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I ACCESS, RETENTION and PERFORMANCE AMONG MAASAI PRIMARY SCHOOL BOYS and GIRLS in MONDULI DISTRICT, TANZANIA JONAIS N. LOWASSA A

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I ACCESS, RETENTION and PERFORMANCE AMONG MAASAI PRIMARY SCHOOL BOYS and GIRLS in MONDULI DISTRICT, TANZANIA JONAIS N. LOWASSA A i ACCESS, RETENTION AND PERFORMANCE AMONG MAASAI PRIMARY SCHOOL BOYS AND GIRLS IN MONDULI DISTRICT, TANZANIA JONAIS N. LOWASSA A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE MASTER DEGREE OF EDUCATION IN ADMINISTRATION, PLANNING AND POLICY STUDIES OF THE OPEN UNIVERSITY OF TANZANIA 2015 ii CERTIFICATION The undersigned certify that he has read and hereby recommend for acceptance by the Open University of Tanzania dissertation entitled “Access Retention and Performance among Maasai primary School Boys and Girls in Monduli District” in fulfillment of the requirements for the Master Degree of Education in Administration, Planning, and Policy Studies of the Open University of Tanzania.. ........................................................... Professor Issa Mcholo Omari (Supervisor) ........................................................... Date iii COPYRIGHT This research paper is a copyright protected under the Berne Convention, the copyright Act 1999 and other international and national enactments, on behalf, of intellectual property. It should not be produced by any means, in full or in part, except for short extracts in fair dealings, for research or private study, critical scholarly review or discussion with an acknowledgement. It is illegal to produce it otherwise without permission of the author or Open University of Tanzania. iv DECLARATION I Jonais N. Lowassa, do hereby declare that, this dissertation is my own original work and that has not been presented and will not be presented to any other University for a similar or any other degree award. ……………………………… Signature ……………………………… Date v DEDICATION I dedicate this dissertation to my brother in law, Edward Ngoyai Lowassa, Member of Parliament (MP) in Monduli District, and the retired Prime Minister of the United Republic of Tanzania. vi AKNOWLEDGEMENT First, I would like to show my gratitude and return all praises and glory to Almighty God who is full of love, care and mercy for granting me health and life in every new day that made it possible to accomplish this notable research task. I would like to convey my special thanks to my Supervisor, Professor Issa Mcholo Omari of the Open University of Tanzania for his tireless effort, assistance, guidance, willingness and advice in perfecting this dissertation. Special thanks should also go to my husband Mr. Alex Ngoyai Lowassa, and my beloved daughters Neema Alex Lowassa, Happiness Alex Lowassa, Paulina Alex Lowassa for their daily prayers upon my studies and my sons in law; Joseph Ngereja Mchunga, Delphinus Alex Mshumbusi without forgetting my real sons Baraka Alex Lowassa Edson Khamene, Ngowi and Amoni Alex Lowassa. Also my friends who participated in one way or the other who helped me to accomplish this work, include Gerald Iron Human Resource Officer in Teachers Service Department in Monduli District. I can’t forget my fellow church members starting with Pastor Joel Nangole for their support in prayers and Rev. Elias Peter Cherra of Mount Meru University who also encouraged me in this educational Endeavour, I also acknowledge the encouragement of my fellow workers from Presidents Office Public Service Commission. Last but not least, I would like to convey my special thanks to my grandchildren Nathan Ester and Christian for their daily encouragement and support from initial stage to the final stage of my study. It would therefore be impossible to accomplish this study if they were not patience on me. vii ABSTRACT The study on “Access Retention and Performance among Maasai primary school boys and girls:” This study was conducted in Monduli, in three ecological areas. The objective of the study was to analyse the patterns and causes of access, retention and performances among primary schools boys and girls. The specific objectives of the study were, to examine the boys and girls primary school education access compared to boys, taking in to account age at which they were enrolled, to analyse the differential drop-out rate, in primary schools and to assess the performance of boys against that of girls in primary schools examination. Analysed the cultural factors accounting for differences in access between boys and girls. The research methods used were, sampling procedures, and sample size. Also the tools such as checklist for data collection in sample schools and questionnaire for students. Primary and secondary data were also collected as well as focus group discussion. Primary data collected through, observation, focus group discussion and checklist instrument while secondary data were collected through journals, books and school reports. Data collected were coded and analysed using SPSS program. The results of the study shows that more girls than boys in Monduli District dropout from school due to traditional culture, and norms that were maintained within the society. Religious groups has also helped both boys and girls to enroll in schools at the same number. It is recommended that the district management and politicians should develop ways of retaining both boys and girls in schools. However, for the society, the government should encourage natives to study in both formal and informal education in the evening programs or after working hours. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS CERTIFICATION ..................................................................................................... ii COPYRIGHT ............................................................................................................ iii DECLARATION ....................................................................................................... iv DEDICATION ............................................................................................................ v AKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................... vi ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................. vii LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................. xv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................ xvi CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................ 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND OF THE PROBLEM ............. 1 1.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Background of the Problem .............................................................................. 1 1.3 Statement of the Problem ................................................................................. 4 1.4 Research Objectives ......................................................................................... 5 1.4.1 General purpose of the Study ........................................................................... 5 1.4.2 Specific Objectives of the Study ...................................................................... 5 1.4.3 Research Tasks and Questions ......................................................................... 5 1.5 Significance of the Study ................................................................................. 6 1.6 Limitation of the Study..................................................................................... 8 1.7 Scope and Delimitation of the Study ................................................................ 8 1.8 Conceptual Framework .................................................................................... 8 CHAPTER TWO ..................................................................................................... 12 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................ 12 ix 2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 12 2.2 Theoretical Framework .................................................................................. 12 2.2.1 Functionalism Theory..................................................................................... 12 2.3 Empirical Review ........................................................................................... 17 2.3.1 Access to Primary School Education for Boys and Girls ............................... 17 2.3.2 Difference between Dropout and Retention Rate in Primary Schools ........... 23 2.3.3 Performance of Pastoralist Boys and Girls in Primary Schools Examination in Monduli District .................................................................... 25 2.4 Synthesis of the Review of Literature ............................................................ 31 2.5 Knowledge Gap .............................................................................................. 31 CHAPTER THREE ................................................................................................. 33 3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ................................................................ 33 3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 33 3.2 Location of the Study ..................................................................................... 33 3.3 Research Paradigm ......................................................................................... 34 3.4 Research Design ............................................................................................. 34
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