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PAKISTAN PEOPLES PARTY: an ASSESSMENT of ITS ROLE in the PROMOTION of a DEMOCRATIC CULTURE in PAKISTAN (1988 to 1999)

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PAKISTAN PEOPLES PARTY: an ASSESSMENT of ITS ROLE in the PROMOTION of a DEMOCRATIC CULTURE in PAKISTAN (1988 to 1999) PAKISTAN PEOPLES PARTY: AN ASSESSMENT OF ITS ROLE IN THE PROMOTION OF A DEMOCRATIC CULTURE IN PAKISTAN (1988 to 1999) Supervised by PROF. DR. TAJ MOHARRAM KHAN Submitted by BAKHTIAR KHAN Ph.D Scholar DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF PESHAWAR (2016) iii Abstract This study examines the role of Pakistan Peoples Party in the politics of Pakistan from 1988 to 1999. The party contributed towards the restoration of democracy after a constant struggle against the dictatorship which ruled over the country for more than a decade (1977 to 1988). PPP, under the leadership of Benazir Bhutto ruled Pakistan twice, though with a simple majority each time in the parliament. Benazir started as a prime minister with great enthusiasm as evident from initiatives that were to bring a change in different aspects of the national life. Social Action Program to improve the living standard of common man, lifting of ban on trade unions, guarantee the freedom of press and conversion of death sentence into life imprisonment were some of the praiseworthy steps of her government. While in government twice she tried to improve relationship with International Community particularly with India. The expectation could, however, only marginally materialized on the account of the confrontation in which her government indulged with the opposition. Several challenges like (hostility with IJI in the Punjab, MQM in Sindh, the Army and the President) obstructed the smooth functioning of PPP rule on both occasions. Despite these challenges, the party should have played the game of politics according to rules and to materialize its pledges made with the masses. Apart from these, the mishandling of government resource, nepotism and favoritism overshadowed issues of vital significance. While choosing to sit on the opposition benches, Benazir Bhutto followed a healthy tradition of accepting the mandate of ruling Pakistan Muslim League. But PPP’s role as the main opposition platform was dominated more by the elements of hatred and revenge rather than cooperation. Benazir wasted her energies in skirmishing with her political rivals and with other state institutions such as the military and judiciary. Ethnic troubles provoking law and order in Sindh on both occasions of the PPP rule posed serious threats to its survival. This virtually rendered those efforts ineffective which the PPP could use for democracy and development. The study concludes that despite the follies made, PPP has the credit of bringing democracy back to the country. Mostly qualitative tools are used to determine various dimensions and depths of this study. Both historical and descriptive methods are used looking to the nature of the study. In order to collect the relevant information, both primary and secondary sources were used. i Acknowledgement I am thankful to Almighty Allah for enabling me to complete this research work. My appreciation goes to my supervisor Prof. Taj Moharram Khan for extending to me his full guidance, cooperation and support during the course of this study. I learnt numerous things under his kind supervision. I must express my gratitude to Prof. A. Z Hilali Chairman, Department of Political Science University of Peshawar who enlightened me from his experiences. I am also thankful to all the faculty members of the Department of Political Science, University of Peshawar for guiding me on various aspects of this study especially Prof. Abdul Rauf, Dr. Sayed Sami Raza Zaidi and Dr. Muhammad Ayub Jan. My gratitude must also go to the administrative staff of the Department of Political Science, University of Peshawar for the cooperation they extended to me from time to time. I am thankful to the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan for awarding to me the indigenous scholarship. I am also indebted to HEC for funding my six months academic visit to the Royal Holloway, University of London UK to finalize this research work. I am thankful to Daechsel Markus, Senior Lecturer in South Asian History, Department of History, Royal Holloway University of London. He encouraged me and made me able to finalize this thesis. I learnt so much from his guidance. Many thanks to Prof. Sarah Ansari for her generous support extended to me at the Royal Holloway. Thanks to Dr. Natasha Underhill and Prof. Matt Henn form Nottingham Trent University UK for extending their support in sending me accepting letter. I am especially thankful to Prof. Younas Samad University of Bradford for his valuable comments, support and guidance during my six months stay in UK. ii I am also thankful to Dr. Sarfaraz Khan, Lecture, University of Swat for his cooperation and guidance. Thanks to my friends Arif Khan, Ashfaq Ur Rehman, and Muhammad Ilyas Khan for their support on various occasions during this study. Thanks to all the friends in UK especially Irfan Khan, Ghayyur Ahmad and Sajjad Ahmad for the help rendered to me whenever I needed it. All the others, who showed hospitality and spared their time for me, I also offer my deep sense of gratitude to the staff of several archives and libraries. I must thank the staff of the Bodleian Libraries of the University of Oxford for their support and cooperation. Many thanks to the respondents whose willing responses made this research work possible. I am thankful to my parents for the encouragement and support during the course of this research work. I am also thankful to my family members and relatives whose love, confidence and support has given to me the strength to complete this thesis. I must thank my wife who would be more happy than anyone else on the successful completion of this work. Bakhtiar Khan LIST OF CONTENTS Acknowledgement ........................................................................................ i Abstract ......................................................................................................... iii Abbreviations ................................................................................................ iv Chapter # 01: Introduction………………………………………………. 1 1.1.Introduction .............................................................................................. 1 1.2.Statement of the Problem ......................................................................... 14 1.3. Objectives of the Study ........................................................................... 15 1.4. Research Questions ................................................................................. 16 1.5. Hypothesis............................................................................................... 16 1.6. Significance of the Study ........................................................................ 16 1.7. Literature Review.................................................................................... 17 1.8. Methodology ........................................................................................... 26 1.9. Organization of the Study ....................................................................... 29 1.10. Conclusion……………………………………………………………. 32 Chapter # 02 Theoretical Perspective of the Study................................... 33 2.1. Introduction. ............................................................................................ 33 2.2. Literature on Democracy Theory. ........................................................... 34 2.3. Literature on Hybrid Regimes Theory. ................................................... 44 2.4. Hybrid Regimes Theory and Military Influence in the Politics of. ........ 49 2.5. Hybrid Regimes Theory and the Role of Bureaucracy in the. ................ 52 2.6. Conclusion .............................................................................................. 54 Chapter # 03 Pakistan Peoples Party in its Historical Perspective ......... 55 3.1. Introduction. ............................................................................................ 55 3.2. Political Scene of Pakistan after 1947. ................................................... 55 3.3. Politics of 1958 Onward. ........................................................................ 69 3.4. The Conditions at the time of the Emergence of PPP. ............................ 74 3.5. PPP from Emergence to Power. .............................................................. 76 3.6. Pakistan Peoples Party and the General Elections of 1970. .................... 78 3.7. Pakistan after Disintegration. .................................................................. 81 3.8. Downfall of the PPP and the Martial Law of 1977. ................................ 84 3.9. 1977-1988: A Decade of Political Unrest. ............................................ 90 3.10. Zia Initiations ........................................................................................ 93 3.11. Zia Junejo Ties ...................................................................................... 95 3.12. Conclusion ............................................................................................ 95 Chapter # 04 Peoples Party Second Term in Power (1988-1990). ........... 97 4.1. Introduction ............................................................................................. 97 4.2. Transforming the State into Civilian Rule. ............................................. 98 4.3. The MRD Politics. .................................................................................. 100 4.4. Death of General Ziaul Haq and the Restoration of Democracy. ........... 106 4.5. PPP Manifesto for 1988 General
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