DOCSLIB.ORG

Jade Trade and Sociocultural Ciiange: a Case Study in Iipakant .Jade Mine Area, Kachin State

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Jade Trade and Sociocultural Ciiange: a Case Study in Iipakant .Jade Mine Area, Kachin State JADE TRADE AND SOCIOCULTURAL CIIANGE: A CASE STUDY IN IIPAKANT .JADE MINE AREA, KACHIN STATE PhD DISSERTATION HLAHLAKYI UNIVERSITY OF YANGON DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY MYANMAR MAY, 2013 JADE TRADE AND SOCIOCULTURAL CHANGE: A CASE STUDY IN HPAKANT JADE MINE AREA, KACHIN STATE Submitted: Hla H1 a Kyi Roll No: 4 PhD - Anth-3 This dissertation is submitted to the Department ofAnthropology, University ofYangon in partial fulfillment ofthe requirements for the Degree ofDoctor ofPhilosophy May, 2013 JADE TRADE AND SOCIOCULTURAL CHANGE: A CASE STUDY IN HPAKANT JADE MINE AREA, KACHIN STATE HLAHLAKYI THIS DISSERTATION IS SUBMITTED TO THE BOARD OF EXAMINERS IN ANTHROPOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF YANGON FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY. i{\/' EXTERNAL EXAMINER CHAIRPERSON & REFEREE Dr. Moe Moe SUPERVISOR Dr. Khin Htay Htay Lecturer Dr. Mya Mya Khin Associate Professor and Head Department ofAnthropology Professorand Head Department of Anthropology Dagon University Department ofAnthropology Dagon University Universityof Yangon ~ SUPERVISOR CO-SUPERVISOR Dr. Tin Thein Dr. Htay Win Professor (Part-time) Professor Department ofAnthropology Department ofGeology University of Yangon East Yangon University LN,q/ "B~ c» MEMBER MEMBER Dr. LwinLwin Mon Dr. Than Pale Associate Professor Associate Professor Department of Anthropology Department ofAnthropology University of Yangon University ofYangon ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of011. 1would like to express my thanks to Dr. Myn My" Kh!n, Professor & Head, Department of Anthropology. University of Ynugon; who guided and advised Ole to fulfill this PhD thesis research ns Chuir person and Supervisor and to her keen interest and pcrrnisssion to carry out this research. I would like to express my thanks to Snyngyi Dr. Tin Thein. Professor (Part­ time) . Department of Anthropology, University of Yangon; who guided and advised me to fulfill this PhD thesis research as Supervisor. I would like to express my thanks to Dr. Moe Moe. Lecturer. Department of Anthropology. Dagon University; who guided and advised me to fulfill this PhD thesis research as External Examiner. I would like to express my thanks to Dr. Khin Htay Htay, Associate Professor & Head, Department of Anth ropology. Dagon University; who guided, adviced and assisted me to fulfill this PhD thesis research as Referee. I would like to express my thanks to Dr. Htay Win, Professor, Geology Department. East Yangon University; who guided and advised me to fulfill this PhD thesis research as Co-supervisor. I am also deeply grateful to Dr. Thidar Htwe Win. Professor & Head. Department of Anthropology, Yadanapon University; who guided advised and assisted me to fulfill this PhD thesis. In addition, I would like to express my thanks to Sayamagyi Daw Sein Sein, (Retired Director, Higher Education Department, Lower Myanmar) and Sayagyi UKyaw Win, Director General (Retired), Department of Archaeology. Ministry of Culture, for their invaluable guideline, earnest support and encouragement from start to finish this PhD thesis. I am also deeply grateful to Sayagyi Dr. Than Tun Sein, Director (Retired), Socio-Medical Research Division, Department of Medical Research, Lower Myanmar, Ministry of Health for his kind assistance in the application of Research Methodology to be able to use it systematically and for his invaluable guidelines to accomplish this thesis. ii Moreover, I wo uld like Itl express 111 )' thnnks 10 Dr. Tin Maung Chit. Visit ing Lecturer, Department of I\ nlhnlilolog). University IIf Yangon. fur his valuable guidance and kind advice relating 10 this thesis . I would like III express Ill)' Ihnnks to Dr. Aye Kyaw, Vi""i ting Lecturer. Department o f Anthn'f"t,h'llY. University of Yangon. for his kind ness. earnest support and COC(1Ur.lgcmcnt Irom start to finish. I am al so deeply gratitude 10 Dr. Le Le Win. Director. Health Sys tem Research Division. and Dr. Saw Saw. Research Scientist. Health System Research Division. Departm ent of Medical Research (Lower Myanmar). Ministry of Health. for their invaluable guideline and kindness. systematic Instructions 10 complete this PhD thesis. I am deepl y gratitude to Dr. Lwin Lwin Mon. Associate Professor. Department of Anthropology. University of Yangon and Dr. Than Pale. Associate Professor. Departm ent of Anthropology. University of Yangon. who adivised me to fulfill this PhD thesis research as members. In addition, I am deeply gratitude to my beloved husband. parents, younger brothers and sister-in-law, for their kindness. financial support and encouragement from start to finish this PhD thesis. Finally. I would like to express my thanks to all the key infonnants for their kindness, earnest support and help during field research. iii ABSTRACT The term sociocultural system is the real-life expression of designs for living in particular envirorunents. Sociocultural change comes about through processes and events that are either internal or external to a society. The title of this thesis is "Jade Trade and Sociocultural change": A Case Study in Hpakant Jade Mine Area, Kachin State. This study explore jade trade effects on economic system in the study area, describe the influences of the economic system on sociocultural aspects of a community. elicit how jade trade affects the natural envirorunent in the study area. This study was done through the approach to culture of consumption. from an economic anthropological point of view. This thesis was conducted by descriptive study design involving case study design. This study was done qualitative method. In this study, data were collected by using participant observation. key informant interviews. in-depth interview and focus group discussion. Jade mining and marketing is the main source of economic survival not only for the locals but also the migrants. Before 2000. jade mining was carried out through the use of simple technology and simple tool s thus harming the natural environment to a small extent. After 2000 with the advent of jade companies. jade mining is carried out through the use of modem technology and modem machines. thus harming the natural environment considerably. However. the use of modem machines make for production of various kinds ofjade. Therefore, family's income increased for jade business and associated with other economic activities. Then, businessmen dependent on jade mining and marketing bring in consumer goods for sale. When fortune seekers from various regions arrive in jade mine area, their relations with locals develop, leading to more general knowledge on the latter's part. They concentrate more on children's education. and health care for the family. Moreover. the locals' lifestyle begin to change, especially in the styles of food, clothing and shelter constituting the basic needs of human society. Under government's direction the companies have come in and their working with modem technologies in jade mine causes much economic developm ent. For this reason sociocultural change which has accompanied the economic development were explored in this study. Keywords : consumption culture. socio-cultural change, environmental change. economic system. subsistence patterns iv CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT iii LIST OF TABLES vi LIST OF FIGURES vii Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION I 1.1 Background I 1.2 Rationale 3 1.3 Aim and Objectives 4 1.4 Conceptual Framework 5 1.5 Composition of Thesis 6 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 8 2. 1 Anthropological Consideration on the Linking of 8 Economic and Environment 2.1. 1. Anthropological Consideration on Economy 8 2.1.2 Anthropological Consideration on Environment 9 2.1.3 Anthropological Consideration on Trade 11 2.2 Anthropological Considerationon Sociocultural Change 12 2.3 Technology 16 3. METHODOLOGY 18 3.1 Study Design 18 3.2 Study Site 18 3.3 Study Population 20 3.4 Data Collection Method 21 3.5 Data Analysis 22 3.6 Study Period 23 3.7 Ethical Considerations 24 4. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF JADE 26 4.1 The Popularity ofMyanmar Jade 26 v 4.2 Development ofJude Trude in Myanmar 30 4.3 Hnckground of the Research Area 41 4.3 .1 Uru Creek and J.ocu I Culture 43 4.3.2 Demography and Transportation 44 4.3.3 Folklore and Omen 46 5. ECONO MIC SYSTEM 49 5.1 Production 50 5.1.1 Types of Workers 59 5.2 Distribution 65 5.3 Consumption 67 5.3.1 Recorded Inscription of Lonekhinn-Hpakant 67 Jade Mines Region 1988 to Date 5.3 .2 Myanmar Gems Law 72 5,4 Environmental Conditions 73 5.5 Other Economic Activities 81 6. SOCIOCULTURAL CHANGES OF LIFESTYLE 88 6.1 Education 88 6.2 Health 96 6.3 Food Habit 102 6.4 Mode ofDress 103 6.5 Patterns ofHousing 104 6.6 Daily Routine in Family 106 6.7 The Relationship among Family Members 107 7. DISCUSSION 110 7.1 Changes in Demography and Transportationdue to 110 jade trade 7.2 Patterns of Jade Consumption 111 7.3 Sociocultural changes of Li festyle 114 8. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 119 8.1 Conclus ion 119 8.2 Recommendations 123 REFERENCES ANNEXES vi LIST OF TABLES Page Tabl e I. Time Frame 23 Table 2. Table showing the Average amountof duty annually collected 35 onjade stones Table3. Table shewing jade export to Yannan from 1897·1 908 36 Table 4. Annual Jade Sales of Myarunar Gems Exhibition 38 Table 5. Population in Hpakant Township (2009 census) 44 Table 6. Racial and Ethnic Groups Residing in Hpakant Township (2009) 44 Table 7. Population by Religion in Hpakant Township (2009) 45 Table 8. Showing for Jade exhibition and Sale Proceeds 66 Table 9. Annual Rainfall Records in Lonekhinn-Hpakant Jade MineArea 77 (From 200 1 to 2012) Table 10. Hpakant Township's use of Land 79 Tabl e I I. Hpakant Township's Schools, Teachers and Students 88 Table 12. EnrolmentofSchool-aged Children 89 Table 13. Basic Education High School, Grade 11 lh Pass % 89 Table 14. The Basic Education High School (Branch). Lonekhinn village 90 Table IS. The Basic Education Primary School 91 Table 16.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Appendix – D Model Villages with Rice Husk Gas Engine
    APPENDIX – D MODEL VILLAGES WITH RICE HUSK GAS ENGINE APPENDIX D-1 Project Examples 1 (1/3) Development Plan Appendix D-1 Project Examples 1: Rice Husk Gas Engine Electrification in Younetalin Village Plans were prepared to electrify villages with rice husk gas engine in Ayeyarwaddi Division headed by Area Commander. Younetalin Village was the first to be electrified in accordance with the plans. The scheme at Younetalin village was completed quite quickly. It was conceived in January 2001 and the committee was formed then. The scheme commenced operation on 15 2001 April and therefore took barely 3 months to arrange the funding and building. The project feature is as follows (as of Nov 2002): Nippon Koei / IEEJ The Study on Introduction of Renewable Energies Volume 5 in Rural Areas in Myanmar Development Plans APPENDIX D-1 Project Examples 1 (2/3) Basic Village Feature Household 1,100 households Industry and product 6 rice mills, BCS, Video/Karaoke Shops Paddy (Cultivation field is 250 ares), fruits processing, rice noodle processing) Public facilities Primary school, monastery, state high school, etc. Project Cost and Fund Capital cost K9,600,000 (K580,000 for engine and generator, K3,800,000 for distribution lines) Collection of fund From K20,000 up to K40,000 was collected according to the financial condition of each house. Difference between the amount raised by the villagers and the capital cost of was K4,000,000. It was covered by loan from the Area Commander of the Division with 2 % interest per month. Unit and Fuel Spec of unit Engine :140 hp, Hino 12 cylinder diesel engine Generator : 135 kVA Model : RH-14 Rice husk ¾ 12 baskets per hour is consumed consumption ¾ 6 rice mills powered by diesel generator.
    [Show full text]
  • A Kachin Case Study
    MUSEUMS, DIASPORA COMMUNITIES AND DIASPORIC CULTURES A KACHIN CASE STUDY HELEN MEARS PHD 2019 0 Abstract This thesis adds to the growing body of literature on museums and source communities through addressing a hitherto under-examined area of activity: the interactions between museums and diaspora communities. It does so through a focus on the cultural practices and museum engagements of the Kachin community from northern Myanmar. The shift in museum practice prompted by increased interaction with source communities from the 1980s onwards has led to fundamental changes in museum policy. Indeed, this shift has been described as “one of the most important developments in the history of museums” (Peers and Brown, 2003, p.1). However, it was a shift informed by the interests and perspectives of an ethnocentric museology, and, for these reasons, analysis of its symptoms has remained largely focussed on the museum institution rather than the communities which historically contributed to these institutions’ collections. Moreover, it was a shift which did not fully take account of the increasingly mobile and transnational nature of these communities. This thesis, researched and written by a museum curator, was initiated by the longstanding and active engagement of Kachin people with historical materials in the collections of Brighton Museum & Art Gallery. In closely attending to the cultural interests and habits of overseas Kachin communities, rather than those of the Museum, the thesis responds to Christina Kreps’ call to researchers to “liberate our thinking from Eurocentric notions of what constitutes the museum and museological behaviour” (2003, p.x). Through interviews with individual members of three overseas Kachin communities and the examination of a range of Kachin-related cultural productions, it demonstrates the extent to which Kachin people, like museums, are highly engaged in heritage and cultural preservation, albeit in ways which are distinctive to normative museum practices of collecting, display and interpretation.
    [Show full text]
  • Partner with Global and Local Operators
    F&B in Myanmar Industry Landscape and Diner Trends UNILEVER FOOD SOLUTIONS A brief intro… 2 UNILEVER FOOD SOLUTIONS GLOBAL WHO WE ARE Unilever Food Solutions is in Food since the 1880s We partner with global and local operators. Present in 74 countries. OUR BRANDS OUR SERVICES Culinary Marketing Expertise Support 3 Our Partners in MM 4 Journey to become Myanmar’s No 1. Chef Partner. Well-loved Kitchen Ingredients. Deep Food Service Footprint. Better, safer food for Myanmar. UFS 2020 2016 2017 Partner Chef school to train with city next gen 2014-2015 council on hawker Chefmanship relocation Centre set up Work with MRA to do NO 1 Partner of Chefs 2013 ‘Your Restaurant Tmr’ Chefmanship Seminar Series 2012 showcase with SEA Games Launch of UFS chef Food collaboration Facebook Solutions Entry 5 MM’s Out-of-Home Eating Landscape 6 Map of Food Establishments in Myanmar 7 Top dishes- Hotels Asian/local dishes are Favourites in Hotels 59% 36% 36% 15% 15% #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 Sweet and sour Fried noodles Fried chicken with Fried rice Tom yam soup chicken (Khaut swel kyaw) paprika (Kyat cho chin) #6 #7 #8 Sour and spicy #9 #10 Chicken curry Fish curry Fish head soup chicken Steamed fish with (Local food) (Kyat kachin chat) lime (Local food) (Local food) 13% 11% 8% 6% 6% % of respondents choosing the dish among their top five selling dishes Top dishes- Restaurants Myanmar and Asian Cuisine Make Up Top Dishes in Restaurants 16% 16% 15% 13% 12% #1 #2 #3 Fried rice with #4 #5 Shan noodles Fried noodles Pork curry (Local Chicken curry chickpeas food) (Local
    [Show full text]
  • India-Myanmar-Bangladesh Border Region
    MyanmarInform ationManage mUnit e nt India-Myanmar-Banglade shBord eRegion r April2021 92°E 94°E 96°E Digboi TaipiDuidam Marghe rita Bom dLa i ARUN ACHALPRADESH N orthLakhimpur Pansaung ARUN ACHAL Itanagar PRADESH Khonsa Sibsagar N anyun Jorhat INDIA Mon DonHee CHINA Naga BANGLA Tezpur DESH Self-Administered Golaghat Mangaldai Zone Mokokc hung LAOS N awgong(nagaon) Tuensang Lahe ASSAM THAILAND Z unhe boto ParHtanKway 26° N 26° Hojai Dimapur N 26° Hkamti N AGALAN D Kachin Lumd ing Kohima State Me huri ChindwinRiver Jowai INDIA LayShi Maram SumMaRar MEGHALAYA Mahur Kalapahar MoWaing Lut Karimganj Hom alin Silchar Imphal Sagaing ShwePyi Aye Region Kalaura MAN IPUR Rengte Kakc hing Myothit Banmauk MawLu Churachandpur Paungbyin Indaw Katha Thianship Tamu TRIPURA Pinlebu 24° N 24° W untho N 24° Cikha Khampat Kawlin Tigyaing Aizawal Tonzang Mawlaik Rihkhawdar Legend Ted im Kyunhla State/RegionCapital Serc hhip Town Khaikam Kalewa Kanbalu Ge neralHospital MIZORAM Kale W e bula TownshipHospital Taze Z e eKone Bord eCrossing r Falam Lunglei Mingin AirTransport Facility Y e -U Khin-U Thantlang Airport Tabayin Rangamati Hakha Shwebo TownshipBoundary SaingPyin KyaukMyaung State/RegionBoundary Saiha Kani BANGLA Budalin W e tlet BoundaryInternational Ayadaw MajorRoad Hnaring Surkhua DESH Sec ondaryRoad Y inmarbin Monywa Railway Keranirhat SarTaung Rezua Salingyi Chaung-U Map ID: MIMU1718v01 22° N 22° Pale Myinmu N 22° Lalengpi Sagaing Prod uctionApril62021 Date: Chin PapeSize r A4 : Projec tion/Datum:GCS/WGS84 Chiringa State Myaung SourcData Departme e : ofMe nt dService ical s, Kaladan River Kaladan TheHumanitarian ExchangeData Matupi Magway BasemMIMU ap: PlaceName General s: Adm inistrationDepartme (GAD)and field nt Cox'sBazar Region sourcTransliteration e s.
    [Show full text]
  • Recent Arrests List
    ƒ ARRESTS No. Name Sex Position Date of Arrest Section of Law Plaintiff Current Condition Address Remark Myanmar Military Seizes Power and Senior NLD S: 8 of the Export and Superintendent Kyi 1 (Daw) Aung San Suu Kyi F State Counsellor (Chairman of NLD) 1-Feb-21 House Arrest Nay Pyi Taw leaders including Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and Import Law Lin of Special Branch President U Win Myint were detained. The NLD’s S: 25 of the Natural Myanmar Military Seizes Power and Senior NLD Superintendent Myint 2 (U) Win Myint M President (Vice Chairman-1 of NLD) 1-Feb-21 Disaster Management House Arrest Nay Pyi Taw leaders including Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and Naing law President U Win Myint were detained. The NLD’s Myanmar Military Seizes Power and Senior NLD 3 (U) Henry Van Thio M Vice President 1-Feb-21 House Arrest Nay Pyi Taw leaders including Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and President U Win Myint were detained. The NLD’s Speaker of the Amyotha Hluttaw, the Myanmar Military Seizes Power and Senior NLD 4 (U) Mann Win Khaing Than M upper house of the Myanmar 1-Feb-21 House Arrest Nay Pyi Taw leaders including Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and parliament President U Win Myint were detained. The NLD’s Speaker of the Union Assembly, the Myanmar Military Seizes Power and Senior NLD 5 (U) T Khun Myat M Joint House and Pyithu Hluttaw, the 1-Feb-21 House Arrest Nay Pyi Taw leaders including Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and lower house of the Myanmar President U Win Myint were detained.
    [Show full text]
  • THE STATE of LOCAL GOVERNANCE: TRENDS in KACHIN Photo Credits
    Local Governance Mapping THE STATE OF LOCAL GOVERNANCE: TRENDS IN KACHIN Photo credits Mike Adair Emilie Röell Myanmar Survey Research A photo record of the UNDP Governance Mapping Trip for Kachin State. Travel to Tanai, Putao, Momauk and Myitkyina townships from Jan 6 to Jan 23, 2015 is available here: http://tinyurl.com/Kachin-Trip-2015 The views expressed in this publication are those of the author, and do not necessarily represent the views of UNDP. Local Governance Mapping THE STATE OF LOCAL GOVERNANCE: TRENDS IN KACHIN UNDP MYANMAR Table of Contents Acknowledgements II Acronyms III Executive Summary 1 1. Introduction 5 2. Kachin State 7 2.1 Kachin geography 9 2.2 Population distribution 10 2.3 Socio-economic dimensions 11 2.4 Some historical perspectives 13 2.5 Current security situation 18 2.6 State institutions 18 3. Methodology 24 3.1 Objectives of mapping 25 3.2 Mapping tools 25 3.3 Selected townships in Kachin 26 4. Governance at the front line – Findings on participation, responsiveness and accountability for service provision 27 4.1 Introduction to the townships 28 4.1.1 Overarching development priorities 33 4.1.2 Safety and security perceptions 34 4.1.3 Citizens’ views on overall improvements 36 4.1.4 Service Provider’s and people’s views on improvements and challenges in selected basic services 37 4.1.5 Issues pertaining to access services 54 4.2 Development planning and participation 57 4.2.1 Development committees 58 4.2.2 Planning and use of development funds 61 4.2.3 Challenges to township planning and participatory development 65 4.3 Information, transparency and accountability 67 4.3.1 Information at township level 67 4.3.2 TDSCs and TMACs as accountability mechanisms 69 4.3.3 WA/VTAs and W/VTSDCs 70 4.3.4 Grievances and disputes 75 4.3.5 Citizens’ awareness and freedom to express 78 4.3.6 Role of civil society organisations 81 5.
    [Show full text]
  • KACHIN STATE, MOHNYIN DISTRICT Mogaung Township Report
    THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census KACHIN STATE, MOHNYIN DISTRICT Mogaung Township Report Department of Population Ministry of Labour, Immigration and Population October 2017 The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census Kachin State, Mohnyin District Mogaung Township Report Department of Population Ministry of Labour, Immigration and Population Office No.48 Nay Pyi Taw Tel: +95 67 431062 www.dop.gov.mm October 2017 Figure 1 : Map of Kachin State, showing the townships Mogaung Township Figures at a Glance 1 Total Population 132,608 2 Population males 63,501 (47.9%) Population females 69,107 (52.1%) Percentage of urban population 18.9% Area (Km2) 2,626.2 3 Population density (per Km2) 50.5 persons Median age 24.6 years Number of wards 6 Number of village tracts 38 Number of private households 24,898 Percentage of female headed households 29.3% Mean household size 5.1 persons 4 Percentage of population by age group Children (0 – 14 years) 32.8% Economically productive (15 – 64 years) 62.1% Elderly population (65+ years) 5.1% Dependency ratios Total dependency ratio 61.0 Child dependency ratio 52.8 Old dependency ratio 8.2 Ageing index 15.5 Sex ratio (males per 100 females) 92 Literacy rate (persons aged 15 and over) 93.4% Male 95.7% Female 91.5% People with disability Number Per cent Any form of disability 3,164 2.4 Walking 1,204 0.9 Seeing 1,202 0.9 Hearing 1,059 0.8 Remembering 958 0.7 Type of Identity Card (persons aged 10 and over) Number Per cent Citizenship Scrutiny 76,010 72.4 Associate
    [Show full text]
  • KACHIN STATE, MOHNYIN DISTRICT Mohnyin Township Report
    THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census KACHIN STATE, MOHNYIN DISTRICT Mohnyin Township Report Department of Population Ministry of Labour, Immigration and Population October 2017 The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census Kachin State, Mohnyin District Mohnyin Township Report Department of Population Ministry of Labour, Immigration and Population Office No.48 Nay Pyi Taw Tel: +95 67 431062 www.dop.gov.mm October 2017 Figure 1: Map of Kachin State, showing the townships MohnyinTownship Figures at a Glance 1 Total Population 160,598 2 Population males 78,795 (49.1%) Population females 81,803 (50.9%) Percentage of urban population 20.7% Area (Km2) 6,036.3 3 Population density (per Km2) 26.6 persons Median age 24.7 years Number of wards 5 Number of village tracts 29 Number of private households 30,190 Percentage of female headed households 30.0% Mean household size 4.9 persons4 Percentage of population by age group Children (0 – 14 years) 31.4% Economically productive (15 – 64 years) 63.8% Elderly population (65+ years) 4.8% Dependency ratios Total dependency ratio 56.8 Child dependency ratio 49.3 Old dependency ratio 7.5 Ageing index 15.3 Sex ratio (males per 100 females) 96 Literacy rate (persons aged 15 and over) 95.4% Male 97.5% Female 93.7% People with disability Number Per cent Any form of disability 4,562 2.8 Walking 1,662 1.0 Seeing 2,296 1.4 Hearing 1,314 0.8 Remembering 1,443 0.9 Type of Identity Card (persons aged 10 and over) Number Per cent Citizenship Scrutiny 94,919 73.6 Associate
    [Show full text]
  • Bonn Zoological Bulletin Supplementum Vol. 62 (2015)
    Titel_BzM_2015(62)_Titel BZB 26.3.03 Kopie 2 20.08.15 20:23 Seite 1 Summary Bonn zoological Bulletin – Supplementum This monograph provides significant new insights into the biology and biogeography of the birds that inhabit the northernmost tip of Myanmar. The area’s hill jungle is largely untouched by humans and has not been visited by ornithologists since the late 1940s. Even today, this jungle can be considered a primary forest in the literal sense and a “white map” area for most biodiversity. During our recent visits to this extraordinary, species-rich area we compiled an inventory of the avifauna that includes records of more than 440 species. Although the area inventoried covers only about one per- Bonn zoological Bulletin cent of the land surface of Myanmar, the species reported in the inventory include endemics as well as globally threatened taxa and represent more than a third of all known bird species from the Supplementum Vol. 62 (2015) country. By evaluating in detail the subspecific relationships of the formerly: Bonner zoologische Monographien Hkakabo Razi rainforest avifauna, we conclude that the bird avifau- na community of northern Myanmar is most similar to the one Avifauna of the found in the avifauna of the temperate rainforests of northeastern India. Southeastern Himalayan Mountains and neighboring Myanmar hill country Swen C. Renner, John H. Rappole, Christopher M. Milensky, Myint Aung, Nay Myo Shwe & Thein Aung Bonn zoological Bulletin – Supplementum Vol. 62 (2015) Managing Editor: Thomas Wesener Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig – Leibniz-Institut für Biodiversität der Tiere (ZFMK) Adenaueralllee 160, D-53113 Bonn, Germany ISBN-13: 978-3-925382-66-6 ISSN: 0302-671X Volume 62 Volume (2015) Cover illustration: The remoteness and inaccessibility of northern Myanmar is illustrated by one of the many rattan suspension bridges made without any metal.
    [Show full text]
  • Reverberation of Respiratory Rate on Noodle Delineation
    ISSN 2581 – 4346 Available Online at www.ijms.co.in Innovative Journal of Medical Sciences 2019; 3(4):13-16 RESEARCH ARTICLE Reverberation of respiratory rate on noodle delineation Muhammad Imran Qadir, Mehwish Sultana* Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Received on: 30 August 2019; Revised on: 20 September 2019; Accepted on: 27 October 2019 ABSTRACT The objective of the present study was to correlated breathing rate with the likeliness of eating noodles. Breathing is a normal process in all living organisms. Different organisms have different methods of breathing. The normal breathing rate is 15–20/min. The increase in breath rate causes different disorders. The breathing rate is also called respiratory rate. The normal breathing rate for an infant is 44 breaths/min. Lungs play an important role in breathing. Breathing is most important factor in human life. The breathing rate changes when we walk, run, speech, and laugh. The intake of air during breathing is called inspiration and the air comes out of our lungs is called expiration. The breathing rate is also disturbed by increase of blood pressure. Noodles are a nutritional food containing different types of carbohydrates, vitamins, or fats. It is a renowned and staple food all over the world, especially in Asian and European culture. Chinese noodles may be boiled in soups, stir-fried as chow foon, or deep-fried into crunchy strips for chow mein and other dishes. Noodle is a nutritional food which is made from dough and is present in different forms such as plain, wavy, strings, and cut into different varieties of shape.
    [Show full text]
  • Conflict Dynamics and Protection of Civilians in Kachin State
    PWG Update Conflict Dynamics and Protection of Civilians in Kachin State September 2016 Objectives: a) To provide an update on the Protection Analyses1 on the conflict dynamics in Kachin State, particularly as related to Protection of Civilians. b) To draw attention to the increased tension and conflict in close proximity to IDP camps and civilian residences and call on all parties to the conflict to respect the civilian character of these camps and communities. c) To facilitate, drive and inform discussion and response to Protection concerns in Kachin state within the PWG, the Inter Cluster Working Group, the AHCT and HCT, particularly in relation to Protection and Advocacy on key issues, including Emergency Preparedness; d) To provide a reminder and guidance of obligations to meet relevant international standards on the Protection of Civilians, with a particular focus on the responsibilities of parties to the conflict under International Humanitarian Law, Human Rights Law and Criminal Law. e) To initiate discussion and form the basis of a coordinated advocacy strategy by PWG and other relevant stakeholders. BACKGROUND Since the breakdown of the ceasefire and resumption of fighting between the Myanmar Army and the KIA in Kachin State in 2011, several conflict related security and Protection trends have emerged including, but not limited to, use of landmines, use of heavy artillery in in proximity to civilian settlements and airstrikes as well as reports of increased human rights abuses targeting individuals. More than 91,000 people2 are currently forcibly displaced across Government Controlled Areas (GCA) and Non-Government Controlled Areas (NGCA) of Kachin. The PWG have been active throughout the conflict monitoring Protection concerns3.
    [Show full text]
  • KACHIN STATE Myanmar
    Myanmar Information Management Unit KACHIN STATE Myanmar 95°30'E 96°0'E 96°30'E 97°0'E 97°30'E 98°0'E 98°30'E 99°0'E 28°30'N Ü 28°30'N 28°0'N 28°0'N Nawngmun INDIA Puta-O Pannandin !( Nawngmun 27°30'N 27°30'N Putao oAirport Machanbaw Puta-O Pansaung !( Khaunglanhpu Machanbaw Khaunglanhpu Nanyun 27°0'N 27°0'N Don Hee !( !( Shin Bway Yang Sumprabum Sumprabum Tanai 26°30'N 26°30'N KACHIN Tsawlaw Tanai Lahe Tsawlaw Injangyang Htan Par Hkamti Kway 26°0'N o Khamti 26°0'N Airport Chipwi Injangyang Chipwi Myitkyina Hpakan Pang War Hpakan !( Kamaing !( 25°30'N 25°30'N Myitkyina Kan Mogaung Airport o Paik Ti Nampong Sadung !( oAir Base .!Myitkyina !( Mogaung Waingmaw Waingmaw SAGAING LAKE INDAWNGYI !( 25°0'N Hopin CHINA 25°0'N Mohnyin !( Mohnyin Sinbo Momauk Dawthponeyan !( Myo Hla 24°30'N !( 24°30'N Banmauk Bhamo Shwegu Bamaw SAGAING oAirport Momauk Shwegu Bhamo Indaw Katha !( Lwegel Mansi Pinlebu !( Maw !( !( Monekoe Hteik Pang Hseng (Kyu Koke) Manhlyoe 24°0'N (Manhero) Muse 24°0'N Mansi !( Wuntho Konkyan Namhkan Kilometers Kawlin Tigyaing 0 15 30 60 90 SHAN Laukkaing 95°30'E 96°0'E 96°30'E 97°0'E 97°30'E 98°0'E 98°30'E 99°0'E Tarmoenye !( Legend Elevation (Meter) Map ID: MIMU940v01 Takaung < 50 1,250 - 1,500 3,000 - 3,250 Data Sources : Myanmar Information Management Unit (MIMU) is a !( o Major Road Township Boundary River/Water Body Creation Date: 4 December 2012.A1 Airports Mabein 50 - 100 1,500 - 1,750 3,250 - 3,500 Base Map - MIMU ChinshwehawcommonNamtit resource of the Humanitarian Country Team Other Road District Boundary Projection/Datum: Geographic/WGS84 Non-Perennial 100 - 250 1,750 - 2,000 3,500 - 3,750 Boundaries - WFP/MIMU (HCT) providing information management services, ^(!_ Capital including GIS mapping and analysis, to the humanitarian Railway State/Region Boundary Perennial 250 - 500 2,000 - 2,250 3,750 - 4,000 River and Stream - DCW Elevation : SRTM 90m and development actors both inside and outside of .! State Capital River and Stream International Boundary 500 - 750 2,250 - 2,500 4,000 - 7,007 Place names - Ministry of Home Affair Myanmar.
    [Show full text]