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Across the German Sea The Northern World North Europe and the Baltic c. 400–1700 A.D. Peoples, Economies and Cultures Editors David Kirby London Jón Viðar Sigurðsson Oslo Ingvild Øye Bergen Piotr Gorecki University of California at Riverside Steve Murdoch St. Andrews Volume 62 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/nw Across the German Sea Early Modern Scottish Connections with the Wider Elbe-Weser Region By Kathrin Zickermann LEIDEN • BOSTON 2013 Cover illustration: Bremen and Verden © Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen; Signatur Kt I 44. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Zickermann, Kathrin. Across the German sea : early modern Scottish connections with the wider Elbe-Weser region / by Kathrin Zickermann. pages cm. — (The Northern world, ISSN 1569-1462 ; volume 62) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-24834-2 (hardback : acid-free paper) — ISBN 978-90-04-24958-5 (e-book) 1. Scotland—Relations—Elbe River Region (Czech Republic and Germany) 2. Elbe River Region (Czech Republic and Germany)—Relations—Scotland. 3. Scotland—Relations—Germany— Weser River Region. 4. Weser River Region (Germany)—Relations—Scotland. 5. Scots—Elbe River Region (Czech Republic and Germany)—History. 6. Scots—Germany—Weser River Region—History. 7. Scots—Elbe River Region (Czech Republic and Germany)—Politics and government. 8. Scots—Germany—Weser River Region—Politics and government. 9. Scotland— Commerce—History—17th century. 10. Scotland—Commerce—History—18th century. I. Title. DA800.Z53 2013 303.48’2411043590903—dc23– 2013001256 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. ISSN 1569-1462 ISBN 978-90-04-24834-2 (hardback) ISBN 978-90-04-24958-5 (e-book) Copyright 2013 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers and Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper. For my husband Stuart Alexander Nicolson CONTENTS List of Illustrations ....................................................................................... ix Acknowledgements ..................................................................................... xi Abbreviations ................................................................................................ xiii Stylistic Conventions .................................................................................. xv Introduction .................................................................................................. 1 1. Understanding the Wider Elbe-Weser Region .................................. 15 The Lower Elbe Region ............................................................................. 16 Controlling the Elbe .................................................................................. 25 The Lower Weser Region ......................................................................... 51 Conclusion .................................................................................................... 60 2. Commercial Links and Mercantile Networks c. 1590–1730 ................................................................................................... 77 Scottish Fish Exports: Whitefish ............................................................ 83 Scottish Fish Exports: Herring ................................................................ 95 Scottish Exports: Salt ................................................................................. 103 Scottish Exports: Coal ............................................................................... 111 The Scottish Commercial Network in Bremen and Hamburg ..... 114 Conclusion .................................................................................................... 126 Appendix ....................................................................................................... 129 3. Political and Military Networks c. 1630–1707 ..................................... 135 Stuart Diplomats and Scottish Officers in Hamburg ....................... 135 Royalists, Stuart Supporters and Covenanters .................................. 146 Scottish Administration in the Wider Elbe-Weser Region ............ 156 Scots in Brunswick-Lüneburg ................................................................. 174 Conclusion .................................................................................................... 181 4. Building a Reformed Community? Exiles on the Elbe, 1630–1730 ............................................................................................ 185 John Durie and the Wider Elbe-Weser Region ................................. 189 William Waller and the Reformed Community at Lüneburg ....... 202 viii contents The Jacobite Presence ............................................................................... 227 Conclusion .................................................................................................... 233 Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 235 Bibliography ...................................................................................................... 243 Index .................................................................................................................... 261 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 1. Bremen and Verden ................................................................................... 62 2. Holstein ......................................................................................................... 64 3. Bremen (c.1640) .......................................................................................... 66 4. Lower Weser River (P. Schenk/ G. Valk, c. 1696) ............................. 68 5. Hamburg (Matthäus Merian, 1653) ....................................................... 70 6. Lower Elbe River (Johannes Janssonius, 1633) .................................. 72 7. Brunswick-Lüneburg ................................................................................. 74 8. Alexander Erskein, Anselmus van Hulle ............................................. 158 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study is based on a Ph.D project which I completed at the University of St Andrews in 2009 under the title Across the German Sea: Scottish Commodity Exchange, Network Building and Communities in the Wider Elbe- Weser Region during the Early Modern Period. During the last three years I have worked on the transformation of my thesis into this monograph whilst testing some of my arguments at conferences and in published pro- ceedings. During my doctoral research and in the time thereafter I have received invaluable support from a number of individuals and institu- tions. Special thanks must go to my supervisor Professor Steve Murdoch (University of St Andrews) for his insightful advice, encouragement and friendship. I would also like to thank Professor Allan I. Macinnes (University of Strathclyde) for his counsel and guidance. Thanks are also due to Professor Robert I. Frost (University of Aberdeen) for read- ing this manuscript and for offering invaluable comments. For institu- tional support I would like to thank the University of St Andrews as well as the Strathmartine Trust, especially for sponsoring my research in the archives of Denmark, Germany and Sweden. I am indebted to a long list of members of staff in these collections as well as in Scottish libraries and repositories. I would especially like to thank Dr Beate-Christine Fiedler for her competent assistance in the state archives in Stade as well as the similarly efficient and friendly teams at the state archives in Bremen and Oldenburg. Thanks must also go to the staff of the National Archives of Scotland. Furthermore, I would like to thank Professor Christopher Smout for sharing advice and his notes on the Scottish Exchequer Records as well as Sue Mowat for providing transcriptions of the Jolly Papers. In addition I would like to thank Dr Andreas Flick, minister of the Reformed church in Celle and Dr Petra Seling-Biehusen for sending me valuable secondary material. I am also indebted to the late Campbell Murdoch for research- ing some Scottish family connections on my behalf; Dr Philipp Rössner for helpful observations and Dr David Dobson for sharing some relevant infor- mation. Furthermore, I would like to thank Ardis Dreisbach-Grosjean for her hospitality in Stockholm. I must also record my gratitude for the assis- tance I received from Professor Olaf Mörke and Professor Thomas Riis at Kiel University, especially when writing my Masters thesis on the ‘British’ community in Hamburg in 2003—the formative stages of this project. xii acknowledgements I would also like to thank Professor