Herbal Expectorants for the Pandemic Period and Beyond: a Review

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Herbal Expectorants for the Pandemic Period and Beyond: A Review

Nayagam JR*, George S and Sagna A Review Article Department of Botany, Union Christian College, India Volume 4 Issue 3 Received Date: June 06, 2020 *Corresponding author: Justin R Nayagam, Department of Botany, Union Christian College, Published Date: July 09, 2020 Aluva- 2, Kerala, 683102, India, Tel: 9446207353; Email: [email protected] DOI: 10.23880/jonam-16000254

Abstract

As the ongoing COVID 19 pandemic has become a global health crisis and it mainly affects respiratory tract. An effort for presenting the traditional expectorants of the herbal medicine gains its attention, which is promising for the world population from the plant genetic resources to reduce the pressure on pharmacy for medicine. Herbal expectorants are proved to be environmentally safe and are available in around any habitats. Forty eight species of plants used traditionally as expectorants from six continents are included in the present study. Plant parts used its dosage forms, bioactive compounds having expectorant activities are evaluated in the study. Abies webbiana Lindl. belongs to gymnosperm, Adiantum capillus-veneries

different continents of the world except Antartica. Forty two species studied are distributed in Asia, thirteen species in Europe, L. is a pteridophyte and 42 others are flowering plants. These plants were distributed and used as herbal expectorants in

pattern with respect to different continent is considered, which an added attraction is. During this dreadful situation people six species from South America, five species in Africa and three species each in Australia and North America. Distribution can rely on herbal expectorants to subside respiratory infections and increase immunity.

Keywords: Herbal Expectorants; COVID-19; Traditional Expectorants

Introduction control of 2019-nCoV infection in vitro [4]. Azithromycin

The initial symptoms of COVID-19 patients include were for virus elimination [5]. Development of its preventive and fever, myalgia, sore throat and dry cough which are common treatmentadded to hydroxychloroquine is still an ongoing wasprocess significantly by scientists more efficientfrom all to any acute respiratory virus infection. Pneumonia was over the world. It is in this contest an effort for presenting consistent with the manifestation of lower respiratory tract the traditional expectorants of the herbal medicine gains infections. By contrast, upper respiratory tract symptoms its attention, which is promising for the world population when enough quantity of medicine is not available. When included dizziness, diarrhoea, vomiting, headache, and world is in the hands of terrifying infection, people with mild generalisedwere less common weakness in these [1]. patients. Non-specific symptoms symptoms can exist with herbal solutions.

Chloroquine, a widely-used anti-malarial and Herbal Expectorants autoimmune disease drug, was reported as a potential broad- spectrum antiviral drug [2]. Remdesivir is an adenosine Forty eight species of plants used traditionally as analogue, which incorporates into nascent viral RNA chains expectorants in different parts of the world are critically and results in pre-mature termination [3]. It was repoted avaluated and presented in Table.1. Among these species that remdesivir and chloroquine are highly effective in the Abies webbiana Lindl. belongs to gymnosperm, Adiantum

Natural and Ayurvedic Medicine based on COVID – 19 Nat Ayurvedic Med 2 Journal of Natural & Ayurvedic Medicine capillus-veneries L. is a pteridophyte and rest other species respiratory tract problems. In Dorema ammoniacum, Liquidambar orientalis and Styrax benzoin, stem exudates are to four families and forty species are dicotyledons from used as expectorant. Researches on herbal medicines have twentyare flowering six families. plants thatThese include plants six are monocot distributed speceis and belong used reported that bio active components like saponin, alkaloids, as herbal expectorants in different continents of the world except Antartica. Forty two species studied are distributed in Asia, thirteen species in Europe, six species from South foundflavonoids, to be terpinoidsmajor bio activeand phenolic compounds compounds having expectorantare used in actionthe treatment in the selected of cough plant [7]. species. Terpinoids Phenols, and flavonoidsalkaloids and are Australia and North America. Eucalyptus globulus Labill. is saponins are also components of these plants involved in widelyAmerica, distributed five species in all in the Africa six continents and three either species by eachnatural in cough remedies. Limonene an expectorant is a monoterpene occurance or by way of cultivation. Marrubium vulgare present in three plants Carum carvi, Melaleuca leucadendron Linn. and Origanum majorana Linn. are scattered in three and Zingiber officinale. Flavanoid luteolin is a cough continents; Africa, Europe and Asia, while Borago officinalis suppresser isolated from Anisochilus carnosus, Ficus carica Linn. is distributed in South America, Europe and Asia. Other and Mucuna monosperma. Cressa cretica, Eucalyptus globulus species are limited to one or two continent in distribution and Ficus carica and used as herbal expectorants. expectorant theraputic. Flavonoid rutin has an expectorant activity obtained containfrom Brunella flavonoid vulgaris, quercetin Tussilago which farfara is an Herbal drugs in crude form or in polyherbal formulations and Viola tricolor. Origanum majorana and Thymus serpyllum for the treatment of cough are better alternatives of modern yield natural terpinoid thymol with expectorant property. cough drugs [6]. Decoctions or infusions of different parts of Bio active components of the plants included in the present the plants studied are used individually or in combinations study shows there relevance to be used as expectorant in folk to cure cough, sore throat, bronchitis, asthma and other medicines.

Part and Distribution- SL Form of Bioactive chemicals Botanical Name Common Name Family name continent/ Reference No use as detected country expectorant Dried leaves - powdered Flavonoids, leaves along Abies 1 Indian Silver Pinaceae Asia – India with the juice [8] webbianaLindl. glycosides and of Adathoda phytosterols.biflavonoid vasica and honey Saponin, lupeol, Acacia aspinasterol, Leaves - 2 concinna(Willd.) Indian Acalypha Euphorbiaceae Asia – India acacic acid lactone, [9] Decoction DC. hexacosanol and aspinasterone Leaves - Flavonoid, Decoction glucosides, American terpenoids, Adiantum capillus- Maidenhair 3 Adiantaceae Asia – India and honey adiantone, [10-12] veneries L. Fern, Venus Hair, isor filtered sugar isoquercetin, Rock Fern. is added; astragalin, Infusion kaempferol

Bulb - Decoction, infusion, Thiosulphinates, 4 Allium cepaLinn. Onion Liliaceae/Alliaceae Asia – India fresh juice, [13] cepaenes raw, cooked, or roasted bulb Asia – China, Amygdalus Bark, seeds, 5 Peach tree Rosaceae Korea, Japan, Amygdalin [14-19] persicaLinn. leaves India Leaves and stem - Fresh juices of Karpuravalli leaves mixed Glucosides of Anisochilus (Folk name- Labiatae/ 6 Asia – India with sugar luteolin and [13,20] carnosus Wall. southern Lamiaceae and gingelly apigenin. region) oil; Leaves and stems in infusion Glycosides such as 6-O-trans-p- Leaves and Barleria Common Yellow coumaroyl-8-O- 7 Acanthaceae Asia – India dried stem [13,21] prionitis Linn. Nail Dye Plant acetylshanzhiside, bark barlerin and acetylbarlerin Borneol, caryophyllene, Blumea Compositae/ Leaves - 8 Ngai Camphor Asia – India ledol phytol, [22] balsamiferaDC. Asteraceae Infusion caryophyllene oxide, guaiol. Phenolics glycosides, Boerhavia Horse-purslane, Whole plant 9 Nyctaginaceae Asia – India terpenoids, [23,24] diffusaLinn. Hogweed -Infusion rotenoids, Leaf, dried pedicel, Gamma linolenic South America acid, ascorbic - Argentina; - Leaf and acid, lycopsamine, Borago Borage, Cow’s 10 Boraginaceae Europe - Spain dried flowers supindine [12,25-28], officinalisLinn. Tongue Plant - Canary Island; infusion; Asia drieddecoction flower pyrrolizidine of the dried viridiflorate,alkaloid pedicels Aerial aprts, Europe - Brunella Labiatae/ 11 Self-heal Germany; Asia – - infusions Flavonoids,rutin. [29-31] vulgarisLinn. Lamiaceae India, Turkey infloresencemixed with honey

Volatile oil consisting Umbelliferae/ 12 Carum carvi Linn. Caraway Europe; Asia Seeds of carvone (40-60%), [32, 33] Apiaceae and limonene

Seeds and

- seeds Physcion and its Coffee Senna, Sout America Cassia brewedflower into glucosides, emodin, 13 Foetid Cassia, Cealsalpiniaceae -Peruvian [34-36] occidentalisLinn. a coffee-like betasitosterol and Negro Coffee Amazon beverage; sennosides

infusion flower Leaves and Flavonoids, Centipeda Compositae / Australia; Asia - 14 Sneezewort wood ash - sesquiterpenes and [18,37] orbicularisLour. Asteraceae India pituri amide

Emetine, cephaeline, Cephaelis Roots and Ipecac, America; Asia- ipecacuanhic acid, 15 ipecacuanha Rubiaceae rhizome - [38,39] Ipecacuanha India and nauseating (Brot.) A. Rich. Extract ethereal oil. Glycosides and Leaves , Cheiranthus cheiri Cruciferae / cherinine (a 16 Europe; Asia [13,18,40,41] Linn. Flower Brassicaceae glucoside of the Wall-flower, Gilli seeds flowers and digitalis group) Cinnamomum Wood and Asia - China, Camphor, safrol, 17 camphora(Linn.) Camphor tree. Lauraceae leaves - [42,43] Japan linalool, eugenol Nees & Eberm. Infusion Cordia myxaRoxb. 18 Sabestan Plum Boraginaceae Asia - India Fruits [44,45] non Linn. coumarins Alkaloids, flavanoids, Rudanti, Rudantikaa, Asia - Bahrain, scopoletin, 19 Cressa creticaLinn. Convolvulaceae Whole plant [46] Rudravanti India Alkaloid,quercetin β glycosides, sitosterol, (Ayurvedic) umbelliferone

Curcuma Mango-ginger, 20 Zingiberaceae Asia - India Rhizome Curcuminoid [41,47] amadaRoxb. Wild Turmeric

Datisca cannabina Asia - Iraq, Whole plant - Flavonoids (datiscin 21 False hemp Datiscaceae [48,49] L. Nepal, India Decoction and datiscanin) Europe; Amino- Dorema Ammoniacum, Umbelliferae / Northern Asia resinol,ferulene 22 ammoniacum D. Gum-resin [18,50,51] Gum ammoniac Apiaceae - Siberia; Asia - ,coumarins and Don. India, Iran Ammoniacum Dried leaves - Ingredient Eriobotrya Loquat, Asia - China, 23 Rosaceae in Shini- Flavanoid componds [52,53] japonica Lindl. Japanese Medlar India seihai-to and Biwayo-to

Europe -Italy, France; Crystallized Australia; S. Leaves, resin, cymenes, Eucalyptus Blue-Gum tree, America - root bark - 24 Myrtaceae [29,54,55] globulusLabill. Australian Venezuela; Infusion and -quercetin, tannins, N. America decoction terpenes,volatile flavonoids oils - Jamaica and Guaremala; Asia

Africa - Leaf - Bergapten, quercetin, 25 Ficus carica Linn. Common Fig Moraceae Morocco; Asia Infusion and luteolin, and 4 [56] - India decoctions ‘,5’-dihydropsoralen

Glycyrrhizin, Underground Glycyrrhiza Licorice, Papilionaceae / Africa; Asia - Glycosides 26 stem and [57,58] glabraLinn. Liquorice Fabaceae India -glycyrrhizol, root glabrins A and B

Quercetin, Cotton-Rose, Asia - kaempferol, betulinic Hibiscus Chinese-Rose, 27 Malvaceae Bangladesh, Flower acid, hexyl stearate, [18,59,60] mutabilisLinn. Confederate China tetratriacontanol, Rose nonacosane

Irigenin S, iriside Orris, Iridis Root - A, stigmasterol 28 Iris germanicaLinn. Rhizome, Iridaceae Africa - Morocco [61] Infusion (I), irone, irilone, German Iris irigenin, iridin

Madona Lily, Europe - Bulb and Lilium Jatropham and 29 Annunciation Liliaceae Romania; Asia - [62,63] candidumLinn. etioline Lily, White Lily Anatolia, India Infusion flower - Cinnamic acid, cinnamin acid esters, cinnamyl Liquidambar Altingiaceae / Asia - Turkey, Resin from cinnamate (styracin), 30 Fragrant Maple [13,64] orientalisMill. Hamamelidaceae Anatolia trunk phenylpropyl cinnamate; triterpene acids; vanillin; styrene Leaves - used Lobeline, Indian Tabacco, Campanulaceae/ 31 Lobelia inflataLinn. North America in teas and Lobelachrin, Lobelia [65] Pukeweed Lobeliaceae tinctures acid. Whole plant - combined with other Africa - Algeria; herbs such Marrubium Labiatae / 32 Horehound Europe; Central as Inula Marrubiin [66,67] vulgareLinn. Lamiaceae Asia helenium L. and Glycyrrhiza glabra L.

Asia - Burma, Terpenoids, Cajeput tree, Cambodia, nerolidol, limonene, Melaleuca 33 Swamp Tea tree, Myrtaceae Thailand, Malay, Essential oil benzaldehyde, [68-70] leucadendronLinn. White Tea tree Indonasia; valeraldehyde, and Australia dipentene

Phenolic compounds, ChineseWhite- Asia - Turkey, Root bark, 34 Morus albaLinn. Moraceae triterpinoids and a [71,72] Mulberry China, India fruit glyceride

Mucuna Kaakaandolaa Papilionaceae / Asia - Nepal, 35 Seeds Luteolin, acacetin [73] monospermaDC. (Ayurveda) Fabaceae Andaman Essential oil - S. America Myroxylon used in cough Benzoic acid and 36 Tolu Balsam tree Leguminosae - Colombia, [74-76] balsamumHarms. syrups and Cinnamic acid Venezuela, Peru pills Asia - Iran; Seeds , Thymol, rosmarinic Origanum Sweet Labiatae / Africa - aerial parts, 37 acid, caffeic acid; and [13,61,77] majoranaLinn. Marjoram. Lamiaceae Morocco; branches - triterpenoids Europe Infusion Pilocarpus South America - 38 Jaborandi Rutaceae Leaves Pilocarpine [78] microphyllusStapf. Brazil Seeds - powder and Volatile oil, Pimpinella Umbelliferae / Asia - India, decoctions; 39 Anise, Aniseed [27,79] anisumLinn. Apiaceae Turkey used in stigmasterol, traditional coumarin, β amyrin, tea flavonoid glycosides Root and leaves - Polygala Asia - India, Decoction 40 chinensisauct. non Senega Polygalaceae Senegin [13,80,81] Andaman of roots; Linn. infusion of leaves Leaves, root and rhizome - Decoction Europe - Saponaria Bouncing Bet, prepared Saporubrinic acid 41 Caryophyllaceae Romania; Asia [13,27,82,83] officinalisLinn. Soapwort from leaves; and Saponin - Turkey Infusion of root and rhizome Whole plant Ayurvedic- - used in Scindapsus Gajakrishna, Asia - India, medicated 42 Araceae Scindapsin A and B officinalisSchott. Hastipippali, Andaman oils; [10,13,84,85] Gajapippali Decoction of green leaves

True Gum Benzoin, Cinnamic, benzoic South-East Asia Stem 43 Styrax benzoin Dry. Sumatra Styraceae and sumaresinolic [86,87] and East Indies exudates Benzoin or Gum acid esters Benjamin Aerial parts - combining it with other Mother-of- N. America Thymus Labiatae / plants like 44 thyme, Wild - Britain; Asia - Thymol [88-90] serpyllumLinn. Lamiaceae Tussilago Thyme India, Nepal farfara L., or Marrubium vulgare L. Chlorogenic acid, Aerial parts, Coughwort, Europe - Italy, isochlorogenic Tussilago Compositae / leaves and 45 Coltsfoot, Asses’ Balkans; Asia - acid A, B and C, [91,92] farfaraLinn. Asteraceae Foot India, Nepal 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic Infusion flowers - acid, and rutin Volatile oil, salicylic Europe; Asia - 46 Viola odorataLinn. Sweet violet Violaceae Roots acid methyl ester, [18,92,93] Iran, India saponins, alkaloids. Heartsease, Europe; Asia, Aerial parts - Rutin, violin and 47 Viola tricolorLinn. Violaceae [18,27,92] Wild Pansy Turkey Infusion salicylic acid Rhizome - Zingiberene, Juice mixed camphene, ß-pinene, Zingiber officinale 48 Ginger Zingiberaceae Asia - India with honey; myrcene, limonene, [94,95] Rosc. Boil ginger in 1,8-cineole , milk ß-phellandrene. Table 1: List of Plant Species Used as Expectorants from Different Parts of the World and Key Source of Information.

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