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The Historical Development of the Turkish Press: from Its Beginnings to the Present Day Shawwal, 1440 - June 2019

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The Historical Development of the Turkish Press: from Its Beginnings to the Present Day Shawwal, 1440 - June 2019 46 Dirasat The Historical Development of the Turkish Press: From Its Beginnings to the Present Day Shawwal, 1440 - June 2019 Mohammed Alrmizan The Historical Development of the Turkish Press: From Its Beginnings to the Present Day Mohammed Alrmizan 4 Dirasat No. 46 Ramadan, 1440 - May 2019 © King Faisal Center for Research and Islamic Studies, 2019 King Fahd National Library Cataloging-In-Publication Data Alrmizan, Mohammed The Historical Development of the Turkish Press. / Alrmizan, Mohammed. - Riyadh, 2019 (دراسات؛ ٤٦) p ; 23 x 16.5 cm 44 ISBN: 978-603-8268-16-2 1 - Turkish -Press-History I - Title II-Series 079.563 dc 1440/9588 L.D. no. 1440/9588 ISBN: 978-603-8268-16-2 Table of Contents Abstract 6 Introduction 7 The History and Development of the Press in the Republic of Turkey 7 Before the Republic: The Ottoman Empire 8 The Press in the Ottoman Empire: The Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries 10 First Constitutional Reform 1876–1909 15 Second Constitutional Reform 1908 17 The Press after the Establishment of the Turkish Republic 21 The One-Party System, 1924–1940 21 The Multiparty Period of 1940–1960 23 The Military Coups of 1960, 1971, and 1980 and the Role of the Press 26 Before and after the Military Coup Attempt of 2016 31 Immersion of the Internet and Online Newspapers in Turkey 34 Conclusion 35 References 38 5 6 Dirasat No. 46 Shawwal, 1440 - June 2019 Abstract This article provides a historical overview of the development of the Turkish press since its beginning during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries in the Ottoman Empire and through various critical periods of the Turkish Republic. It explores, first, how the press and the printing houses developed during the last stages of the Ottoman Empire. Moreover, it reveals the abuses of the press, assassinations of many Turkish journalists and other important figures, and appearance of newspapers during times of critical transformations, like those of Tanzimat, Sultan Abdul Hamid II, and the Young Turks. Second, it offers a detailed account and analysis of the development and censorship of the Turkish press during the beginning of the independence of the Turkish Republic, and later through the military coups, political divides, social violence, and socioeconomic hardships. Third and last, this article sheds light on the recent situation of the Turkish press and media. Keywords: Turkish press, Ottoman press, Abdul Hamid II, press history, Turkish newspapers. Introduction The early development of the Turkish press is an interesting case to study in itself because it helps us understand the related historical events and documents interactions involving the press as well as the interactions of notable writers in their articles and correspondence on various political, social, and public issues. Its origins can be traced back to the Ottoman Empire, and it is impossible to understand the current situation of the press in the Turkish Republic without referring to developments that occurred during the early days. Ottoman history is very rich but also complicated, as it goes back at least as far as the establishment of the empire in 1299, and continues through its dissolution and the birth of the new Turkish Republic in 1923.(1) The Ottoman (Turkish) press began to develop in the late period of the empire, at the beginning of the nineteenth century. During the early developments of the press in the period of the Ottoman Empire, there were important events, including political, religious, economic, and social and cultural changes inside the empire and in the outside world, and specifically in the neighboring region of Europe. Also, the period of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, in which the Ottoman press was developing and becoming established, was considered to be the weakest period in the long history of a once-powerful empire that spread over several continents. The History and Development of the Press in the Republic of Turkey While this article examines the history of the Turkish press, it must also relate it to the political and unprecedented events and transformation processes that this nation has experienced. For example, the transformation from a broad empire covering various races and religious subjects to a national Republic had a profound influence upon the Turkish language, race and national (1) Ahmed M. A. Emin Yalaman, The Development of Modern Turkey as Measured by Its Press (Ph.D. diss., Columbia University. Faculty of Political Science, 1914), 5–114. 7 8 Dirasat No. 46 Shawwal, 1440 - June 2019 citizenship. The development of the Turkish press can be understood as falling into two different periods: before the Republic (Ottoman times) and after the declaration of the Turkish Republic. Before the Republic: The Ottoman Empire During the time of the Ottoman Empire, the development of the press was influenced by a number of important issues, including the introduction of the printing press, the different policies of the sultans, and the internal and external challenges of the empire. For example, during the eighteenth and the nineteenth centuries, the early Turkish press witnessed the Tanzimat (reforms) period (1839–1876), as well as influential sultans including Mahmut II (1784– 1839) and Abdul Hamid II (1842–1918), whose important initiatives led to their eras now being considered to be significant for modern Turkish history, including the development of the press.(2) The reign of the Sultan Abdul Hamid II is considered to be the most critical period because in 1876 he declared the Birinci Meşrutiyet (the First Constitutional Reform) and then, in 1908, he declared also the İkinci Meşrutiyet (Second Constitutional Reform), both of which constituted the most important stage of modern Turkish history.(3) In addition, this period saw the appearance of the Young Ottomans, followed by their successors, the Young Turks and the İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti (Committee of Union and Progress [CUP]), which opposed some sultans and their policies, including Abdul Hamid II, and advocated for more political reforms and a moderation of the Ottoman system. (2) Ibid., 20. The term Tanzimat comes from nizam, which is an Arabic word for “order.” It refers to a series of reforms initiated between 1839 and 1876 (the First Constitutional Reform) under the sultans Abdulmejid and Abdulaziz with the aim of modernizing the state’s affairs, education, taxes, and economy based on the European model. (3) See Seçil Akgün, “The Emergence of Tanzimat in the Ottoman Empire,” Osmanlı Tarihi Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi Dergisi OTAM 2.02 (1991), http://dergiler.ankara.edu.tr/ dergiler/19/834/10541.pdf; H. İnalcık, “Tanzimat nedir?” H. İnalcık ve M. Seyitdanlıoğlu (ed.), Tanzimat (Değişim Sürecinde Osmanlı İmparatorluğu) içinde (s. 1335) (Ankara: Phoenix yayınevi, 2006). As many historical documents indicated, the story of the introduction of the printing house in the Ottoman Empire is complicated, but it can be traced back to the fifteenth century, when the anti-Semitism in Spain forced members of the Jewish population to emigrate.(4) As a result, some settled in the Ottoman territories, where they published some of their books. Later, in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, various publication houses where founded by Armenians and Greeks. The work of Ahmed Emin Yalaman (1888–1972) is a unique document of the Ottoman press because it was published in 1914, a time when he was able to witness the development of the press and write about it subsequently. However, there were as yet no Turkish-language publications, according to Yalaman.(5) He wrote: “It is noteworthy that, in spite of the general love for books and in spite of the fact that copied books were so expensive, the printing press was introduced as late as 1728. There was, however, a Jewish printing office in Constantinople at the end of the fifteen century, and several Greek and Arminian offices in 1628.”(6) The introduction of the printing press in the Ottoman Empire was complex and did not come about easily. It was opposed by some theologians who thought it was profane, and that such a thing could distort human intelligence and religious books.(7) However, on orders of the sultan, together with Shaykh al-Islām Abdullah Effendi’s (d. 1743) fatwa that the printing machine did not cause any problems with regard to religion, the printing press was eventually allowed.(8) As a result, the first Turkish publishing house was established by (4) Mehmet Ali Karaman, “Osmanlı Modernleşmesinde Basın,” SDÜ Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Sayı: 32, 2014, 131–142, https://abs.mehmetakif.edu.tr/upload/1176_3277_ yayinDosya.pdf. (5) Yalaman, The Development of Modern Turkey, 20. (6) Ibid. (7) Ibid. See Muhittin Eliaçik, “Lâle Devri Şeyhülislâmı Yenişehirli Abdullah Efendi ve Manzum Fetvası,” International Journal of the Language Academy, 2, no. 4 (winter, 2014): s.86–93. (8) Yalaman, the Development of Modern Turkey, 21. 9 10 Dirasat No. 46 Shawwal, 1440 - June 2019 Ibrahim Muteferrika (1674–1745) and Mehmed Said Efendi (d. 1761) in 1727.(9) However, by 1756 only eighteen works had been published, with around 16,500 copies issued.(10) From that time onward, many printing houses began to appear, and the Ottoman government introduced a press bureau that was responsible for following foreign news and translating the most important parts into the Ottoman language. Despite the spread of printing houses and the translation and exchange of foreign news, the first newspaper to be published in the Ottoman Empire was in French in the late eighteenth century, and the first Ottoman newspaper was not published until the early nineteenth century.(11) The Press in the Ottoman Empire: The Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries Many sources suggest that the first newspaper printed in the Ottoman territories was the Bulletin des Nouvelles, which was introduced by the French ambassador Raymond de Verninac Saint-Maur (1761–1822) in Istanbul in 1795.(12) This newspaper was concerned with French internal and external reports and foreign news.
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