Sistemática De Helieae Gilg (Gentianaceae) / Maria Fernanda Aguiar Calió

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Sistemática De Helieae Gilg (Gentianaceae) / Maria Fernanda Aguiar Calió MARIA FERNANDA AGUIAR CALIÓ SISTEMÁTICA DE HELIEAE GILG (GENTIANACEAE) SÃO PAULO 2009 MARIA FERNANDA AGUIAR CALIÓ SISTEMÁTICA DE HELIEAE GILG (GENTIANACEAE) Tese apresentada ao Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo, para a obtenção de Título de Doutor em Ciências, na Área de Botânica. Orientador: Prof. Dr. José Rubens Pirani SÃO PAULO 2009 Calió, Maria Fernanda Aguiar C 154s Sistemática de Helieae Gilg (Gentianaceae) / Maria Fernanda Aguiar Calió. -- São Paulo : M. F. A. C., 2009. 230p. : il. Tese (Doutorado) - Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo. Departamento de Botânica, 2009. 1. Gentianaceae 2. Helieae 3. Filogenia 4. Taxonomia vegetal I.Universidade de São Paulo. Instituto de Biociências. Departamento de Botânica II. Título LC QK 495.G35 Comissão Julgadora: Prof(a). Dr(a). Prof(a). Dr(a). Prof(a). Dr(a). Prof(a). Dr(a). Prof. Dr. José Rubens Pirani Orientador À minha família. “Não tem mais jeito, João Grilo morreu. Acabou-se o Grilo mais inteligente do mundo. Cumpriu sua sentença e encontrou-se com o único mal irremediável, aquilo que é a marca de nosso estranho destino sobre a terra, aquele fato sem explicação que iguala tudo o que é vivo num só rebanho de condenados, porque tudo o que é vivo morre. Que posso fazer agora?” “Valha-me Nossa Senhora, / Mãe de Deus de Nazaré! A vaca mansa dá leite, / a braba dá quando quer. A mansa dá sossegada, / a braba levanta o pé. Já fui barco, fui navio, / mas hoje sou escaler. Já fui menino, fui homem, / só me falta ser mulher. Valha-me Nossa Senhora, / Mãe de Deus de Nazaré.” “Levante, Chicó. Não está vendo que sou eu? Estou vivo, rapaz!” Ariano Suassuna, Auto da Compadecida AGRADECIMENTOS Gostaria de expressar meus agradecimentos a todos que contribuíram para a concretização deste trabalho. Ao Prof. Dr. José Rubens Pirani, pela dedicação e seriedade com que me orientou na realização deste trabalho e todos aqueles que o precederam. Sua ampla experiência em morfologia e sistemática vegetal contribuiu não somente para o engrandecimento desta Tese, mas também para minha formação acadêmica. À Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP – processo 03/10918- 3), pela concessão de bolsa de Doutorado Direto e de auxílio financeiro (Reserva Técnica), indispensável para custeio das despesas relacionadas à pesquisa. A International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT), pela concessão de auxílio financeiro (IAPT Research Grants Program in Plant Systematics 2006). A National Science Foundation (NSF – processo 0317612), pela concessão de auxílio financeiro ao projeto “Phylogeny and biogeography of the neotropical tribe Helieae – Gentianaceae”, coordenado pela Dra. Lena Struwe (Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, E.U.A.), que custeou parte da pesquisa desta Tese desenvolvida nos E.U.A. A Rutgers State University of New Jersey, pelo auxílio financeiro concedido para realização de dois estágios de um mês no laboratório da Dra. Lena Struwe. À Pró-Reitoria de Pós-Graduação da Universidade de São Paulo, pelo auxílio financeiro concedido para participação no “XVII International Congress of Botany”, realizado em Viena, Áustria. Ao Departamento de Botânica e ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica do IBUSP, pelo excelente curso de pós-graduação. À Profa. Dra. Lena Struwe (Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey), pelo incentivo à pesquisa em Gentianaceae e por ter compartilhado seus conhecimentos acerca da sistemática da família, disponibilizando literatura de difícil acesso, bem como materiais de herbários estrangeiros. Além disso, a angariação de fundos para pesquisa por parte da Dra. Struwe custeou diversas atividades de pesquisa relacionadas a esta Tese. À Dra. Katherine B. Lepis (Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey), por ter compartilhado parte dos dados moleculares obtidos durante seu Doutorado, o que permitiu ampliar o escopo deste trabalho e, dessa forma, engrandecê-lo. À Profa. Dra. Lúcia Garcez Lohmann, por todos os ensinamentos que generosamente transmitiu aos alunos do Laboratório de Sistemática Vegetal desde seu ingresso no IBUSP. Seus conhecimentos sobre sistemática molecular foram imprescindíveis para superar dificuldades encontradas no desenvolvimento deste trabalho. Na fase final do projeto, parte dos procedimentos experimentais foi realizada no recém-criado “Laboratório de Sistemática Molecular”, pelo qual é responsável. Além disso, parte das análises filogenéticas foi efetuada em computador adquirido no âmbito de um de seus projetos de pesquisa. Ao Dr. Richard C. Winkworth (University of the South Pacific, Fiji), pelo auxílio nas análises filogenéticas do primeiro capítulo desta Tese, bem como por todos os ensinamentos sobre sistemática molecular repassados aos alunos do Laboratório de Sistemática Vegetal durante cursos ministrados em 2006 e 2007. Sua experiência na área foi também imprescindível para solucionar problemas metodológicos envolvidos na obtenção dos dados moleculares. Ao Prof. Dr. Renato de Mello-Silva (IBUSP), pelo auxílio na resolução de importantes questões nomenclaturais da tribo Helieae. Além disso, grande parte das análises filogenéticas apresentadas nesta Tese foi efetuada em computador adquirido no âmbito de um de seus projetos de pesquisa. À Profa. Dra. Mariana Cabral de Oliveira, por ter permitido a utilização da infra-estrutura do Laboratório de Algas Marinhas “Édison José de Paula” (IBUSP) para realização de praticamente toda a seção de biologia molecular desta Tese. Seus conhecimentos sobre técnicas moleculares foram igualmente valiosos para superar as dificuldades encontradas nessa fase do projeto. Aos alunos do Laboratório de Algas Marinhas do IBUSP “Édison José de Paula”, pela assistência nos procedimentos de extração e amplificação de DNA. Aos técnicos do Centro de Estudos do Genoma Humano do IBUSP, onde o seqüenciamento de DNA foi realizado. Aos seguintes colegas pesquisadores, pelo auxílio nas coletas, obtenção de espécimes e/ou fotografias, imprescindíveis para o desenvolvimento do projeto: Benoît Francis Patrice Loeuille, Cláudio Nicoletti de Fraga, Denise Sasaki, Euder Glendes Martins, Fabiana Fatima Begale, George John Shepherd, Herbert Serafim de Freitas, Inês Cordeiro, José Rubens Pirani, Juliana Hanna Leite El Ottra, Juliana Lovo, Katherine Lepis, Leandro Cézanne de Souza Assis, Lia Monguilhott Bezerra, Lívia Echternacht Andrade, Lívia Godinho Temponi, Marcelo Trovó Lopes de Oliveira, Maria Ana Farinaccio, Matheus Fortes Santos, Maura Albergaria Pena, Maurício Takashi Coutinho Watanabe, Rafaela Campostrini Forzza, Renato de Mello-Silva, Richard Charles Winkworth, Ruy José Válka Alves. Aos curadores dos herbários cujo acervo fora analisado neste trabalho, pelo auxílio na localização dos materiais e pelas valiosas digitalizações de exsicatas. À M. Sc. Renata Souza de Oliveira, pela confecção dos mapas de distribuição geográfica que compõem esta Tese. À Fabiana Fatima Begale, pela solicitude e assistência na localização de materiais de herbário, fundamentais para o desenvolvimento do projeto. À Dra. Juliana Lovo, pelo companheirismo e constante apoio durante o desenvolvimento desta Tese. Aos docentes, técnicos e alunos do Laboratório de Sistemática Vegetal do IBUSP, pelo agradável convívio durante a realização deste trabalho. À minha família, pela compreensão, confiança e apoio desde que ingressei no Doutorado. Ao meu querido marido, José Eduardo A. R. Marian, pelo envolvimento em todas as fases deste trabalho (do projeto inicial à Tese) e por todo o amor e carinho que me fazem uma pessoa mais feliz. ÍNDICE Introdução Geral ........................................................................................................................1 Capítulo 1 – Filogenia baseada em morfologia e revisão de Prepusa e Senaea (Gentianaceae: Helieae) – plantas raras e endêmicas do leste do Brasil...........17 Capítulo 2 – Padrões evolutivos em Helieae (Gentianaceae): evidências morfológicas e de seqüências de DNA plastidiais e nucleares ................................................25 Capítulo 3 – Estudo filogenético de Helieae (Gentianaceae) com ênfase nos limites genéricos de Calolisianthus Gilg, Chelonanthus Gilg e Helia Mart., baseado em dados moleculares e morfológicos .................................................29 Capítulo 4 – Nova lectotipificação de Calolisianthus Gilg (Helieae, Gentianaceae)................89 Capítulo 5 – Revisão de Calolisianthus Gilg (Helieae, Gentianaceae), um gênero endêmico dos campos rupestres e cerrados no Brasil .......................................93 Capítulo 6 – Novas combinações no gênero Chelonanthus Gilg (Helieae, Gentianaceae)...................................................................................................139 Capítulo 7 – Nova lectotipificação de Helia Mart. e revisão de Helia sensu stricto (Helieae, Gentianaceae) ...................................................................................157 Considerações Finais............................................................................................................177 Resumo...................................................................................................................................181 Abstract ..................................................................................................................................183 Anexo 1 – Morphology-based phylogeny and revision of Prepusa and Senaea (Gentianaceae: Helieae) – rare endemics from eastern Brazil.............................185 Anexo 2 – Evolutionary patterns in neotropical
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