical, able to procure synthetic aggregations, to the members who would thus elements and morphological patterns, a network assume the value of words of meaning of nodes and connections considered accomplished" (Morolli et al., 2013, pag. 17). In ideogrammatic morpheme of contemporary the architectural order, the metric created has a hypertext communication (Bianconi, 2002, purely linguistic character: as Giuseppe Zander Bianconi, 2005). observes, there is an analogy between the Generative modeling becomes an instrument to succession of moldings and the succession of reinvigorate the union of the graphical syllables in Latin poetry. The metrical foot jamb representation of space and digital space, a 31 (2018), n. 2 F. Bianconi, M. Filippucci, F. Magi Meconi process that explains what a form is made of and “representation of a representation”, a “square not what form it is. If the order codification representation”, able to amplify in an reinforces the value of modeling as "mental and "exponential way" the passage form logic of graphical operations, instead of the final result" model, linking geometry and computer syntax. (Migliari, 1991, pag. 54), also the generative This drawing form appears very close to the design shows the same aim, in the interpretation Renaissance visual transmission of proportional of architecture as something hybrid, "constituted measurements, so important for the for the by the drawing and in the construction" (Alberti, dissemination of the treaties (Carpo, 2003, pagg. 1443, pag. 2). 451–453) based on a representative synthesis Representing the logical net, the parameterization able to condense the multiple rules in a single of the elements is a consequence, an opportunity drawing (De Paoli, 2011, pag. 95). But Marshall Fig. 3: Representation of the Doric capital and of its integration in the trabeation according to the Vignola interpretation of digital descriptive text to regain possession of McLuhan learns us that "the medium is the its infinite potential and dynamic heuristic, message" assumption (McLuhan, 1964). analysis of a path, understanding singular Therefore, the parametric model changes the way elements of digital syntax. In this way, it is to study and develop shapes and objects, possible to have a “critical analysis of digital combining complex drawing and spatial representation’s performance”, as descriptive understanding and questioning. The digital geometry discipline required (Monge, 1789, pag. language of parametric modeling can be thus 2). The algorithm, in the order codification as in expressed
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