Gentianaceae: Systematics and Natural History Edited by Lena Struwe and Victor A

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Index

Page numbers in bold indicate the main description of the tribe, subtribe, or genus in Chapter 2. Taxonomic rank for all groups except families, genera, and species, as well as some generic synonyms, are indicated in parentheses.

Adenolisianthus 141, 525 morphological data 196, 315, 333, 335, distribution 137–8 353 number of species 24, 138 palynological data 378, 379, 476–7, palynology 170–1, 377, 379, 381, 394, 479 421–3, 468 phytochemical data 598 phylogeny 468, 557 phytochemistry 330, 586, 593, 598, seed anatomy 523, 557 601 Africa seed anatomy 539–40 floras 270–1 vegetative morphology 195, 320, 321 generic diversity 14–15 Anti-inflammatory activity 612 Agathotes 235 (= Swertia) Anti-psychotic activity 612 Aliopsis 229, 246 (= Gentianella) Ants 161, 210 Aloitis 229, 246 (= Gentianella) APG (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group) 194 Anagallidiinae (subtribe) 54 Apiales (order) 3 Anagallidium 54, 235 (= Swertia) Apocynaceae 2, 3, 4, 6, 311 Analgesics 612 chromosome number 329 Anatomy evolution of habit 335 flower see Floral anatomy and Floral flower morphology 7 anatomy under specific groups fruit morphology 9 pollen see Palynology habit 10 seed see Seed anatomy under specific mycorrhiza type 319 groups and Seeds number of species 11 Androecium see Stamens and Flower palynology 378, 379 morphology under specific groups phylogeny 40, 42, 44, 331, 332 Anemarrhena 604 molecular data 9, 29–37, 30, 31, 35–7, Anthers see Stamens 40, 336 Anthocleista 4, 6, 195–6, 539–40 morphological data 316, 331, 333, biogeography 196–7 335–6 chromosome number 329 phytochemistry 329, 330 dispersal 9 pollination 7 distribution 190, 193, 195 Aripuana 137–8, 141–4, 164, 165, 528–9 floral anatomy 323 distribution 138 flower morphology 192, 195 fruits 8 fruit morphology 8, 195–6, 325 number of species 24, 138 germination 508 palynology 171, 377, 379, 381, 394, 408, habit 10, 195 423, 468, 480 number of species 25, 190, 195 phylogeny palynology 213–14, 216, 324, 377, 379, molecular data 149 381–2, 452–3, 476–7, 479 pollination 7 phylogeny seed anatomy 529, 558 molecular data 29, 197 Asclepiadaceae 3

633

634 Index

Asia South America 66, 136, 182–90, 191, floras 271–2 196–7, 220–1, 264–5 generic diversity 14–15 highland/lowland taxa 151, 187–90 Asterales (order) 2, 3, 555 refugia hypothesis 186–7 Asteranthe 224 white-sand species 151, 157, 187, 221 Asteridae (subclass) 3–4, 7 austral origin 16, 103–7, 182 Auricles see Vegetative morphology Boreotropics hypothesis 220–1, 265, 268 Australia climatic changes 186–7, 191 floras 270–1 Cretaceous 104, 135 generic diversity 14–15 endemicity 188–9 Gondwanic patterns 16, 103–7, 135, Bark 59–60 182–3, 206, 220–1 Bartonia 5, 222–3, 224–5 long-distance dispersal 105, 136, 220 biogeography 263–5 neotropical patterns 181–2 dispersal 505 Neotropics 136, 182–90, 219, 220–1 distribution 224 paleotropics 103, 136, 219 floral anatomy 322–3 pantropical patterns 103–8, 193, 196–8, number of species 25, 224 203, 206, 219–21 palynology 65, 249 Quaternary 186–90, 262–6 phylogeny 559 temperate origin 262–6 molecular data 29, 245 temperate patterns 262–6 morphological data 314, 333–4, 354 tepui 66, 182, 184, 187–90 phytochemistry 601 Tertiary 104, 262–6 seed anatomy 503, 549–50, 559 transatlantic disjuncts 136–7, 219–21, 266 trophy 320 white-sand species 157, 182, 187–90, 212 vegetative morphology 321 Bisgoeppertia 108, 110, 113 Belmontia 85, 511; see Sebaea classification 112 Bentham, G. 1, 56–7, 76, 110, 112–3, 194, distribution 110 224 number of species 24 Biogeography palynology 65 Chironieae 135–7 phylogeny 335 Exaceae 103–8 seed anatomy 514–15, 557, 559 Faroinae 13, 190, 193, 200, 219 Bitters 574, 611; see also Pharmacology Gentianaceae 14, 15, 22, 23, 28 Blackstonia 108, 111, 113, 126, 136, 137, Gentianeae 262–6 224, 517–18 Helieae 13, 138–9, 186–9, 191 chromosome number 329 Lisianthiinae 219 classification 112 Potalieae 219–21 distribution 111 Saccifolieae 66 embryology 326 Swertiinae 263–4 flower morphology 322–3 Africa 103–6, 137, 196–7, 265 germination 508 Andes 154, 182, 184, 189, 264–5 number of species 24 Asia, temperate 262–6 phylogeny 119, 206, 314, 332–3, 335, 354 Asia, tropical 103–7, 136, 197 phytochemistry 586, 593, 598, 599, 601 Australia 103, 106, 265 seed anatomy 511, 517–19 Brazilian Shield 66, 136, 154, 182–3, vegetative morphology 320 186–90 Boraginaceae 31 Canary Islands 137 Boreotropics hypothesis 220, 265 Caribbean 154, 182–3 Brachycodon 379, 472–3 (= Irlbachia) Central America 197, 203, 220–1 Bracts see Inflorescence Europe 262–6 Buddlejaceae 4 Guayana Shield 66, 136, 182–90, 221 Indian Ocean basin 103–7, 136, 196–7 C-Glucoflavones 574, 604–9, 610 Madagascar 103–6, 196–7 Calathiana 54 (= Gentiana) New Zealand 265 Calathiinae (subtribe) 54 North America 137, 262–6 Calolisianthus 137–8, 144–5, 164–5, 524–6 Panama isthmus 136, 220–1, 262–3 biogeography 182

Index 635

distribution 138 phylogeny number of species 24, 138 morphological data 315, 332–3, 335, palynology 171, 377, 379, 381, 394–5, 355 423–4, 468–9, 479 palynological data 377, 469, 479 phylogeny pollination 8 molecular data 29, 149 seed anatomy 524–5, 557 morphological data 468–9, 479 Centaurium 108, 114–15, 123, 126, 508, phytochemistry 601 516–17, 524–7 pollination 8 biogeography 137 seed anatomy 523–5, 557 chromosome number 328, 329 Calyx classification 112 Potalieae 211 dispersal 5–6 aestivation 39 distribution 114 fusion 39, 148, 168, 192, 211, 223 embryology 326 glands 5, 39 floral anatomy 321–3 homeotic mutation 169 germination 508 intracalycine membrane 223, 238–9 number of species 13, 15, 24 keels 39, 68–70, 168, 211 paraphyly 13, 127 persistence 140, 142, 169 pharmacology 611 raised veins 192, 198 phylogeny 314, 332–3, 335–6 reduced sepal number 234 phytochemistry 582, 586, 590, 592–3, 598, wings 39, 68–70, 73, 168 601 zygomorphy 68, 223 pollination 7, 324 Campanulaceae 10 section Canscora 108, 111, 114, 117, 125–6, 224, Gyrandra 127 519–20, 592–3 seed anatomy 328, 516–17 classification 112 vegetative morphology 320–1 distribution 111 Central America embryology 326, 499 floras 275 flower morphology 111, 114, 321–3 generic diversity 14–15 number of species 24 Chelonanthus 137–8, 145–7, 164–5, 524–6, phylogeny 114, 314, 333–5 557 phytochemistry 592–3, 598–9, 601, 604–5 distribution 138, 146, 182, 184 seed anatomy 504, 519–20 nomenclature 146 subgenus number of species 24, 138 Canscora 111 palynology 172, 377, 379, 381, 426–9, Heterocanscora 111 434, 469–70, 480 Pentanthera 114, 117 phylogeny 468–9 Phyllocyclus 114, 120 molecular data 149, 197 vegetative morphology 111, 114, 321 phytochemistry 586, 601 Canscorinae (subtribe) 108, 125–6 pioneer species 187 classification 50 pollination 8 distribution 125 seed anatomy 523–6, 557 key 47 wood anatomy 320 number of genera 24, 50 Chemistry see Phytochemistry number of species 50 Chinese medicine 579; see also phylogeny 135–6, 556 Pharmacology and Ethnobotany molecular data 125–6 Chionogentias 229, 246 (= Gentianella) seed anatomy 513, 519–21, 556 Chironia 108, 115, 123, 126–7, 513–14, 612 Caryophyllaceae 7 biogeography 137 Celiantha 138–9, 145, 524–6 classification 112 biogeography 182 dispersal 507 distribution 138 distribution 115 flower morphology 321–2 exudates on seeds 560 number of species 24, 138, 145 floral anatomy 323 palynology 171–2, 324, 377, 379, 381, fruit morphology 325 395–9, 424–6, 469, 479 number of species 24

636 Index

Chironia (cont.) number of species 24 palynology 129 phylogeny 335 phylogeny 314, 332–3, 335, 356 phytochemistry 601 phytochemistry 586, 593, 598–9, 601 seed anatomy 517 pollination 324 Cladistics see Phylogeny under specific seed anatomy 502, 513 groups and Molecular systematics vegetative morphology 320–1 Classification 24–7, 40–4, 48–55 Chironiaceae 48 as diversity assessment 10 Chironieae (tribe) 23, 67, 108–10 historical 56 biogeography 135–7 Chironieae 110–13 chromosome number 127 Exaceae 66–7, 71–7 classification 49–51, 112–13 Gentianaceae 1–2, 5, 311–16, 377–9, exudates on seeds 560 478–80, 555 flower morphology 7 Gentianeae 224 key 47 Helieae 140–1, 377, 466–76, 479 number of genera 12, 24, 49, 108 Lisianthius vs. Lisyanthus 146–7, 377 number of species 11, 12, 49, 108 Potalieae 194–5 number of subtribes 24 Saccifolieae 56–7, 379 palynology 128–35, 379, 414–21, 465 molecular data 29–37, 335–6; see also phylogeny 108, 119, 123–8, 333, 334, 465, Molecular systematics 556–7 morphological data 310–75 molecular data 40, 42, 44, 49, 124 overview of new classification 24–7, phytochemistry 601, 611 48–54 seed anatomy 513–23, 556–7 palynological data 377–97 taxonomic history 110 phytochemical data 574, 589–90, 610 Chironiinae (subtribe) 108 seed data 498–571 classification 49 Cleistogamy 39, 68, 86, 90 key 47 Clusiaceae 584, 585 number of genera 12, 24, 50 Colla, L. A. 71 number of species 12, 50 Colleters 4, 39, 59–60, 128, 140, 161, 166, phylogeny 126–8, 556 168 molecular data 126–8 Comastoma 222–3, 225, 246–7, 547 morphological data 333–5 biogeography 263 seed anatomy 327, 513–19, 556, 559 distribution 225 Chlora 49 (= Blackstonia) flower morphology 230 Chloreae (tribe) 49 nomenclature 225 Chlorinae (subtribe) 49 number of species 25, 225 Chorisepalum 138–9, 147–8, 164, 532–3 palynology 249–51 biogeography 182–4 phylogeny 245–7, 589, 599 dispersal 505 phytochemistry 589, 593, 598–9, 601 distribution 138, 147 seed anatomy 545–8, 559 floral anatomy 322 Congolanthus 196, 198, 535–6 number of species 24, 138 distribution 190, 196 palynology 172, 377, 379, 382, 429–30, number of species 25, 190, 196 470 palynology 214, 216, 377, 379, 382, phylogeny 148, 480 453–4, 477–8 molecular data 148–9 phylogeny 378, 477–8 morphological data 314, 332–5, 357 seed anatomy 535–6, 558 palynological data 148, 377, 470 Cornanae (superorder) 574–5 seed anatomy 502, 532–3, 558 Corolla vegetative morphology 321 Gentianeae 230, 239, 245 Chromosome number 328–9; see also Potalieae 212–13 Chromosome number under specific aestivation 5–6, 39, 144, 169, 192, 223, groups 239 Cicendia 108, 115–16, 118, 126, 517–18, 586 color 212–13 classification 112 fimbriae (hairs) 223, 229–30, 235, 243–7 distribution 115 fusion 4, 39, 169, 192

Index 637

plicae 223, 238–9 Protocrawfurdia 226, 238 spurs 223, 231, 249 (= Crawfurdia) zygomorphy 39, 142 seed anatomy 327, 502, 542, 545 Corona 142; see also Floral anatomy vegetative morphology 321 Cotylanthera 5, 66, 77–9, 102–4 Curtia 58, 62–3, 551–2 distribution 77 biogeography 66 embryology 326, 501 distribution 58 number of species 24 floral anatomy 321–2 phylogeny 107, 556 number of species 24 morphological data 314, 332–4, 357 palynology 63, 65, 377, 379, 382–4, pollination 325 408–9, 462–3, 478 seed anatomy 509–10, 512, 556 phylogeny 62–3, 378, 556 staminal morphology 324 molecular data 29 trophy 320 morphological data 314, 333–4, 359 Coutoubea 108, 116, 125, 521–2, 612 palynological data 462–3, 478 chromosome number 116 phytochemistry 330, 586 classification 112 seed anatomy 328, 550–2, 556, 559 distribution 116 taxonomic history 55–6 exudates on seeds 560 vegetative morphology 321 floral anatomy 321–2 Cyrtophyllum 200 (= Fagraea) number of species 24 Cytology see Chromosome number under palynology 129, 132, 324, 377, 379, 381, specific groups 399, 414, 416–17, 465 phylogeny 378, 465, 557 Danais 316, 331, 333, 336 molecular data 31 Deianira 108, 116–17, 125, 224, 521–2 morphological data 315, 332–4, 358 classification 112 phytochemistry 586, 601 distribution 116 seed anatomy 502, 505, 513, 521–2, 557 number of species 24 vegetative morphology 320 palynology 132, 324, 377, 379, 381, 399, Coutoubeaceae 48 417–18, 465 Coutoubeinae (subtribe) 108 phylogeny 465, 557 classification 51 molecular data 29 key 47 morphological data 315, 332–3, 359 number of genera 24, 51 phytochemistry 601 number of species 51 pollination 324–5 phylogeny 123, 135–6, 334, 556 seed anatomy 521–2, 557 molecular data 125 Desfontainiaceae 4, 329 seed anatomy 513, 521–3, 556 Development Cracosna 108, 116, 123, 125 flowers 169–70 classification 112 homeotic mutation 169 distribution 116 stamens 93 number of species 24 Dipsacales (order) 3, 4 seed anatomy 513 Disk see Glands Crawfurdia 222, 225–6, 237–8, 542, 545 Dispersal 5–6, 498, 560 biogeography 262 ants 217 dispersal 506 bat 9, 217 distribution 226 bird 9, 101, 107, 217, 507 floral anatomy 321–2 earthworms 101, 107 fruit morphology 8, 325 long-distance see Biogeography nomenclature 226 mammals 217 number of species 25, 226 on animals 101 palynology 251 rain 101, 266 phylogeny 314, 333, 358 water 507 molecular data 197 wind 101, 266, 506–7 section Diversity Crawfurdia 226 (= Crawfurdia) Andes 139, 153, 159, 182, 229 Dipterospermum 225 (= Crawfurdia) endemic genera 15

638 Index

Diversity (cont.) number of species 24 generic 11–12 palynology 132–3 generic, by continent 14–15 phylogeny 314, 332–3, 335, 360 species 11–12 phytochemistry 586, 593, 598–9, 601 Djaloniella 198 pollination 324 distribution 190, 198 seed anatomy 514–15, 557, 559 number of species 25, 190, 198 Evolution phylogeny 201 bird dispersal 9 phytochemistry 601 calyx 90, 124, 197 seed anatomy 536–7, 558 calyx wings 91, 168 DNA sequencing see Molecular systematics calyx zygomorphy 90–1 Don, G. 56, 74, 110, 112–13, 224 chromosome numbers 127, 208 “Duplipetala” 51, 108, 114, 117, 123, 125, colleters 128 126 convergent 2, 559 classification 112 corolla 91–2, 169, 197 distribution 117 color 91–2, 124, 160, 169, 196 number of species 24 fimbriae (hairs) 229–30, 235, 245 glands 229–30, 245 Ellipandrae (series) 50–1 spurs 249 Emblingia 55 dispersal 5–6, 9, 101, 217, 498, 505–8, 560 Endlicher, S. L. 56, 74–5, 110, 112–13 bird 507 Engler, A. 76 water 507 Enicostema 198–9, 224, 333, 536–7 wind 506–7 distribution 190, 193, 198, 220 epigyny 3–4 flower morphology 192 floral anatomy 167–8 number of species 25, 190, 198 fruit types 6, 8–10, 197 phylogeny 314, 334, 360 fusion of carpels 6, 8–9, 196, 216 molecular data 197 habit 10–11, 128, 139, 165, 205, 208–10, phytochemistry 586, 601, 607–8, 612 218, 320, 335, 337 seed anatomy 536–7, 558 hairs 128, 222 vegetative morphology 321 inflorescence 89, 167, 210 Epigyny 3–4 leaf morphology 124, 128, 166 Ericanae (superorder) 574 morphology, Chironieae 123–8 Erythraea 49–50, 612 (= Centaurium) palynology; see also Palynology Erythraeeae (series) 49–50 Chironieae 135 Erythraeinae (subtribe) 49–50, 313, 322–3, exine 62, 124–5, 179 327, 508, 556, 559 monads 149, 178 Erythreae (tribe) 49–50 polyads 149, 178–9 Ethnobotany; see also Pharmacology tetrads 124–5, 135, 149, 178–9, 208 Exaceae 101 phytochemistry, xanthones 237 Helieae 181 placentation 98, 143, 180, 196–7, 216, 237 Potalieae 218 pollen types 380–1, 408 Africa 218 pollination Asia 101, 218 bat 9, 139, 180 Latin America 181, 218 syndromes 7–9, 139, 180 Madagascar 101 saprophytes 63, 89 traditional uses 101 seed see Seeds Europe stamens 92–4, 124–7, 170, 196–7, 201, floras 272–3 213, 230 generic diversity 14–15 stem morphology 124 Eustoma 108, 117–18, 123, 126, 514–15 stigma 42, 125, 140, 142, 179–80 biogeography 137 supermerous flowers 124, 128, 197, 206, classification 112 211 distribution 117 Exacaceae 49 embryology 499 Exaceae (tribe) 23, 67–71 floral anatomy 323 biogeography 103–8 horticulture 117 character synopsis 101–3

Index 639

chromosome number 100 distribution 190–1, 193, 199 classification 49 floral anatomy 322–3 dispersal 101, 506 flower morphology 192, 197, 199 distribution 103–4 fruit morphology 8–9, 197, 200, 325 flower morphology 7, 67, 70, 72, 89–94, germination 508 98–9 habit 10, 199 fruit morphology 71, 98–100 nomenclature 200 key 46 number of species 13, 15, 25, 190, 199 number of genera 12, 24, 49, 66, 88 palynology 2, 197, 214–15, 216, 324, number of species 12, 13, 49 377–9, 381, 384, 454–8, 476–7, 479 palynology 94–8, 379, 411–14, 464–5 phylogeny 4, 200, 378 pharmacology 101 molecular data 32, 197 phylogeny 40, 42, 44, 67, 88–94, 101–2, 556 morphological data 315, 333, 335, 361 molecular data 40, 102 palynological data 476–7, 479 morphological data 102, 332, 335, 464–5 phytochemistry 586, 601, 605, 607 palynological data 464–5 pollination 9 phytochemical data 101, 600 section phytochemistry 101, 601, 611 Cyrtophyllum 540 pollination 7, 99 Fagraea 540 seed anatomy 67, 71, 74, 99–100, 502, Racemosae 540 509–12, 556 seed anatomy 503, 507, 539–40 taxonomic history 66–7, 71–7 vegetative morphology 320–1 vegetative structures 67–8, 88–9 Fagraeeae (tribe) 53 Exacinae (subtribe) 49, 322, 323 Fagraeinae (subtribe) 53 Exaculum 108, 118, 123, 126, 137 Faroa 200–1, 536–7 classification 112 distribution 190, 199 distribution 118 floral anatomy 321–2 number of species 24 number of species 25, 190, 199 phylogeny 335 phylogeny 201, 314, 333–4, 362 seed anatomy 513 phytochemistry 586, 601 Exacum 66–7, 79–81, 102, 103 seed anatomy 328, 536, 558 biogeography 105–7 Faroinae (subtribe) 193 character evolution 319 classification 52, 194–5 dispersal 506 distribution 13, 193, 219 distribution 79 exudates on seeds 560 embryology 326 key 47 floral anatomy 324 number of genera 25, 53 number of species 24 number of species 53 palynology 94–6 phylogeny 195, 201, 207–8 phylogeny 313, 314, 332–4, 361 molecular data 197 phytochemistry 330, 586, 600, 601 seed anatomy 502, 534–8, 558 pollination 324–5 Filaments see Stamens section Floral anatomy 73 Africana 81 Helieae 167–8 Exacum 81 Potalieae 211–12 seed anatomy 327, 328, 504, 509–11 anthers 78, 93 vegetative morphology 320–1 corona 142 Exadenus 231 (= Halenia) fibers in flowers 211 Exochaenium 85; see Sebaea gynoecium 73, 99, 168 Exostema 316, 322, 331 petal epidermis 67 phylogeny 333, 336, 350 postgenital fusion of carpels 1–2, 6, 216 Exudates see Exudates on seeds under sclereids 168 specific groups staminal appendages 192–3, 201, 213 supermerous flowers 211; see also Flower Fagraea 2–3, 6, 199–200, 539–40 morphology chromosome number 329 vascularization 99, 167–8, 208, 211–12, dispersal 9, 507–8 248, 240

640 Index

Flower development see Development chromosome number 228, 242, 329 Flower morphology classification 227–8, 242 apocarpy 1 dispersal 506–7 bauplan 1, 3, 6–7 distribution 227 calyx see Calyx embryology 499–500 cleistogamy 39, 68, 86, 90 floral anatomy 321–3 colleters see Colleters fruit morphology 325 corolla see Corolla germination 508 disk see Glands nomenclature 227–8 double stigma 68, 99, 101–2 number of species 13, 25, 227–8 glands see Glands palynology 251–4 number of floral parts 39, 90, 108, 124, pharmacology 611 148, 169, 192–3, 211, 239 phylogeny 222, 241–2, 313–14 spurs on petals 231 molecular data 197, 241–2, 555 stamens see Stamens morphological data 240 supermerous flowers 39, 108, 120, 128, phytochemical data 589, 599 192–3, 195–7, 206, 211 phytochemistry 329, 330, 575–9, 581, Fossils 104, 221 585–7, 592–4, 598–9, 601, 604–8 Frasera 222–3, 226–7, 235, 248, 548–9 pollination 7–8 biogeography 263–5 section classification 226, 247 Amarella 225 (= Comastoma) distribution 226 Calathianae 228, 241–2 (= Gentiana) number of species 25, 226 Chondrophyllae 228, 241–2 phylogeny 245, 247, 264, 373 (= Gentiana) phytochemistry 593, 598, 599–601, 607–8 Ciminalis 228, 241–2 seed anatomy 327, 502–3, 548 Comastoma 225 (= Comastoma) seed dormancy 508 Crossopetalum 229, 256 Fruit dispersal 505–8; see also Dispersal (= Gentianopsis) Fruit morphology 6, 8–10, 43, 115, 143, Cruciata 228, 241 (= Gentiana) 180, 193, 216–17, 223 Dipterospermum 225 (= Crawfurdia) dehiscence 43, 143, 180, 223 Dolichocarpa 228 (= Gentiana) fleshy fruits 6, 8–10, 43, 115, 143, 193, Fimbricorona 228 (= Gentiana) 195–7, 216, 223, 236, 240 Frigidae 228, 241–2 (= Gentiana) Gentiana 228, 241–2 (= Gentiana) Gardneria 8 Imaicola 229 (= Gentianopsis) Gelsemiaceae 3, 4, 6 Isomeria 228 (= Gentiana) number of species 11 Kudoa 228 (= Gentiana) palynology 378, 479 Megacodon 233 (= Megacodon) phylogeny 40, 479 Microsperma 228 (= Gentiana) molecular data 32, 40 Monopodiae 228 (= Gentiana) Gelsemium 4, 316 Otophora 228 (= Gentiana) floral anatomy 321–2 Phyllocalyx 228 (= Gentiana) mycorrhiza type 319 Pneumonanthe 228, 241–2 (= Gentiana) phylogeny 331, 333, 351 Stenogyne 225, 228, 241–2 (= Gentiana) palynology 479 Stylophora 233 (= Megacodon) Generic skewness 11–12 seed anatomy 502–5, 541–5, 559 Geniostemon 108, 118, 126, 601 subgenus classification 113 Calathianae 323, 328–9, 333, 362, 541, distribution 118 543–4 number of species 24 Chondrophyllae 502, 506, 541, 543 phylogeny 335 Ciminalis 263, 322–3, 363, 544 seed anatomy 515, 516 Cruciata 329, 507, 541, 543 Geniostoma 10, 316, 320, 322, 324 Dolichocarpa 545 palynology 216, 378 Frigidae 329, 330, 333, 363, 543 phylogeny 333, 335, 351 Gentiana 322–3, 327, 333, 364, 544 Gentiana 62, 222–3, 227–8, 237–8, 503, 542–5 Gentianella 225, 227, 244 biogeography 262, 265 (= Gentianella)

Index 641

Isomeria 545 pollination 7–8, 324–5 Microsperma 541, 543 saprophytes 5, 39, 559–60 Monopodiae 543 seed anatomy 327–8, 498, 501–5, 509–55 Newberryi 544 species radiation 15 Otophora 323, 327, 333, 364, 541 stomata 321 Phyllocalyx 544 trophy 39, 319–20, 559–60 Pneumonanthe 262, 323, 327, 544, 545 vegetative morphology 39, 320–1 Stenogyne 238, 262, 327, 333, 365, 543, Gentianales (order) 3–5, 311 544 flower morphology 7 Stylophora 544 (= Megacodon) fruit morphology 9 Gentianaceae minimum age 136 age 104 number of species 11 bauplan 3, 4, 6, 10 phylogeny 4, 40–3, 555 biogeography 14, 15, 22, 23, 28; see also phytochemistry 329, 610 Biogeography and Biogeography pollination 7–8 under specific groups seed anatomy 7 chromosome number 328–9; see also vegetative morphology 4 Chromosome number under specific Gentiananae (superorder) 574–5 groups Gentianeae (tribe) 23, 222–3, 224–66 classification 23, 24–8, 40–3, 48–54 biogeography 262–6 alphabetical list 24–7 classification 53–5 circumscription 555–60 distribution 14, 222 Gilg’s system 28, 313–16 floral anatomy 321–3 monophyletic 3, 5, 6, 10, 28, 48 flower morphology 222–3, 239–40, 245 taxonomic history 1–2, 5, 311–16, fruit morphology 223, 237, 240 377–9, 478–80, 555 generic circumscriptions 222 conservation 28 key 46 description 39, 42–3, 45 number of genera 12, 53 dispersal 9, 498, 505–8 number of species 12, 53 distribution 15, 23 number of subtribes 25, 237 diversity 11–16, 28 palynology 65, 237, 249–62, 378, 380–1 embryology 326–7, 499–501 phylogeny 41, 43–4, 53, 237–49, 266, 559 endemicity 14–15, 188 molecular data 41, 43–4, 237, 241 floral anatomy see Floral anatomy under morphological data 239, 332–4 specific groups phytochemical data 600 floristics 23, 270–6 phytochemistry 237, 601–2, 611 flower morphology 7, 8, 39, 42, 230, seed anatomy 327, 502–3, 541–50, 559 321–4 species diversity 14 fruit morphology 8–10, 39, 43, 325–6 taxonomic history 224 geographic origin 103–7 vegetative morphology 222, 242 germination 508 Gentianella 222–3, 228–9, 230, 501, 506–7, habit 10–11, 22, 319–20, 337 546–7 key 45–7 biogeography 263–5 life cycle 319–20 chromosome number 229, 329 mycorrhiza type 319 circumscription 244, 246 number of genera 11–12, 23, 48, 311 classification 229 number of species 11–14, 23, 28, 48, 311 dispersal 507 palynology 45, 324, 377–497 distribution 228 phylogeny embryology 326, 500 molecular data 2, 4, 6, 7, 23, 29–37, floral anatomy 323 40–4, 197, 313, 334–6 flower morphology 229–30 morphological data 310–76, 378–9 fruit morphology 229, 325 palynological data 382–407, 462–78 germination 508 phytochemical data 600 nomenclature 228 seed data 498, 555–60 number of species 13, 15, 25, 229 phytochemistry see Phytochemistry palynology 254–6 pollen types 381 paraphyly 13, 15

642 Index

Gentianella (cont.) palynology 96, 377, 379, 384, 411, 413, phylogeny 222, 242, 245–7, 264–5 464–5 molecular data 33, 245 phylogeny 82, 464–5 morphological data 314, 333, 365 seed anatomy 510, 512 phytochemical data 589, 599–600 Geology see Biogeography phytochemistry 589, 594, 598, 601, 604–5, Gesneriaceae 4 607–9 Gilg, C. 56, 112–13 pollination 324–5 Gilg, E. 28, 48, 56–7, 76, 110, 112–13, 140, section 194, 224, 312, 314–15 Comastoma 250–1 (= Comastoma) palynology 134–5, 177–8 Crossopetalum 256 (= Gentianopsis) Glands seed anatomy 502–3, 505, 545–6, 559 disk at base of ovary 42, 68, 99, 142, 180, subgenus 192–3, 208, 223, 239 Eublephis 229 (= Gentianopsis) disk at inner base of calyx 5, 59–60 Gentianinae (subtribe) 222 on leaves 59 biogeography 262–3 on outside of calyx 5, 39, 168 chromosome number 242 on petals (corolline) 39, 223, 229–30, 233, classification 54 235, 239 dispersal 506 on stamens (staminal) 68, 72, 92 embryology 326 Gondwana see Biogeography flower morphology 239 Gray, A. 194 fruit morphology 240 Grisebach, A. H. R. 56, 75–6, 110, 112–13, habit 240 140, 224, 312 key 46 Guttiferae 584–5 number of genera 25, 54 Gynoecium number of species 54 number of carpels 42 palynology 250, 252, 378 placentation 42, 67, 71, 75, 98, 143, 180, phylogeny 54, 237–42, 265, 333–4, 556 195–6, 212, 216, 223 molecular data 238, 241 position 39, 192 morphological data 238, 313 semi-inferior ovary 78 seed anatomy 541–5, 556 stigma decurrent 223, 225 vegetative morphology 238, 240 stigma shapes 42, 140, 142, 180, 192, 217 Gentianoideae (subfamily) 48 style 42, 142, 179–80, 192 Gentianopsis 222, 223, 229–31, 238, 249, 502, 506–7, 548–50 Habit 10, 39, 139, 165, 208–9 biogeography 263, 265 Hairs see Vegetative morphology chromosome number 231, 329 Halenia 222–3, 231–2, 248–9, 546–7 dispersal 507 biogeography 262–5 distribution 231 chromosome number 232, 328 floral anatomy 321–3 distribution 231 flower morphology 230, 244 embryology 326, 500 fruit morphology 244, 325 flower morphology 231, 321–3 nomenclature 229, 231 germination 508 number of species 25, 231 number of species 13, 15, 25, 231 palynology 256–7 palynology 256–8 phylogeny 230, 244–5, 249, 264 phylogeny 248, 264 molecular data 33, 245 molecular data 33, 245 morphological data 230, 244, 314, 333, morphological data 314, 333, 366 366 phytochemical data 599 phytochemical data 589, 598 phytochemistry 330, 588, 594, 598, 600–1 phytochemistry 589, 598, 601, 604, 607, pollination 324 609 seed anatomy 505, 545–8, 559 pollination 324 trophy 501 seed anatomy 244, 505, 548–50 Helia 137–8, 148, 150, 524–6, 557 Gentianothamnus 66–7, 81–2, 102–3, 108 biogeography 182 distribution 81 distribution 138, 148 number of species 24 number of species 24, 138, 148

Index 643

palynology 172, 377, 379, 381, 399–400, classification 113 429, 431–2, 470–1 distribution 118 phylogeny 148, 470–1 embryology 326 seed anatomy 523–6, 557 floral anatomy 321–3 Helieae (tribe) 23, 137–40 number of species 24 biogeography 181–90 pharmacology 612 character synopsis 181 phylogeny 314, 333–4, 367 circumscription 137–9 phytochemistry 594, 598–9, 601, 604–5 classification 51–2 seed anatomy 519–21, 556 dispersal 506 vegetative morphology 321 distribution 13, 138–9, 181–2, 184–9, 191 Horticulture evolution of woody habit 337 Eustoma 117 floral anatomy 167–8 Lagenanthus 151–2 flower morphology 142, 168–70, 179–80 ornamentals 117 fruit morphology 143, 179–80 Hutchinson, J. 194 habit 10, 139, 337 Hydrangeaceae 33 highland/lowland genera 138–9 inflorescence 167 Incertae sedis 25, 45, 266–8, 559–60; see also key 46 Voyria nomenclature 150 classification 54 number of genera 12, 24–5, 52, 138–9 Indumentum see Vegetative morphology, number of species 11–12, 52, 138–9, 189 hairs palynology 170–9, 378, 380–1, 421–53, Inflorescence 39, 89, 167, 210 466–76, 479–80 bracts 167, 234 pharmacology 181 Interpetiolar stipules and sheaths 4, 6, 39, phylogeny 41, 43–4, 125, 149, 163–5, 336, 166, 210; see also Vegetative 556–7 morphology molecular data 41, 149, 163–5 Intraxylary phloem 4 morphological data 334–6 Introduced species [see Centaurium] palynological data 170–9, 466–76, Iridoids 329, 574–84, 586–8, 590, 611–12 479–80 Irlbachia 137–9, 150–1, 379, 471–2, 524–7, phytochemistry 601, 611 557 pollination 7, 8, 139, 180–1 biogeography 151, 182, 184–5 seed anatomy 502, 523–34, 556, 558 dispersal 506 taxonomic history 140–1, 377, 466–76, distribution 138, 150 479 generic complex 138–9, 150 vegetative morphology 165–7, 181 nomenclature 150 Herbaceous habit see Habit and Evolution, number of species 24, 150 habit palynology 173, 324, 377–9, 381, 400–1, Herbal medicines see Pharmacology and 432–4, 466–8, 471–2, 479 Ethnobotany phylogeny 164–5, 377–8, 466–8, 557 Heterostyly 5, 57–9, 61–3 molecular data 34, 149, 151 palynology 65 morphological data 315, 332–3, 335, Hippieae (tribe) 52 367 Hippion 52 (= Enicostema) palynological data 151, 471–2, 479 Hockinia 58–9, 63, 478, 551–2 phytochemistry 329–30, 601 biogeography 66 pollination 324 distribution 58 seed anatomy 328, 505, 523–7, 529, 531, number of species 24 557 palynology 63, 65, 377, 379, 385, 408, taxonomic history 150 410, 463–4, 478 vegetative morphology 321 phylogeny 62–3, 378, 463–4, 478 Irlbachia clade (subgroup in Helieae) seed anatomy 551–2, 559 biogeography 184 taxonomic history 55–6 phylogeny 149, 164 Homeotic mutation 169 Ixanthus 108, 119, 126, 136–7, 224, Hoppea 108, 118–19, 125–6, 515, 519–520, 518–19 612 biogeography 119

644 Index

Ixanthus (cont.) seed anatomy 524, 529–30, 557–8 classification 113 Leiphaimeae (tribe) 54, 556 number of species 24 Leiphaimos 266 (= Voyria) palynology 133 Lisianthiinae (subtribe) 193; see also phylogeny 119, 314, 333–5, 368 Lisianthius phytochemistry 588, 594, 598–9, 601 biogeography 202, 219 seed anatomy 518–19 classification 53, 194, 202–3 vegetative morphology 320–1 distribution 193 wood anatomy 320, 335 key 47 number of genera 25, 53 Jaeschkea 222, 232 number of species 53 biogeography 263 palynology 480 chromosome number 232 phylogeny 203, 208 distribution 232 molecular data 197, 203 number of species 25, 232 morphological data 219 palynology 258–9 pollination 203 phylogeny 245 seed anatomy 538–40 phytochemistry 602 Lisianthius 145–6, 152, 159, 194, 202–3, 322, Jussieu, A. L. de 1–3, 6, 22, 194 502, 515, 538–40 (“Lisianthus”, see also Lisyanthus) Karina 195, 201–2, 537–8 biogeography 219 distribution 191, 201 chromosome number 202, 328 number of species 25, 191 classification 139, 202 phylogeny 201 distribution 191, 193, 202–3 seed anatomy 201, 537–8, 558 embryology 501 Key to tribes and subtribes 45–7 floral anatomy 321–2 Kingdon-Wardia 235 (= Swertia) flower morphology 192, 202, 210 Knoblauch, E. 56–7, 110, 112–13 fruit morphology 202, 325 Kuhlia 200 (= Fagraea) number of species 25, 191, 202 Kuntze, O. 146 palynology 215–16, 377–9, 381, 385–7, Kurramiana 232 (= cf. Jaeschkea) 402, 458–9, 477, 479–80 phylogeny 203, 377, 477, 479, 557, 559 Labordia 8 molecular data 34, 197 Lagenanthus 138–9, 151–2 morphological data 219, 313–14, biogeography 182 333–4, 368 distribution 138, 152 phytochemistry 329, 588, 601 number of species 24, 138, 152 pollination 203, 324 palynology 173, 377, 379, 381, 401, section 435–6, 472, 479 Lisianthius 202, 515, 538 phylogeny 378, 472, 479, 557 Omphalostigma 202, 210, 540 pollination 8 seed anatomy 502, 538–40, 557–9 seed anatomy 529, 557 taxonomic history 202, 377 Lagenias 85, 511; see Sebaea vegetative morphology 202, 320 Lamiales (order) 3–4, 610 Lisianthus see Eustoma Lamianae (superorder) 574–5 Lisyantheae (tribe) 51 Latex 39 Lisyanthinae (subtribe) 51 Latouchea 222, 232, 243 Lisyanthus 51, 145–6 (“Lisianthus”, see also distribution 232, 263–4 Lisianthius) number of species 25, 232 section Leaves see Vegetative morphology Adenolisianthus 141 (= Adenolisianthus) Leeuwenberg, A. J. M. 194 Calolisyanthus 144 (= Calolisianthus) Lehmanniella 138–9, 152, 529–30 Chelonanthus 145 (= Chelonanthus) distribution 138, 152 Macrocarpaea 152 (= Macrocarpaea) number of species 25, 138, 152 Symbolanthus 159 (= Symbolanthus) palynology 173, 377, 379, 381, 436–7, Loganiaceae 1, 3–6, 23, 193, 311 472, 479 dispersal 507 phylogeny 378, 472, 479, 557 fruit morphology 8

Index 645

habit 10 MAO inhibitors 612 number of species 11 matK data 28–37; see also Molecular palynology 378–9, 479 systematics phylogeny 40, 42, 44, 479, 555 Medicines see Pharmacology molecular data 29–37, 32, 34–7, 40, 42, Megacodon 222, 233–4, 243 44 biogeography 263–4 morphological data 316 distribution 233 pollination 8 number of species 25, 233 Lomatogonium 222–3, 232–3, 246–7, 546–7 palynology 260 biogeography 263, 265 phylogeny 244–5 classification 233 phytochemistry 602 dispersal 507 Menyanthaceae 2, 3, 555 distribution 233 Mesomelitae (series) 224 floral anatomy 321–2 Microcala 74, 115; see Cicendia flower morphology 233 Microrphium 108, 119–20, 123, 125–6 fruit morphology 233, 325 classification 113 germination 508 distribution 119 nomenclature 233 exudates on seeds 560 number of species 25, 233 number of species 24 palynology 258, 260 seed anatomy 520–1 phylogeny 230, 245–7, 313–14, 333, 369 Mitrasacme 1 morphological data 230 Mitreola 1–3 phytochemistry 330, 588, 594, 598–9, 602, Molecular systematics 2, 21, 23, 28–37, 607, 609 334–5 pollination 324 Boraginaceae 31 section Canscorinae 125–6 Pleurogynella 233 (= Lomatogonium) Chironieae 123–8 seed anatomy 545–7, 559 Chironiinae 126–8 Coutoubeinae 123–5 Maas, P. J. M. 146 Gelsemiaceae 32 Macrocarpaea 138–9, 152–4, 502, 505, 508, Gentianeae 555 531–3, 558 Gentianinae 238, 555 biogeography 154, 182–4 Helieae 149, 163–4 dispersal 506 Hydrangeaceae 33 distribution 138, 152–3 Loganiaceae 29, 32, 34–7 habit 10 Oleaceae 32, 34 number of species 13, 15, 25, 138–9, 153 Potalieae 196–7 palynology 173–4, 377, 379, 381, 387–9, Rubiaceae 29–36, 336 436, 438–40, 472–3, 480 Saccifolieae 62, 555 phylogeny 153, 164, 377, 472–3, 480, 558 Solanaceae 35 molecular data 35, 149, 197 Strychnaceae 32 morphological data 314, 332–5, 369 Valerianaceae 37 phytochemical data 598 5S-NTS data 160, 184 phytochemistry 594, 598, 601 18S data 267 pollination 324 classification 48–55 seed anatomy 531–3, 557–8 Genbank numbers 29–37 species diversity 153 ITS (internal transcribed spacer) data taxonomic history 152–3 Chironieae 123, 126–7 vegetative morphology 321 Gentianeae 237–8, 241–5 widespread species 186–7 Helieae 149, 163–5 Macrocarpaea clade (subgroup in Helieae) Potalieae 196–7 biogeography 183–4 jackknife analysis 38 phylogeny 149, 167 matK data Madagascar alignment 38 generic diversity 14–15 result 38, 42–4 Mangifera 602 methodology 28, 38 Mangiferin 574, 585, 602–4, 605, 610, 612 parsimony analysis 38

646 Index

Molecular systematics (cont.) seed anatomy 549–50, 559 rbcL data 62, 221 trophy 320 restriction enzyme data 203 vegetative morphology 321 trnL intron data Obolariaceae 48 alignment 38 Octopleura 203 (= Neurotheca) result 38, 40–1, 44 Oleaceae 7, 32, 34 vouchers 29–37 Oleales (order) 3 Monophyly of genera 15, 28 Ontogeny see Development Monotypic genera 14 Ophelia 235 (= Swertia) Morphology, flower see Flower morphology Oreonesion 204 and Flower morphology under distribution 191, 204 specific groups number of species 25, 191, 204 Morphology, pollen see Palynology phylogeny 201, 204 Morphology, vegetative see Vegetative seed anatomy 538, 558 morphology and Vegetative Ornamental plants 117 morphology under specific groups Ornichia 66, 83–4, 102–3 Mostuea 4 distribution 83 Mycorrhiza 222, 266, 319 number of species 24 palynology 96 Neblinantha 138–9, 154, 527–8 phytochemistry 601 biogeography 182 seed anatomy 510–11 distribution 138, 154 Orphium 108, 120, 126, 513–15, 560, 594 number of species 25, 138, 154 biogeography 137 palynology 174–5, 377, 379, 381, 402, classification 113 440–1, 473, 479 distribution 120 phylogeny 377, 479 exudates on seeds 560 phytochemistry 601 floral anatomy 323 pollination 8 germination 508 seed anatomy 524, 527–9, 557 number of species 24, 120 Nectaries see Glands palynology 133 Neurotheca 203–4, 535 phylogeny 314, 332–3, 335, 370 distribution 191, 193, 203, 220 phytochemistry 594, 598, 601 flower morphology 192 pollination 324 number of species 25, 191, 203 seed anatomy 505, 513–15, 557, 559 palynology 215–16, 377, 379, 389–90, vegetative morphology 320–1 460, 461, 477–8 Ovary see Flower morphology under phylogeny 201, 378, 477–8 specific groups molecular data 197 phytochemistry 601 Pacific region see Australia seed anatomy 201, 513, 535–6, 558 Pagaea (= Irlbachia) New classification see Classification Palynology 45 New Zealand see Australia Chironieae 128–35, 379, 414–21, 465 North America Exaceae 94–8, 379, 411–14, 464–5 floras 273–5 Gelsemiaceae 479 generic diversity 14–15 Gentianaceae 377–497 Gentianeae 65, 249–62, 378, 380, 381 Obolaria 5, 222–4, 234, 243, 549–50 Helieae 170–9, 421–53, 466–76, 479–80 biogeography 263–5 Lisianthiinae 480 chromosome number 234 Loganiaceae 378–9, 479 distribution 234 Potalieae 213–16, 379, 453–63, 476–9 floral anatomy 322–3 Saccifolieae 63–5, 379, 408–11, 462–4, number of species 25, 234 478 palynology 260 evolutionary trends 478; see also phylogeny 559 Evolution molecular data 35, 245 exine 45 morphological data 314, 333–4, 370 glossary of terms 277–8 phytochemistry 602 methodology 38, 380

Index 647

monads 45, 381 loganin 577, 578 pollen types 380–1, 408 mangiferin 574, 585, 602–4, 605, 610, 612 polyads 45, 381 methyl-swertianin 194 tetrads 45, 381 morroniside 577 vouchers 38; see also Palynology under pseudo-alkaloids 329 specific groups secoiridoids 2, 6, 194, 218, 329, 575, 580, Paraphyletic genera 13, 127 584; see also Iridoids Perimelitae (series) 224 secologanic acid 579, 580 Petal see Flower morphology under specific secologanin 329 groups sugars 330 Pharmacology 574, 579, 611–13; see also swerosides 329, 579, 582–3, 610, 612 Phytochemistry and Ethnobotany swertiamarin 194, 329, 579, 581–2, 610 Exaceae 101 triterpenes 329 Helieae 181 xanthones 2, 6, 101, 194, 329–30, 574, Potalieae 218 584–5, 589–602, 610, 612 Phyllocyclus 108, 114, 120, 123, 125 Picrophloeus 200 (= Fagraea) classification 113 Picrorhiza 577, 579 distribution 120 Pioneer species 187 number of species 24 Pistil see Flower morphology and Phylogeny; see also Phylogeny under specific Gynoecium groups and Molecular systematics Pistillipollenites 104 Chironieae 123–6 Pitygentias 229, 246 (= Gentianella) Saccifolieae 62–3 Plant–animal interactions; see also Phytochemistry 2, 4, 6, 311, 329–30, Dispersal and Pollination 574–613 ants 160, 210 Apocynaceae 329, 330 Pleurogyne 233 (= Lomatogonium) Chironieae 611 Pleurogynella 233 (= Lomatogonium) Cornales 582 Plicae 223, 238–9 Dipsacaceae 582 Plumeria 316, 321–2, 331, 333, 336, 352 Exaceae 101, 586, 601, 611 Pollen see Palynology Gentianales 582 Pollination Gentianeae 611 Apocynaceae 7 Helieae 611 Exaceae 7, 99 Potalieae 329, 588, 601, 611 Gentianaceae 7–8, 324–5 Rubiaceae 330 Helieae 7–8, 139, 180–1 Saccifolieae 601 Loganiaceae 8 alkaloids 579, 581 Potalieae 217 amarogentin 611 Rubiaceae 7, 8 aucubin 577 bat 8–9, 139, 180–1, 217 C-glucoflavones 574, 604–9, 610 bee 8, 217 carbohydrates 329 bird 8–9, 139, 181, 217 catalpol 577 butterfly 7, 217 convergent evolution 2 cross-pollination 99 decussatin 194 evolution of 7–8 flavone-O-glycosides 101 hawkmoth 7, 9, 139, 181 flavonoids 329, 560 insect 139, 217 gentianacaulin 194 self-pollination 99 gentianine 194 thrips 92 gentianose 330 Polymerous flowers 211; see also Flower gentioflavoside 581 morphology gentiopicrine 329 Population studies 203 gentiopicroside 194, 577, 579, 581, 582, Potalia 1–3, 6, 205–6, 379, 539–40 610, 612 dispersal 9 glycoflavones 101 distribution 191, 193, 205 indole alkaloids 4, 311 floral anatomy 323 iridoids 329, 574–84, 586–8, 590, 611, 612 fruit morphology 8–9, 205 L-(+)-bornesitol 101 habit 10, 205

648 Index

Potalia (cont.) biogeography 182 number of species 15, 25, 191, 205 distribution 138, 154 palynology 2, 215–16, 377, 379, 381, 390, number of species 25, 138, 154 460, 462, 476–7, 479 palynology 175, 377, 379, 381, 402–3, phylogeny 4, 205–6, 378–9, 476–7, 479 441–3, 473–4, 479, 480 molecular data 35 phylogeny 378, 479–80 morphological data 219, 313 seed anatomy 533–4, 558 phytochemistry 588, 601, 607, 609 Primulaceae 7 pollination 9 Pterygocalyx 222–3, 234–5, 238, 249 seed anatomy 539–40 biogeography 263–5 Potaliaceae 48, 53 dispersal 506 Potalieae (tribe) 23, 191–3, 194–207 distribution 234 biogeography 219–21 number of species 25, 234 character diagnosis 218 phylogeny 245, 249, 264 classification 52–3 Ptychanthe 224 dispersal 9, 217, 507 Purdieanthus 138–9, 155, 164–5 distribution 13, 190–1 biogeography 182 exudates on seeds 560 distribution 138 floral anatomy 192, 210–11 number of species 25, 138 flower morphology 211–13, 216–17 palynology 175, 377, 379, 381, 403, 441, fruit morphology 8–9, 194, 216–17 444, 472, 479 habit 10, 193, 208–10, 218–19, 337 phylogeny 378, 472, 479, 557 key 45, 47 molecular data 149 nomenclature 53 seed anatomy 529, 557 number of genera 12, 25, 53, 191 Pycnosphaera 206, 535–6 number of species 12, 53, 190–1 distribution 191, 206 number of subtribes 25 number of species 25, 191, 206 palynology 213–16, 379, 453–63, 476–80 phylogeny 206 pharmacology 218 phytochemistry 601 phylogeny 194, 207–8, 336, 476–9, 555 seed anatomy 535–6, 558 molecular data 41, 43–44, 197 morphological data 194, 218, 313, Rauwolfia 316, 320–2, 331, 333, 336, 352 335–6 Refugia hypothesis (South America) 186–7 phytochemical data 194 Reichenbach, H. G. L. 52, 71, 74–5 phytochemistry 329, 601, 611 Restriction enzyme data 203 pollination 9, 217 Retzia 4 seed anatomy 327, 502, 533–40, 558–9 Rogersonanthus 137–8, 140, 155–6, 524, taxonomic history 194–5 527–8 vegetative morphology 210 biogeography 182 Potaliinae (subtribe) 6, 193 distribution 138 classification 53, 194 number of species 25, 138 dispersal 9, 507 palynology 175, 377, 379, 381, 403, 408, distribution 193, 219 444–5, 474, 479–80 flower morphology 192, 208 phylogeny 156, 377, 474, 479, 558 fruit morphology 8–9 pollination 8 habit 10 seed anatomy 523–4, 527–8 key 45 taxonomic history 155 number of genera 25, 53 “Roraimaea” 138–9, 156–7 number of species 53 classification 52 palynology 379, 479 distribution 138, 156 phylogeny 208, 218, 333–4, 479, 555 number of species 25, 138 molecular data 197 phylogeny 157 pollination 9 pollination 8 seed anatomy 539–40, 555, 558 seed anatomy 531, 558 vegetative morphology 165–6 Rubiaceae 3–5, 311 Potalioideae (subfamily) 53 chromosome number 329 Prepusa 138–9, 154–5, 157, 224, 533–4 evolution, woody habit 335

Index 649

flower morphology 7 morphological data 315, 334–5, 371 fruit morphology 9 phytochemistry 601 mycorrhiza type 319 seed anatomy 550–1 number of species 11 taxonomic history 56 phylogeny 40, 331, 333, 336 vegetative morphology 5, 320 molecular data 29–36, 40, 336 Sanango 4 phytochemistry 330 Saprophytes 5, 39, 63, 67, 70, 78, 225, pollination 7, 8 559–60 Rusbyantheae (tribe) 51, 556 distribution 107 Rusbyanthus 51, 152 (= Macrocarpaea) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), palynology 175 methodology 38, 380 Schinziella 108, 121, 125–6, 519–20 Sabatia 108, 120–1, 126, 137, 325, 515–17 classification 113 chromosome number 328–9 distribution 121 classification 113 floral anatomy 323 distribution 120–1 number of species 24 floral anatomy 323 phytochemistry 601 number of species 24 seed anatomy 519–20 phylogeny 314, 332–3, 335, 371 Schultesia 108, 121–2, 123, 125, 224, 522–3, phytochemistry 588, 601 612 pollination 324 classification 113 section dispersal 506 Campestria 120 distribution 121 Dodecandrae 120 floral anatomy 321–2 Sabatia 120 number of species 24 seed anatomy 502, 504, 515–17 palynology 133–4, 324, 377, 379, 381, Sabatieae (tribe) 49 403–6, 417, 419–21, 465 Saccifoliaceae 23, 48, 311, 555 phylogeny 378, 465, 557 Saccifolieae (tribe) 11, 23, 55, 57 molecular data 36 biogeography 66 morphological data 315, 333–4, 372 classification 48, 56 phytochemical data 600 distribution 13, 66 phytochemistry 330, 588, 594, 598–9, 601 generic synopses 58–62 seed anatomy 521–3, 557 key 46 vegetative morphology 321 morphology 62 Sczukinia 235 (= Swertia) number of genera 12, 24, 49 Sebaea 5, 66, 84–7, 101, 103, 511–12 number of species 12, 49, 55 dispersal 506–7 palynology 62, 63–5, 379, 408–11, 462–4, distribution 84 478 floral anatomy 323 phylogeny 40, 42, 44, 55, 62–3, 379, number of species 13, 15, 24, 84 462–4, 478, 555, 560 palynology 96–7, 377 molecular data 40, 555 phylogeny 86, 101, 556 morphological data 35 molecular data 36 palynological data 62 morphological data 314, 332–4, 372 phytochemistry 601, 611 phytochemistry 330, 601 seed anatomy 550–3 seed morphology 504, 509, 510, 511–12, taxonomic history 56–7, 379 556 Saccifolioideae (subfamily) 57 trophy 39, 67, 512 Saccifolium 5, 59, 62–3, 311, 550–1 Sebaeeae (tribe) 49 biogeography 66 Sebaeinae (subtribe) 49 distribution 59 Secondary compounds see Phytochemistry flower morphology 5 Sedatives 612 habit 337 Seed dormancy 508 number of species 24 Seed testa see Seeds palynology 64–5, 377, 379, 411, 478 Seeds phylogeny 62–3, 379, 478, 555, 560 Chironieae 513–23 molecular data 27, 36, 40, 555 Exaceae 99–100, 509–12

650 Index

Seeds (cont.) apical sterile appendage 140, 142, 170, 192 Gentianeae 541–50 asymmetric 238, 240 Helieae 523–34 basal appendage/gland on thecae 68, 72, 92 Potalieae 534–40 curved filaments 140, 142, 240 Saccifolieae 550–5 elongate connectives 62, 92 Voyria 43, 553–5 fused anthers 42, 62, 68, 70, 72, 94, 223 anatomy 501–5 fused filaments 39, 192, 195, 213 development 499–500 glands see Glands dispersal 505–8 helically twisted anthers 109–10, 115, 120, exudates see Exudates on seeds under 121, 124, 126–128 specific groups insertion 39, 72, 140, 192, 213, 230, 239 germination 508–9 porate anthers 68, 72, 78, 92 phylogenetic information 555–60 recurved anthers 68, 72, 109, 140, 142, shape 43, 502 170, 228 size 503 reduced number 39, 108–9 star-shaped testa cells 67, 71, 74, 100 staminal appendages 192–3, 201, 213 types 541–5 winged filaments 240 Senaea 138–9, 157, 532 zygomorphy 39, 68, 70, 99, 170, 228 biogeography 182 Stem anatomy 266 distribution 138, 157 Stigma see Flower morphology and Flower number of species 25, 138, 157 morphology under specific groups palynology 175–6, 379, 381, 445–6, Stilbaceae 4 473–4, 479–80 Stipules see Vegetative morphology phylogeny 157, 378, 479–80, 558 Strychnaceae 32 seed anatomy 532–4, 558 Strychnos 8, 316, 320–1, 333, 353 Sepal see Calyx Style see Flower morphology under specific Sipapoantha 138–9, 157–8, 529–30 groups biogeography 182 Supermerous flowers see Flower distribution 138, 157 morphology number of species 25, 138 Swertia 222, 226, 233, 235, 247, 547–8, 576 palynology 176, 377, 379, 381, 405, 408, biogeography 245, 262–3, 265 445, 447, 475, 479 chromosome number 235, 328–9 phylogeny 157–8, 377–8, 475, 479 classification 198, 247–8 seed anatomy 529–31, 557–8 dispersal 506 Solanaceae 4, 35 distribution 235 Solanales (order) 3 embryology 326, 499–500 Solanum 325 floral anatomy 321–3 South America 186–9, 191, 221 flower morphology 235, 247 climatic changes 186–7, 191 germination 508 endemicity 188–9 number of species 13, 15, 25, 235 floras 275–6 palynology 260–1 generic diversity 14–15, 183 paraphyly 13, 245, 248 glaciation 186–7 pharmacology 611 highland/lowland taxa 187–9 phylogeny 222, 235, 245, 247–8, 265 refugia hypothesis 186–7 molecular data 36, 245 species diversity 229 morphological data 314, 333, 373 white-sand species 151, 157, 187, 221 phytochemical data 590–2, 594–5, Species number see Number of species 598–9, 602, 604–7, 609 under specific groups pollination 324–5 Species skewness 11–12 section Spigelia 1–3, 8 Ophelia 248 (= Swertia) Spur on petal 231, 249; see also Corolla seed anatomy 327, 502, 545, 547–8, 559 Stamens vegetative morphology 321 Gentianeae 230 Swertia subgenus Lomatogonium 233 Potalieae 213 (= Lomatogonium) anther dehiscence 42, 192 Swertieae (tribe) 54 apical glandular appendage 68, 72, 92 Swertiinae (subtribe) 222, 235, 238

Index 651

biogeography 245, 263–4 floral anatomy 323 classification 54 habit 319 flower morphology 239, 243 number of species 24 number of genera 25, 54, 246 palynology 97, 377, 379, 414–15, 465 number of species 25, 54 phylogeny 465, 556 palynology 255, 257, 259 molecular data 37 phylogeny 243–9, 263, 265, 333, 559 morphological data 313–14, 332–4, 374 molecular data 243–5 phytochemistry 601 morphological data 242–3, 246 pollination 7 seed anatomy 545–50, 559 seed anatomy 328, 510–11, 556 Symbolanthus 125, 137–9, 158–60, 530–1 trophy 319 biogeography 182, 185 Tachiinae (subtribe) 51, 556 chromosome number 329 Takhtajan, A. 57, 77, 194 dispersal 507 Tapeinostemon 57, 59–61, 62–4, 551–2 distribution 138, 159 biogeography 66 exudates on leaves 560 distribution 59 fruit morphology 9, 326 number of species 24, 59 number of species 13, 15, 25, 138, 159–60 palynology 64–5, 377, 379, 411–12, 464, palynology 176, 324, 377, 379, 381, 478 405–6, 447–8, 475, 479 phylogeny 62–3, 464, 478, 556 phylogeny 160, 164–5, 378, 475, 479 seed anatomy 551–2, 556, 559 molecular data 36–7, 149 taxonomic history 55–6 morphological data 315, 332–5, 373 Taxonomy see Classification phytochemistry 601 Teleiandrae (series) 49 pollination 8, 324 Testa see Seeds seed anatomy 527, 531, 557–8 Tetragonanthus 231 (= Halenia) vegetative morphology 320–1 Tetrapollinia 137, 139, 161–2, 164–5, 524, wood anatomy 320 527–8, 557 Symbolanthus clade (subgroup in Helieae) distribution 139, 161 phylogeny 149, 164–5 number of species 25, 139, 161 Sympetaly see Corolla palynology 177, 377, 379, 381, 406–8, Symphyllophyton 108, 122, 125 450–1, 475–6, 479 classification 113 phylogeny 378, 475–6, 479 distribution 122 molecular data 149 number of species 24 phytochemistry 601 palynology 134 seed anatomy 523, 527, 557 phytochemistry 601 Thorne, R. 57 seed anatomy 521 Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) 38, 380 Tachia 137–8, 160–1, 164, 224, 532, 534 Trees see Habit biogeography 183–4 Tripterospermum 222–3, 236, 542, 545 distribution 138, 160 biogeography 262 number of species 25, 138 chromosome number 236 palynology 176–7, 377, 379, 390–3, dispersal 506–7 448–9, 475 distribution 236 phylogeny 377, 480 floral anatomy 322 molecular data 37, 149, 197 fruit morphology 8, 325 morphological data 314, 332–4, 374 nomenclature 236 phytochemistry 601 number of species 25, 236 pollination 8 palynology 261 section pharmacology 612 Schomburgkiana 160 phylogeny 314, 333, 375, 600 Tachia 160, 166 phytochemistry 595, 598–600, 602, 604–5 seed anatomy 532, 534, 558 seed anatomy 502–3, 542, 545 Tachiadenus 66–8, 87–8, 102–3, 506, 511 vegetative morphology 321 dispersal 506 trnL intron see Molecular systematics distribution 87 Twining habit 238

652 Index

Unisexual flowers 39, 223 trophy 320 Urogentias 195, 207, 537–8 vegetative anatomy 266 dispersal 507 Voyrieae (tribe) 54–5, 378, 556 distribution 191, 207 Voyriella 5, 61–2, 63, 266, 551, 553 number of species 25, 191 distribution 61 phylogeny 207 embryology 326, 501 phytochemistry 601 fruit morphology 326 seed anatomy 327–8, 533, 538, 558 number of species 24, 61 Utania 200 (= Fagraea) palynology 64–5, 478 phylogeny 62–5, 478, 556 Valerianaceae 37 molecular data 37 Vegetative morphology morphological data 315, 332–4, 375 auricles 210 seed anatomy 502, 551–3, 556, 559 bark 59–60 taxonomic history 55–6 colleters see Colleters trophy 320 hairs 84, 127, 153, 238, 240 interpetiolar structures 4, 6, 39, 166, 210 Wood anatomy 209, 266 latex 39 intraxylary phloem 4 leaf venation 39, 89, 160, 166 Woodiness see Evolution, habit, Habit and rugose leaves 148, 166 Habit under specific groups saccate leaves 5, 59–60 Woody habit see Habit twining habit 238 Wurdackanthus 137, 139, 162, 164–5, 527–8 whorled leaves 89, 235 biogeography 182 Veratrilla 222–3, 235, 236, 248, 548–9, 595 distribution 139, 162 biogeography 263 number of species 25, 139, 162 classification 236 palynology 177, 377, 379, 381, 407–8, dispersal 506 450–2, 468–9, 479 distribution 236 phylogeny 160, 162, 378, 468–9, 479 number of species 25, 236 molecular data 149 palynology 261–2 phytochemistry 601 phylogeny 245, 248 seed anatomy 523, 557, 558 phytochemistry 595, 598–600, 602 pollination 325 Xanthones 2, 6, 101, 194, 329–30, 574, seed anatomy 502, 548 584–5, 589–602, 610, 612; see also Verbenaceae 4 Phytochemistry Vicariance see Biogeography Xestaea 108, 122, 125, 522–3 Voyria 5, 224, 266–8, 328, 503, 507, 553–4, classification 113 559–60 distribution 122 biogeography 220 number of species 24 dispersal 107, 266, 505, 507, 560 palynology 134 distribution 266 phylogeny 334, 372 embryology 326, 501 phytochemistry 601 floral anatomy 7, 321–2 seed anatomy 523 flower morphology 266–8 fruit morphology 326 Zonanthus 139, 163, 177 number of species 25, 55, 266 biogeography 182–4 palynology 65, 268, 324, 378 distribution 139, 163 phylogeny 54, 267, 556 number of species 25, 139 molecular data 42, 267 palynology 377, 379, 393, 452–3, 476, 480 morphological data 313, 315, 332–4, phylogeny 163 375 seed anatomy 534, 558 pollination 7 Zygostigma 108, 122–3, 516–17 seed anatomy 328, 500, 502–4, 507, 550, classification 113 553–5, 559–60 distribution 122 subgenus number of species 24 Leiphaimos 267, 560 phylogeny 335 Voyria 267 seed anatomy 517