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IMPACT of FINANCIAL INCENTIVES on the PERFORMANCE of FIELD HOCKEY TEAMS (MEN): a CASE STUDY of HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS (Heis) of PAKISTAN

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IMPACT of FINANCIAL INCENTIVES on the PERFORMANCE of FIELD HOCKEY TEAMS (MEN): a CASE STUDY of HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS (Heis) of PAKISTAN IMPACT OF FINANCIAL INCENTIVES ON THE PERFORMANCE OF FIELD HOCKEY TEAMS (MEN): A CASE STUDY OF HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS (HEIs) OF PAKISTAN Dr. Asif Ali, Dr. Muhammad Rafique Qambrani, Adeel Akhtar and Dr. Komal Ansari ABSTRACT Consistent decline in performance of Pakistan Field Hockey team (men) in excellent international competitions has raised a serious concern among professionals. it has become an area of great interest to discover underlying causes of this phenomenon. Economic model of sports suggests that one way of understanding underlying cause of various variables associated with sports performance is assessing the role of finance. This study sought to understand the impact of financial incentives on performance of field hockey varsity players (men) in Pakistan. For this purpose, a self-developed questionnaire that was consisted on 21 items, was distributed among all (eleven) teams (men) of field hockey that were qualified for participation in intervarsity hockey championship (men) Pakistan. For analysis, a simple regression was run to explore the relationship among financial incentives for varsity student field hockey athletes (males) hockey infrastructure, coaching facilities and their sports performance. The analysis indicated that all of three dependent variables (facilities, coaching and performance) found to positively related with financial incentives. Findings suggested that institutions of higher education should offer additional financial benefits for varsity hockey athletes with the aim of achieving objective of uplifting the performance of field hockey (men) at university level in Pakistan. The findings further highlight that the universities should allocate enough finance to develop and to promote sports infrastructure and coaching facilities of high quality to raise the standard of field hockey at universities in Pakistan. The findings of this study put forward the importance of reviewing policy matters regarding budgetary allocations and their usage for national game of Pakistan in institutions of higher education. Keywords: Finance, Field Hockey, Student Athletes, Universities, Sport Performance Introduction sport and recognized as a na- Field Hockey has been a tional game of Pakistan. The popular sport in almost all of historical data indicates that the continents. It is a popular since 1958 to 1994, Pakistan Impact of Financial Incentives on the performance of Field Hockey Teams Field Hockey team (men) has sports science interested to prestigious record of winning identify the factors that contri- several excellent competitions. buted in the decline of field Those include eight medals in hockey in Pakistan. Olympics; three gold (1960, 1968, 1984), three silvers (1956, Traditionally, Higher Edu- 1964, 1972) and two bronzes cation Institutions (HEIs) consi- (1974, 1992) (―Field hockey at dered among the important the Olympic Games,‖ 2016). In streams of the gross root struc- history of Field Hockey World tures and sport management Cup, hockey Pakistani team units in any country (Georgakis (men) won four gold and two & Light, 2012).Unlike several silver medals (―Pakistan men's countries of the world (Flowers, national field hockey team,‖ 2009; Henry, 2010), universities 2016). In addition, Pakistan in Pakistan obviously play an field hockey men‘s team stood important role in the develop- three times on the place of ment of elite athletes through champion in champion trophy. organization of intervarsity co- However, since 1998 a signifi- mpetitions. In the case of Pakis- cant decline has been observed tan, intervarsity competitions of in the performance of Pakistan field hockey game being organ- filed hockey team (men). At ized under the management of present, Pakistan national ho- Pakistan Universities Sports ckey team could not qualify for Board (PUSB), which works un- participation in Hockey World der the supervision of Higher Cup 2014.The data demonstra- Education Commission (HEC), tes a very poor performance of Pakistan. Through, intervarsity Pakistan Field Hockey in world competitions higher education scenario as compared to 70s, institutions make major contri- 80s and 90s. This remarkable bution in organization and pro- decline in the performance of motion of field hockey at natio- Pakistani national team of field nal level. hockey raised serious concern among the professionals. Imp- With regard to the factors of ortantly, in recent years, resear- sports performance, there are chers and professionals in some suggestions indicated that 148 The Shield (ISSN-1991-8410) Vol. 11, 2016 sports performance primarily effect of financial incentives on rely on the amount of invest- perceptions towards coaching, ment of financial resources. For training, and utilization of spo- example, advocates of economic rts facilities. For example, Horn model of sports performance (2000) demonstrated that coll- conceptualizes that the goal of ege players with financial ince- sports promotion and enhan- ntives (sports scholarships), in cement can be achieve through comparison with perceptions of increasing investment of finan- athletes receiving no financial cial resources on sports (And- incentives by educational insti- reff, 2001; Bernard & Busse, tution, exhibited higher level of 2004). According to this view, motivation in sports participa- sports performance positively tion and depicted more positive related with financial inves- perceptions towards coaches tment (Manuel Luiz & Fadal, and sports training. In contrast, 2011). In the context of higher poor financial incentives for education institutions (HEIs), players can have adversely aff- one way of increasing financial ect their efficacy and their per- investment includes allocation ceptions concerning sports par- of adequate budget to provide ticipation, investment of effort financial incentives to the play- in skill learning, improvement ers of hockey in universities. In in fitness and coaching (Holt, overall sports system, unlike Kingsley, Tink, & Scherer, 2011). facilities and infrastructure, ph- ysical fitness, coaching and tra- In these lines, one area of ining, the importance of a play- inquiry might be assessing the ers itself is central for sporting relationship between the finan- success. In the life of a player, cial incentives for university fie- finance incentives are among ld hockey players (Haden, 2001) the powerful motivators and and their relationship with their sources of effort investment for perceptions towards indicators sports successes. of sports performance such as, physical fitness and training, Specifically, studies in the coaching, and sports facilities. sports context provided some Prior studies suggest that sports evidences regarding positive performance greatly depends 149 Impact of Financial Incentives on the performance of Field Hockey Teams on the physical fitness (Gabbett, problems such as, problems cre- 2010; Manna, Khanna, & Dhara, ated by faculty members, prob- 2011; Vescovi, 2014), good coa- lems by peer students, time ching (Gearity & Murray, 2011; management, health issues, Wiman, Salmoni, & Hall, 2010), extra stress due to physical trai- sports facilities (Schwarz, Hall, ning along with academic assig- & Shibli, 2015), and sports nments and pressure put on by training (Güllich, 2014; Hanja- coaches and university author- bam & Kailashiya, 2014; Tucker ities (Elferink-Gemser, Visscher, & Collins, 2012). Due to the fact Lemmink, & Mulder, 2007; that the variables including Henry, 2010; Simiyu, 2010). physical fitness, sports coach- ing, sports facilities, and sports It is a matter of fact that training are considered funda- athletes in education institu- mental for sports performance; tions being considered as a spe- hence, these variables can be cial class of students that req- used as proxies of performance uire specific policy-making and of field hockey teams. treatment (Freeman, 2012). Pro- viding them extra financial inc- The need for financial incen- entives can be one form of com- tives allocation for players in pensation in response to their universities can be realized in specific role (e.g., student and the framework of dual respon- athlete) in the universities (Ha- sibilities and some additional den, 2001; McCormick & Mc- load on athletes in comparison Cormick, 2006). The financial with non-athletes students in incentives for varsity hockey HEIs. As, athletes in HEIs have players can be in form of schol- to bear dual load in the form of arships, prize money, free dor- endeavoring to achieve their mitory on campus, free trans- academic goals while simultan- porting facilities, fee waves, sti- eously acting as an agent of pends during training and com- wining fame in the field of spo- petitions, free supply of food rts to raise positive image of from university mess, free sup- HEIs in the community (Caro- ply of sports kits, and free sup- dine, Almond, & Gratto, 2001). ply of sports equipment (Porto, They also face some additional 1985). 150 The Shield (ISSN-1991-8410) Vol. 11, 2016 Prior research suggests that ing in universities play a signi- good financial conditions of ficant role in improving perfor- athletes and spending sufficient mance and participation of stu- budget on student athletes can dent athletes. Among the faci- lead to increased sports partici- lities, availability of Astroturf pation and training, increased pitch thought more important utilization of facilities and spo- to maintain standard of field rts equipment, increased motiv- hockey game in universities ation and investment of phy-
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