Anatomical Location of the Vestibulocerebellar Tract in the Healthy Human Brain: a Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study
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Optogenetic Fmri Interrogation of Brain-Wide Central Vestibular Pathways
Optogenetic fMRI interrogation of brain-wide central vestibular pathways Alex T. L. Leonga,b, Yong Guc, Ying-Shing Chand, Hairong Zhenge, Celia M. Donga,b, Russell W. Chana,b, Xunda Wanga,b, Yilong Liua,b, Li Hai Tanf, and Ed X. Wua,b,d,g,1 aLaboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China; bDepartment of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China; cInstitute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; dSchool of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China; eShenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; fCenter for Language and Brain, Shenzhen Institute of Neuroscience, Shenzhen 518057, China; and gState Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China Edited by Marcus E. Raichle, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, and approved March 20, 2019 (received for review July 20, 2018) Blood oxygen level-dependent functional MRI (fMRI) constitutes a multisensory integration process in the vestibular system is op- powerful neuroimaging technology to map brain-wide functions tokinetic nystagmus, whereby visual cues are used to induce in response to specific sensory or cognitive tasks. However, fMRI compensatory reflexive eye movements to maintain a stable gaze mapping of the vestibular system, which is pivotal for our sense of while moving (11, 12). These eye movements involve inputs from balance, poses significant challenges. -
The Cerebellum in Sagittal Plane-Anatomic-MR Correlation: 2
667 The Cerebellum in Sagittal Plane-Anatomic-MR Correlation: 2. The Cerebellar Hemispheres Gary A. Press 1 Thin (5-mm) sagittal high-field (1 .5-T) MR images of the cerebellar hemispheres James Murakami2 display (1) the superior, middle, and inferior cerebellar peduncles; (2) the primary white Eric Courchesne2 matter branches to the hemispheric lobules including the central, anterior, and posterior Dean P. Berthoty1 quadrangular, superior and inferior semilunar, gracile, biventer, tonsil, and flocculus; Marjorie Grafe3 and (3) several finer secondary white-matter branches to individual folia within the lobules. Surface features of the hemispheres including the deeper fissures (e.g., hori Clayton A. Wiley3 1 zontal, posterolateral, inferior posterior, and inferior anterior) and shallower sulci are John R. Hesselink best delineated on T1-weighted (short TRfshort TE) and T2-weighted (long TR/Iong TE) sequences, which provide greatest contrast between CSF and parenchyma. Correlation of MR studies of three brain specimens and 11 normal volunteers with microtome sections of the anatomic specimens provides criteria for identifying confidently these structures on routine clinical MR. MR should be useful in identifying, localizing, and quantifying cerebellar disease in patients with clinical deficits. The major anatomic structures of the cerebellar vermis are described in a companion article [1). This communication discusses the topographic relationships of the cerebellar hemispheres as seen in the sagittal plane and correlates microtome sections with MR images. Materials, Subjects, and Methods The preparation of the anatomic specimens, MR equipment, specimen and normal volunteer scanning protocols, methods of identifying specific anatomic structures, and system of This article appears in the JulyI August 1989 issue of AJNR and the October 1989 issue of anatomic nomenclature are described in our companion article [1]. -
The Impact of the Auditory and Visual Environments on Balance in Children with Bilateral Vestibular Loss and Cochlear Implantation
The Impact of the Auditory and Visual Environments on Balance in Children with Bilateral Vestibular Loss and Cochlear Implantation by Nikolaus Ernst Wolter A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Institute of Medical Sciences University of Toronto © Copyright by Nikolaus E Wolter 2014 The Impact of the Auditory and Visual Environments on Balance in Children with Bilateral Vestibular Loss and Cochlear Implantation Nikolaus Ernst Wolter Master of Science Institute of Medical Sciences University of Toronto 2014 Abstract Vestibular impairment is common in congenital sensorineural hearing loss yet children are remarkably able to remain upright. To understanding how these children compensate for their bilateral cochelovestibular loss (BVL) we investigated the effects visual and auditory virtual environments in children with BVL and bilateral cochlear implantation (CI), ages 8.5-17.9 years on balance. Children with BVL had significantly impaired balance compared to typically developing children. Body movement was greater in children with BVL balancing. Children with BVL relied on vision to a greater extent than their typically developing peers. Moving objects in the environment did not alter balance in either group. Balance and postural control improved in children with BVL when CI were on. Children with BVL rely on vision and auditory input through CI in order to balance but this does not restore balance to normal levels. Novel methods are required to reestablish vestibular-type input in this vulnerable population. ii Acknowledgments The completion of this work has depended on the support, guidance and kindness of a tremendous number of people. I cannot adequately express the debt of gratitude I have to all of you for your countless hours of support. -
Direct Projections from Cochlear Nuclear Complex to Auditory Thalamus in the Rat
The Journal of Neuroscience, December 15, 2002, 22(24):10891–10897 Direct Projections from Cochlear Nuclear Complex to Auditory Thalamus in the Rat Manuel S. Malmierca,1 Miguel A. Mercha´n,1 Craig K. Henkel,2 and Douglas L. Oliver3 1Laboratory for the Neurobiology of Hearing, Institute for Neuroscience of Castilla y Leo´ n and Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain, 2Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157-1010, and 3University of Connecticut Health Center, Department of Neuroscience, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-3401 It is known that the dorsal cochlear nucleus and medial genic- inferior colliculus and are widely distributed within the medial ulate body in the auditory system receive significant inputs from division of the medial geniculate, suggesting that the projection somatosensory and visual–motor sources, but the purpose of is not topographic. As a nonlemniscal auditory pathway that such inputs is not totally understood. Moreover, a direct con- parallels the conventional auditory lemniscal pathway, its func- nection of these structures has not been demonstrated, be- tions may be distinct from the perception of sound. Because cause it is generally accepted that the inferior colliculus is an this pathway links the parts of the auditory system with prom- obligatory relay for all ascending input. In the present study, we inent nonauditory, multimodal inputs, it may form a neural have used auditory neurophysiology, double labeling with an- network through which nonauditory sensory and visual–motor terograde tracers, and retrograde tracers to investigate the systems may modulate auditory information processing. -
Anatomy of Cerebellum Rajasekhar Sajja Srinivasa Siva Naga
Chapter Anatomy of Cerebellum Rajasekhar Sajja Srinivasa Siva Naga Abstract The cerebellum receives inputs from spinal cord, cerebrum, brainstem, and sensory systems of the body and controls the motor system of the body. The Cerebellum harmonizes the voluntary motor activities such as maintenance of posture and equilibrium, and coordination of voluntary muscular activity including learning of the motor behaviours. Cerebellum occupies posterior cranial fossa, and it is relatively a small part of the brain. It weighs about one tenth of the total brain. Cerebellar lesions do not cause motor or cognitive impairment. However, they cause slowing of movements, tremors, lack of equilibrium/balance. Complex motor action becomes shaky and faltering. Keywords: Cerebellum, Spinocerebellar ataxia, Cortex, Medulla, Peduncles, Nuclei 1. Introduction The Cerebellum is the largest part of the hindbrain and develops from the alar plates (rhombic lips) of the metencephalon. It lies between the temporal and occipital lobes of cerebrum and the brainstem in the posterior cranial fossa. It is attached to the posterior surface of the brainstem by three large white fibre bundles. It is attached to the midbrain by superior cerebel- lar peduncle, pons by middle cerebellar peduncle, and medulla by inferior cerebellar peduncle. Cerebellum is concerned with three primary functions: a) coordination of voluntary motor functions of the body initiated by the cerebral cortex at an uncon- scious level, b) maintenance of balance, and posture, c) Maintenance of muscle tone. It receives and integrates the sensory inputs from the cerebrum and the spinal cord necessary for a planning and smooth coordination of the movements [1]. Cerebellar lesions result in irregular and uncoordinated, awkward intentional muscle movements. -
Auditory and Vestibular Systems Objective • to Learn the Functional
Auditory and Vestibular Systems Objective • To learn the functional organization of the auditory and vestibular systems • To understand how one can use changes in auditory function following injury to localize the site of a lesion • To begin to learn the vestibular pathways, as a prelude to studying motor pathways controlling balance in a later lab. Ch 7 Key Figs: 7-1; 7-2; 7-4; 7-5 Clinical Case #2 Hearing loss and dizziness; CC4-1 Self evaluation • Be able to identify all structures listed in key terms and describe briefly their principal functions • Use neuroanatomy on the web to test your understanding ************************************************************************************** List of media F-5 Vestibular efferent connections The first order neurons of the vestibular system are bipolar cells whose cell bodies are located in the vestibular ganglion in the internal ear (NTA Fig. 7-3). The distal processes of these cells contact the receptor hair cells located within the ampulae of the semicircular canals and the utricle and saccule. The central processes of the bipolar cells constitute the vestibular portion of the vestibulocochlear (VIIIth cranial) nerve. Most of these primary vestibular afferents enter the ipsilateral brain stem inferior to the inferior cerebellar peduncle to terminate in the vestibular nuclear complex, which is located in the medulla and caudal pons. The vestibular nuclear complex (NTA Figs, 7-2, 7-3), which lies in the floor of the fourth ventricle, contains four nuclei: 1) the superior vestibular nucleus; 2) the inferior vestibular nucleus; 3) the lateral vestibular nucleus; and 4) the medial vestibular nucleus. Vestibular nuclei give rise to secondary fibers that project to the cerebellum, certain motor cranial nerve nuclei, the reticular formation, all spinal levels, and the thalamus. -
Occurrence of Long-Term Depression in the Cerebellar Flocculus During Adaptation of Optokinetic Response Takuma Inoshita, Tomoo Hirano*
SHORT REPORT Occurrence of long-term depression in the cerebellar flocculus during adaptation of optokinetic response Takuma Inoshita, Tomoo Hirano* Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Japan Abstract Long-term depression (LTD) at parallel fiber (PF) to Purkinje cell (PC) synapses has been considered as a main cellular mechanism for motor learning. However, the necessity of LTD for motor learning was challenged by demonstration of normal motor learning in the LTD-defective animals. Here, we addressed possible involvement of LTD in motor learning by examining whether LTD occurs during motor learning in the wild-type mice. As a model of motor learning, adaptation of optokinetic response (OKR) was used. OKR is a type of reflex eye movement to suppress blur of visual image during animal motion. OKR shows adaptive change during continuous optokinetic stimulation, which is regulated by the cerebellar flocculus. After OKR adaptation, amplitudes of quantal excitatory postsynaptic currents at PF-PC synapses were decreased, and induction of LTD was suppressed in the flocculus. These results suggest that LTD occurs at PF-PC synapses during OKR adaptation. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.36209.001 Introduction The cerebellum plays a critical role in motor learning, and a type of synaptic plasticity long-term *For correspondence: depression (LTD) at parallel fiber (PF) to Purkinje cell (PC) synapses has been considered as a primary [email protected]. cellular mechanism for motor learning (Ito, 1989; Hirano, 2013). However, the hypothesis that LTD ac.jp is indispensable for motor learning was challenged by demonstration of normal motor learning in Competing interests: The rats in which LTD was suppressed pharmacologically or in the LTD-deficient transgenic mice authors declare that no (Welsh et al., 2005; Schonewille et al., 2011). -
Use of Calcium-Binding Proteins to Map Inputs in Vestibular Nuclei of the Gerbil
THE JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY 386:317–327 (1997) Use of Calcium-Binding Proteins to Map Inputs in Vestibular Nuclei of the Gerbil GOLDA ANNE KEVETTER* AND ROBERT B. LEONARD Departments of Otolaryngology, Anatomy and Neurosciences, and Physiology and Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555 ABSTRACT We wished to determine whether calbindin and/or calretinin are appropriate markers for vestibular afferents, a population of neurons in the vestibular nuclear complex, or cerebellar Purkinje inputs. To accomplish this goal, immunocytochemical staining was observed in gerbils after lesions of the vestibular nerve central to the ganglion, the cerebellum, or both. Eleven to fourteen days after recovery, the brain was processed for immunocytochemical identification of calretinin and calbindin. After lesion of the vestibular nerve, no calretinin staining was seen in any of the vestibular nuclei except for a population of intrinsic neurons, which showed no obvious change in number or staining pattern. Calbindin staining was reduced in all nuclei except the dorsal part of the lateral vestibular nuclei. The density of staining of each marker, measured in the magnocellular medial vestibular nucleus, was signifi- cantly reduced. After the cerebellar lesion, no differences in calretinin staining were noted. However, calbindin staining was greatly reduced in all nuclei. The density of staining, measured in the caudal medial vestibular nucleus, was significantly lower. After a combined lesion of the cerebellum and vestibular nerve, the distribution and density of calretinin staining resembled that after vestibular nerve section alone, whereas calbindin staining was no longer seen. This study demonstrates that calretinin and calbindin are effective markers for the identification of vestibular afferents. -
Introduction
Journal ofVestibularResearcn, VoL 1, 1~u. L, PP·,, ~~, -- _ Copyright © 1997 Elsevier Science Inc. Printed in the USA. All rights reserved 0957-4271/97 $17.00 + .00 Pll 80957-4271(96)00137-1 Original Contribution AGING AND THE HUMAN VESTIBULAR NUCLEUS Ivan Lopez,* Vicente Honrubia,* and Robert W. Baloh,*t UCLA School of Medicine, *Division of Head and Neck Surgery, tDepartment of Neurology, Los Angeles, California Reprint address: Robert W. Baloh, M.D., Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1769; Tel: (310) 825-5910; Fax: (310) 206-1513 0 Abstract-Degenerative changes during aging Introduction have been identified in the inner ear and in the vestibular nerve, but not in the human vestibular Complaints of dizziness and disequilibrium are nuclear complex (VNC). Therefore, the purpose of extremely common in older people (1). Associ this study was to document quantitative morpho ated falls are a major cause of morbidity and mor metric changes within the VNC in humans as a function of age. The VN C of normal human sub tality (2,3). Age-related morphological changes jects was examined for age-related changes using occur in all of the sensory systems essential for computer-based microscopy. Neuronal counts, nu maintaining balance during locomotion. Neu clear volume, neuronal density, and nuclear roanatomical studies of the peripheral vestibular length of the 4 vestibular nuclei were determined system have documented a significant loss of in 15 normal people, age 40 to 93 years. Based on a hair cells and primary vestibular neurons as a linear model, there was approximately a 3% neu function of age (4,5). -
Vestibular Blueprint in Early Vertebrates
REVIEW ARTICLE published: 19 November 2013 doi: 10.3389/fncir.2013.00182 Vestibular blueprint in early vertebrates Hans Straka 1* and Robert Baker 2 1 Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg, Germany 2 Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, NY, USA Edited by: Central vestibular neurons form identifiable subgroups within the boundaries of classically Catherine Carr, University of outlined octavolateral nuclei in primitive vertebrates that are distinct from those processing Maryland, USA lateral line, electrosensory, and auditory signals. Each vestibular subgroup exhibits Reviewed by: a particular morpho-physiological property that receives origin-specific sensory inputs Leonard Maler, University of Ottawa, Canada from semicircular canal and otolith organs. Behaviorally characterized phenotypes send Joel C. Glover, University of Oslo, discrete axonal projections to extraocular, spinal, and cerebellar targets including other Norway ipsi- and contralateral vestibular nuclei. The anatomical locations of vestibuloocular and *Correspondence: vestibulospinal neurons correlate with genetically defined hindbrain compartments that are Hans Straka, Department Biology II, well conserved throughout vertebrate evolution though some variability exists in fossil and Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Grosshadernerstr. 2, 82152 extant vertebrate species.The different vestibular subgroups exhibit a robust sensorimotor Planegg, Germany signal processing complemented -
CASE REPORT Polymorphic Clinical Presentation of Cerebellar
Int. Adv. Otol. 2013; 9:(3) 427-432 CASE REPORT Polymorphic Clinical Presentation of Cerebellar Arachnoid Cyst: A Case Report. Etiopathogenetic Theory and Review of the Literature Mario Faralli, Luca D'Ascanio, Ruggero Lapenna, Giampietro Ricci Department of Otolaryngology, University of Perugia, Perugia (Italy) (MF, RL, GR) Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Città di Castello Civil Hospital, Città di Castello (Perugia), Italy (LD) Arachnoid cysts (AC) are developmental collections of cerebrospinal fluid covered by layers of arachnoidal epithelium and are usually located in the middle cranial fossa. Localizations in the posterior fossa are uncommon and generally remain asymptomatic or cause vague and non-specific symptoms. We describe the unusual case of a patient with an AC suffering from recurrent polymorphic vertigo with atypical nistagmus and transient sensorineural hearing loss. The clinical-diagnostic features are discussed, etiopathogenic theories are proposed and a review of the literature on posterior cranial fossa AC is reported. Submitted : 17 February 2013 Revised : 21 August 2013 Accepted : 25 September 2013 Introduction the cyst and subarachnoid space. AC represent Arachnoid (AC) or leptomeningeal cysts are benign, approximately 1% of all intracranial space-occupying intra-arachnoid cystic lesions that are filled with cerebro- lesions. They are typically located in the middle cranial spinal fluid (CSF). Likely developmental in origin and fossa, but other locations including the cerebellopontine generally asymptomatic, these lesions can become angle, cerebellar hemispheres and posterior fossa have symptomatic as a result of enlargement or intracystic been described. [2-4] [1] hemorrhage . Although their exact etiology is unknown, They may be associated with other clinical situations, various hypotheses have been considered. -
…Going One Step Further
…going one step further C20 (1017868) 2 Latin A Encephalon Mesencephalon B Telencephalon 31 Lamina tecti B1 Lobus frontalis 32 Tegmentum mesencephali B2 Lobus temporalis 33 Crus cerebri C Diencephalon 34 Aqueductus mesencephali D Mesencephalon E Metencephalon Metencephalon E1 Cerebellum 35 Cerebellum F Myelencephalon a Vermis G Circulus arteriosus cerebri (Willisii) b Tonsilla c Flocculus Telencephalon d Arbor vitae 1 Lobus frontalis e Ventriculus quartus 2 Lobus parietalis 36 Pons 3 Lobus occipitalis f Pedunculus cerebellaris superior 4 Lobus temporalis g Pedunculus cerebellaris medius 5 Sulcus centralis h Pedunculus cerebellaris inferior 6 Gyrus precentralis 7 Gyrus postcentralis Myelencephalon 8 Bulbus olfactorius 37 Medulla oblongata 9 Commissura anterior 38 Oliva 10 Corpus callosum 39 Pyramis a Genu 40 N. cervicalis I. (C1) b Truncus ® c Splenium Nervi craniales d Rostrum I N. olfactorius 11 Septum pellucidum II N. opticus 12 Fornix III N. oculomotorius 13 Commissura posterior IV N. trochlearis 14 Insula V N. trigeminus 15 Capsula interna VI N. abducens 16 Ventriculus lateralis VII N. facialis e Cornu frontale VIII N. vestibulocochlearis f Pars centralis IX N. glossopharyngeus g Cornu occipitale X N. vagus h Cornu temporale XI N. accessorius 17 V. thalamostriata XII N. hypoglossus 18 Hippocampus Circulus arteriosus cerebri (Willisii) Diencephalon 1 A. cerebri anterior 19 Thalamus 2 A. communicans anterior 20 Sulcus hypothalamicus 3 A. carotis interna 21 Hypothalamus 4 A. cerebri media 22 Adhesio interthalamica 5 A. communicans posterior 23 Glandula pinealis 6 A. cerebri posterior 24 Corpus mammillare sinistrum 7 A. superior cerebelli 25 Hypophysis 8 A. basilaris 26 Ventriculus tertius 9 Aa. pontis 10 A.