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Geology and Ore Deposits of the Central York Mountains, Western Seward Peninsula, Alaska

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Geology and Ore Deposits of the Central York Mountains, Western Seward Peninsula, Alaska Geology and Ore Deposits of p50 the Central York Mountains, I Western Seward Peninsula, S3 Alaska GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1287 O GC oc O es ^ HI » <=; HI i i QC GO eea 00 Geology and Ore Deposits of the Central York Mountains, Western Seward Peninsula, Alaska By C. L. SAINSBURY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1287 Description of the geologic structure, stratigraphy, petrology, and ore deposits of an area containing tin deposits and a new type of beryllium deposit UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1969 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR WALTER J. HICKEL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY William T. Pecora, Director Library, of Congress catalog-card No, 78-602244 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $3.00 (paper cover) CONTENTS Page Abstract_ _______________________________________________________ l Introduction__________-__-_-______--__---------____________--_--__ 2 Location_ ___________________________________________________ 2 Purpose and scope of report_._--___-----_--____-________-_-_-_ 3 Methods of study__________-_---___--_--_-_.________._----___ 4 Acknowledgments __________-_-__----___---_______l______--____ 4 Previous work_____-__-__-----_-________--___________---____- 5 Sedimentary rocks._________-____-_-_____-___-_-___________----_-__ 6 Pre-Ordovician rocks___________________________________________ 7 Slate of the York region-____________________________________ 7 Argillaceous and dolomitic limestone.___--___-_______-----___ 9 Undifferentiated limestone and argillaceous and dolomitic lime­ stone_ ________________________________________________ 10 Summary of pre-Ordovician rocks_______-_-__________------_ 11 Lower Ordovician rocks.____-___-_--_____---__________-___--_-_ 12 Argillaceous limestone and limestone (shallow-water facies) _ _ _. _ 13 Limestone and argillaceous limestone (quiet-water facies)_______ 19 Lower and Middle Ordovician rocks____.__-_-___________--__-_._ 29 Shale and limestone..______________________________________ 29 Middle Ordovician rocks____------_---------__-___-__.-_--__--- 30 Dark limestone..__________-__-___-_-_--_____--_-__--_-_--- 30 Undifferentiated Middle and Upper Ordovician rocks__._____----._ 32 Summary of Ordovician rocks.__________________________________ 32 Pleistocene rocks-_-_-_-____----_-_----_----__--_____.__---__-- 32 Structure. ______-___----_-____._.-_-__--..----__-______._.-------_ 33 Thrustfaults_______________________________________...________ 35 Normal faults.________________________ _.____________)___________ 39 Age of faulting._______._._____.__.........__.___________-___._ 41 Igneous rocks_____________________________________________________ 41 Pre-Ordovician rocks...________________________________________ 41 Upper Cretaceous or Tertiary (?) rocks.... ____-_.._____-___---_--. 43 Granite stocks..--.-___-_ -_---.-----._____.._-_-_-----.- 43 Dike rocks -.__-_-_._____----_____-_-_....._____-_.-_-._ 45 Rhyolite dikes.____-_--_-----_-----_______-.-__-_---_- 45 Lamprophyre dikes-_-_--_----_-----_-----_---_-------- 46 Chemical composition._____________________________ 48 Origin_ _ ________________________________________ 56 Age of igneous rocks.______-_____-__-_-___-___-_______-__--__--- -- 61 Tin deposits______________________________________________________ 62 Economic importance__________________________________________ 62 Geology.-_-_--________-____--_-_-_-__-----__________.-------_ 64 in IV CONTENTS Page Beryllium deposits.________._____________--________---___---------- 64 Economic importance_______-___-_____-_______-__-_-_-------__- 64 General description.___________________________________________ 65 Beryllium minerals and paragenetic sequence...___________________ 67 Main deposits._____________-___________________--_------------ 76 Rapid River..._._..__....-__.__..__..-...---------_---.-- 76 Curve Greek....__.-------.----.-------------------------. 77 Lost River Valley--___-------------_---_-_--------_------- 78 Tin Creek...__._.____-..___--_..____._______-._--.__-_ 79 Camp Creek_________---_____-__-_____-__----___--_--_-__- 81 Lost River mine_^___--___--_______-_-___-___-_----_----_ 83 Suggested zonal relation of tin and beryllium deposits._________________ 84 Ore genesis_______________________________________________________ 86 Distribution of rare elements______________________________________ 90 Suggestions for prospecting.________________________________________ 91 Suggestions for exploration _________________________________________ 93 Selected references..___________-_____..-___________--_____-__------- 95 Index.________-______________--___--____-______________--------__ 99 ILLUSTRATIONS [Plates are in pocket] Page PLATE 1. Geologic map and structure sections of the central York Mountains. 2. Diagram showing variation in oxides in igneaus rocks of the York Mountains. 3-6. Geologic maps: 3. Beryllium deposits on Camp Creek, Lost River area. 4. Beryllium deposits on Rapid River. 5. Beryllium and tin deposits in Lost River valley. 6. Tin and beryllium deposits on Tin Creek. FIGUEE 1. Map of the western Seward Peninsula, Alaska, showing areas discussed in this report....._________________ 3 2-7. Photographs: 2. Cleaved thin-bedded argillaceous limestone which overlies the "slate of the York region" ____ 9 3. Very thin bedded argillaceous limestone of un­ certain age exposed around the mouth of Esch Creek.... ___________--__._____-_-.____ 12 4. Clastic limestone in beds of the shallow-water facies of the Lower Ordovician limestones.... 14 5. Knobby-surfaced limestone of the shallow-water facies of the Lower Ordovician limestones__._ 15 6. Beds of pink limestone of the uppermost Lower Ordovician rocks.._________________________ 28 7. Dolomitized flaggy limestones of the lowermost Middle Ordovician rocks.___________________ 29 CONTENTS V Page FIGURE 8. Stratigraphic record of the main Quaternary events re­ corded in the York Mountains.____________________ 34 9. Diagrammatic cross section through marine terraces near the Lost River_-_-----_--_____-_--_--------_---__ 34 10-15. Photographs: 10. Mint River thrust east of the Mint River____._ 35 11. Tectonic breccia near a thrust fault, showing disoriented blocks of limestone_____________ 36 12. Chevron fold involving medium- to thick-bedded limestones of the 01 map unit._____________ 37 13. Rapid River fault in the south tributary of the Kanauguk River__-__-__----__--__-_-_--_- 37 14. Rapid River fault where it enters the drainage basin of the Rapid River. _________________ 38 15. Banded dolomite that replaced medium-bedded calcitic limestone._____-.---_____-_-____._ 39 16. Photomicrograph of coarse-grained gabbro from sheared dike---___----------_-------_--------__--------_ 42 17. Photomicrograph of dikecemented breccia..--_________ 46 18. Photograph of a xenolith of coarse-grained granite in lamprophyre dike-------_-----__-_-_---____. 47 19-23. Photomicrographs: 19. Typical dark diabase dike without xenocrysts... 54 20. Composite lamprophyre dike. ________________ 56 21. Typical dark lamprophyre dike that cuts com­ posite dike ___-__-__-___-_-._______-____.. 58 ^ 22. Lamprophyre dike from area of beryllium ^^ deposits on the Rapid River__.._____-.___-. 59 23. Hornblende lamprophyre from dike near the granite at Tin Creek______-__-_-_-______-_ 60 24. Diagram showing compositional trends in the igneous rocks of the central York Mountains._______________ 61 25. Photograph of cryptocrystalline veinlets of curdy white chyrsoberyl and diaspore cutting fluorite-beryllium rock.___________________________________________ 66 26. Photomicrographs of cryptocrystalline veinlet of curdy white chrysoberyl and diaspore cutting fluorite- beryllium rock._---___----_______--_-__--_._-____ 66 27. Photograph of rhythmically banded skarn_____________ 70 28. Photomicrograph of chrysoberyl separated from fluorite- f- beryllium ore from the Rapid River area____.--___._ 71 29. Photomicrographs showing texture of typical fluorite- beryllium ore, Rapid River area..__________________ 72 j 30. Photograph of a cross section of a nodule from the Camp Creek deposits_------_----_____-_________________ 74 31. Photograph of beryllium-fluorite ore from veinlets in marble on the south side of the granite at Tin Creek. _ 75 32. Cross sections showing probable configuration of ore localized beneath thrust faults__._________-_.____. 82 33. Distribution of zones, minerals, and elements in zoned tin-beryllium deposits.._-______-_____.___-_-____. 85 VI CONTENTS TABLES Page TABLE 1. Measured section in Lower Ordovician argillaceous lime­ stone and limestone, west of mouth of Koteebue Creek. 16 2. Measured section in Lower Ordovician limestone and argillaceous limestone.____________________________ 21 3. Fossils with stratigraphic value from the quiet-water facies (Lower Ordovician limestone and argillaceous limestone), Central York Mountains________________ 27 4. Fossils from the upper Lower and lower Middle Ordovi­ cian limestone and shale, and the Middle Ordovician limestone, central York Mountains.________________ 31 5. Chemical composition of granites of the western Seward Peninsula_ _____________________________________ 44 6. Chemical and mineral composition of diabase dikes, lamprophyre dikes, granite xenolith, and alkalic basalt, western Seward Peninsula.________________________ 49 7. Tin and tungsten reserves of the Lost River mine-___-_ 63 8. Quantitative spectrographic analyses of beryllium ores and ratio of fluorine to beryllium in beryllium ores, Lost
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