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A PUBLICATION OF THE DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES, DIVISION OF GEOLOGY AND EARTH RESOURCES

WASHINGTON GEOLOGIC NEWSLETTER APRIL 1977 VOLUME 5-NUMBER 2

I BERT L. COLE COMMISSIONER OF PUBLIC LANDS

DON LEE FRASER, SUPERVISOR VAUGHN E. LIVINGSTON, JR . STATE GEOLOGIST DEPARTMENT Of NATURAL RESOURCES DIVISION Of GEOLOGY AND EARTH RESOURCES

DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES, DIVISION OF GEOLOGY AND EARTH RESOURCES. OLYMPIA. WASHINGTON, 98504 -- LOCATION MAP DIVISION OF GEOLOGY AND EARTH RESOURCES

.µ (IJ iu' b State :,: C/l c Capitol .-I 0 g 1.4th Ave . +l J ,.-t A. t 1------j J 0 ~ ~ology ond Eo,th Re,ou,ce,

St ate Capitol Tur nof f

STAFF

Regulations (Surface Mined Land Reclamation and Oil and Gos Conservation Act): Donald M. Ford Ralph H. Kimmel

Minerals and Energy: Environmental geology: J. Eric Schuster Gerald W. Thorsen Weldon W. Rau Ernest R. Artim Wayne S. Moen Mackey Smith Ellis R. Vonheeder Allen J. Fiksdol John M . Lucas Kurt L. 0th berg Pamela P. Ferguson Library William H. Reichert

Mailing address: Department of Natural Resources Division of Geology and Earth Resources Olympia, WA 98504

(206) 753- 6183

COVER PHOTO

Sand and grovel plant of Lone Star Industries, Inc . at Steilacoom in Pierce County. It is the largest sand and grovel operation in the state and utilizes a fully automatic control system for excavating, processing, and loodout. Maximum output of the plant is roted at 1,800 tons per hour, with loading facilities for roilcors, barges, and trucks. SAND AND GRAVEL IN WASHINGTON

By Tom Zimmerman, Washington Deportment of Highways, and Wayne S. Moen, Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources!/

Production and Uses counties. The leading sand ond gravel producing counties-most of which ore in western Washington­ Few people think of sand and grovel as a valu­ are: Pierce, 25.17 percent; King, 17.98 percent; able mineral product; however, the sand and gravel Snohomish, 9.30 percent; San Juan, 5.39 percent; industry is the largest mineral industry in terms of ton­ and Spokane, 5. 29 percent. nage and the second largest in terms of dollars, e )(­ The use of sand and grovel is primarily related ceeded only by portland cement, in Washington . to construction. Almost every type of construction Preliminary mineral production figures for Washington uti Ii zes sand and grovel for purposes such as fi II or for l976 show on all-time high of $180.99 million , aggregate in concrete. Heavy construction jobs (high­ $35 . 11 million of which is assigned to sand and gravel. ways and dams, for instance) consume large amount's Production figures for sand and grovel, as wel I as for of sand and grovel. In the Grand Coulee Dom alone stone, cool, and cement follow: over 10 million cubic yards of sand and grovel wos

Tons Value used in the concrete. Product (millions) (mil I ions of dollars) A breakdown by use for processed and un­ Sand and grove I 17. 7 35.11 processed commercial sand and grovel sold in Wash­ Stone 7.7 18. 49 C¢ol 3.9 *25. 00 ington in 1975 is listed below. Cement 1.42 53.47 Processed sand and grave I Tons *Estimated value. Nonresidential and residential construction 4 , 602,037 Although the dollor value of sand and grovel Highway and bridge construction 878,977 reached on all-time high in 1976, the tonnage value Dams, waterworks, airports, etc. 544,106 Cement blocks, bricks, pipe, etc. 905,430 hos been declining slowly . The dollar value of sand Bituminous paving 1, 198,608 and grovel increased sharply from $1 . 08 per ton in Rood base 1,1 36,063 Fill 464,001 1973 too high of $1.98 per ton in 1976 (fig . 1) . Other 120,261 Salient sand and gravel statistics are not yet Total 9,848,483 ovai lob le for 1976; 1975 figures wi II be used to bring Average value $1. 93 per ton out pertinent facts relating to the sand and grave l Unprocessed sand and grave I Tons industry in Washington. Fi II 2,347,275 In 1975, 186 operations in the state produced Road base 1,351,109 19,069,000 tons of commercial sand and gravel . Other 43,601 Although every county in the state produced these Total 3,741,994 materials, 63 percent of the total was produced by 5 Average value $1. 20 per ton

Industrial sand Tons 1/ This article is on updated modified version Glass 31,000 of "Sand and Grovel" that appears on pages 251 through Blast, engine, etc. 26,745 257, of Mineral and Water Resources of Washington, Washington Division of Geology ond Eorfh Resou rces Total 57,745 Reprint No. 9, 1966 (Out of print). Average value $5. 76 per ton $12.00 n2.oo

AVERAGE PER TON VALUE

n1.oo S1.oo

1965 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 YEAR 40 40

30

(/) (/) z z Q 0 .....J :J .....J _J ~ ~ 20 20

10~~----'-~~-'-~~-'-~~"--~---'~~----'-~~-'-~~-'-~~'--~----'-~~----'-~---JIO 1965 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 YEAR FIGURE 1.-Wosh,ngton sond ond gravel production, 1965- 1976.

EXPI.A'<,HION

Atc.tl'lf st,tom and terroct deoosits

Ci11,ctol tluviatile deposita

Co"'mtr<;io l• ;,rodut t t"$ cf 1onC and orovt l

Wash. Otpt. or HiqhwoJ• dis trict

FIGURE 2 . - Commerciol producers of sand and grovel in Washington and boundari es of State highway districts. At the source, washed and graded sand ond and washing equipment may be used to remove the gravel constitute low- cost commodities worth only silt or sticky clay. Many such plants are portable around $1.20 a ton. Transportation is o major item end moved from one job site to another. in the marketing of these mineral products; conse­ quently the producer locates his operation as close as Distribution of Depcsits possible to his market. Thus, sand and gravel produc­ ers are found in most of the cities of the state. Of Deposits of send and gravel occur in every the 186 sand and grovel operations active in 1975, county of the state but vary both in quantity and 87, or 47 percent, ot the total ore in the heavily popu­ quality. The general distribution of these deposits is lated Puget Sound region. When local sand and grovel shown in figure 2. Send and grovel in Washington is ls not available, crushed rock is manufactured or , in mainly of glacial origin, having been formed as glacial coastal ports, the material is barged from deposits moraines or as outwcsh material. The morcinal mate­ olong the shores of Puget Sound, utilizing low-cost rial consists largely of heterogeneous accumulations water transportation . of boulders, gravel, send, silt, end cloy that was The volume of sand and grovel barged in Wash­ carried along the base of the glacier or deposited ington in 1975, as wel I as other methods of transporta­ along its margins. During the retreat and melting of tion, follows: the glacier, streams formed by melt water reworked Method of transportation Tons much of the glacial debris and formed outwash deposits Truck 14,457,859 of sand and gravel. These fluvial glacial deposits ore Water 3,251,294 more homogeneous than the morainal deposits and ore Rai l 371,385 Unspecified 20,048 extensively worked for sand and grovel. In general, Not shipped, used at site 968,021 fluvial deposits occur in valleys where the volley is Total 19,068,607 wide enough and hos moderate to low grades that per­ There are several deft nitions for sand and mit accumulation. In short narrow steep- graded gravel . The sand and grovel producers define sand as volleys few significant deposits of sand and grovel unconsolidated granular material coarser than 200 accumulate. Terrace deposits left by streams as they mesh (0.074 mm) and finer than one- fourth inch; cut their way to lower levels ore fluvial deposits that grovel is unconsolidated granular material coarser ore also sources of send and grovel. than one-fourth inch and finer than 3-! inches. The discussion of send and gravel deposits of In large concrete masses such as dams the maximum Washington which follows is limited to the construction size of grovel may be 6 to 8 inches. The largest pro­ c lass and does not include industrial sand . As a matter portion of gravel is mode up of rock fragments; only of convenience the sand and grovel deposits of the mi nor amounts of pure mi nera Is are present. In most state ore separated into six districts that coincide with sands, minerals such as quartz, feldspar, chert, and the Washington Deportment of Highways districts (fig. mica predominate over rock fragments. Most sand 2). and gravel deposits contain varying amounts of si It, District 1. - Deposits in Whatcom end Skagit clay, as well os rock fragments larger then desired. Counties are widely scattered and limited in quantity. These undesired materials in many cases must be elimi­ Some granular materials are found north of Bellingham nated to meet certain specifications. The coarser in a recessional glacial moraine. Scattered eskers in material may be eliminated by screening or may be the vicinity of Blaine end a morainal ridge that paral­ reduced to the proper size by crushing. Screening lels the Canadian border ore the major producers.

3 Glacial till wi th high grovel content hos been washed and the continental ice sheet covered most- of the area and crushed in this area to provide aggregate suitable north and east of Waterville in Douglas County. The for asphalt and concrete pavements. Grovel terraces, deposits left by the glaciers ore the major sources of river bars, and deltaic deposits found along the Nook­ aggregate in the northern half of the district. sack River ore generally small and contain high per­ North of Okanogan and Omak the gravels ore centages of the soft metamorphic rocks, thus making generally shallow in depth, and the size of the parti­ them unfit for use as mineral aggregate. However, cles is small. Southward to the confluence of the they hove been utilized for common borrow and gravel Okanogan and the Columbia Rivers the deposits are base. sorr,ewhot thicker and the reserves ore substantial. Large deposits of sand and grovel derived from The gravel occurrences along the Columbia River in alpine glaciation are found a long the upper reaches Okanogan County ore large, of excellent quality, of the Skagit River. Particles of soft metamorphic and well sorted. The deposits occur os low-level rock also limit the use of these deposits as mineral terraces or ancient river bars. Potential resources of aggregate. Continental glacial drift composed of this material ore large but will be substantially dimin­ hard subrounded gravel is present in the area of Sedro ished in the future as many of the areas will be inun­ Woolley. Grovel sources south and east of Mount dated by the construction of large dams on the Columbia Vernon consist of smal I widely scattered alluvial de­ River. Rhyolite and dolomite talus deposits hove been posits. used as aggregate sources in the highland area between The Sti lloguamish River in Snohomish County the towns of Onak and Conconully because of the contains large gravel bars that replenish themselves lack of sand and grovel. Another highland area where during high water, These bars are west of Arli ngton little or no grovel is found is the basaltic plateau in and contain hard-rounded gravel. Large reserves T. 31 N., Rs. 26 and 27 E.; basalt from quarries is of grovel are present in the terraces southwest of the most suitable material available in this area. In Arlington. Ferry County the production of aggregate is primarily The heavy population in King County, growth from grovel terrace deposits; however, the gravels of housing developments, and construction of highways occur as thin cappings on top of other glacial debris. has virtually depleted the ovoi Iable aggregate sources Along the Columbia River boundary of Ferry County in the urban area of Seattle. Those sources remaining the sources are limited to the gravel topping the high ore largely confined to the north-south-trending ridge terraces, as the deposits at lower elevations have been east of Issaquah, large deltoic gravels southeast of covered by Lake Roosevelt. Roadway materials ond Auburn, and the glacial outwash grovels in the vicinity commercial aggregate production in Chelan County of Kent. Many gravel terraces are evident near the is from glacial out-wash deposits limited to the lower shoreline of Vashon Island, indicating good potential elevations of the ma;or drainages. Deposits in the for development. Wenatchee and Entiat River Valleys and the Lake District 2.-District 2 encompasses ports of Wenatchee areas have all proven to be shallow in three diverse physiogrophic regions; the rugged youth­ depth and incapable of large yield per unit area. ful topography of the Cascade Mountains in the western Gravel deposits along the Columbia River in Chelan part, the subdued older landforms of the Okanogan County ore quite ex-tensive and hove good depth; Highlands in the northern part, and the level Col umbia however, many of the deposits have been inundated Basin in the southeastern part. Both alpine and con­ by the lake behind Rocky Reach Dam. Real estate tinental glaciers have affected the mountainous areas, developments and fruit production hove made other

4 deposits unavailable. However, although limited, as on enormous del to that hos served as o source of the reserves are adequate for many years ot the present high-quality aggregate for more than 50 years. The rote of production. Douglas County may be divided quality of this material is so high that the Washington into three general regions; glaciated plateau, non­ State Highway Deportment hos set the compressive glocioted plateau, and channeled scobland. Aggre­ strength of portlond cement concrete made with this gate production in all of these areas hos been almost material as a statewide standard of quality to which entirely from basalt quarries . However, excellent all other aggregates ore compared. Another vast sand and grovel deposits are found along the Columbia glacial outwosh plain extends south and westward from River and lower Moses Coulee in Douglas County as Olympia to the Chehalis River. The deposits found terrace and river bar deposits. in this area vary from pure sand to typical gravel-bar Sand and gravel in Grant County occuts in deposits, all of which provide high-quality construc­ huge quantities in the deltoic deposits of lower Grand tion material. The terraces found along the Chehalis Coulee and Dry Coulee; also the deposits along the River vdlley downstream to a point approximately 6 Columbia River between Vantage and Vernita contain miles west of Elmo contain large quantities of sand vast quantities of material. With the exception of the and grovel. However, because silts and cloys ore channeled coulee areas, the aggregate produced in intermixed, the quality of this material is limited. eastern Grant County is entirely from basalt quarries. Although several large rivers ore found on the west District 3.-ln District 3 sand and gravel side of the Olympic Peninsula, the sand and grovel deposits derived from continental glaciation are deposited by them is of marginal quality because it is practically limitless in quantity and almost all of composed largely of soft sedimentary ~md metamorphic excellent quality. Such deposits are particularly rocks from the Olympic Mountains. Some scattered common Tn the eastern one-third of the district. The deposits of sand and gravel are found along the north­ Kitsap Peninsula and the area south of Bremerton to ern edge of the O lympic Peninsula from Cape Flattery Tacoma contain vast deposits of sand. Coarse grovels to Port Angeles, but because they contain generol ly ore sparsely distributed, however, occurring mostly some soft rocks, they ore used only as fill materials. as deltoic deposits that were formed in ice- marginal Eastward from Port Angeles the aggregate quality is bodies of water. These deltoic deposits ore also well better because of a much higher percentage of rocks developed along the west side of Hood Canal . A of glacial origin. Quarry rock in this district is of glacial outwosh channel extends from the southern only minor importance for uses other than large riprap point of Hood Canal southwestward to Shelton and on material for two reasons. First, available quantities to the tributaries of the Sotsop River. Grovel deposits of excellent gravels in the eastern one- third of the of good quo I ity may be obtoi ned over most of the district encompass virtuol ly the some area as the sound channel. The very large outwosh plain extending quarry rocks. Second, in the areas not richly endowed south and west from Tacoma to Olympia contains ex­ with good sand and grovel, the rock obtained from cell-ent sand and grovel deposits of almost unlimited quarry sites is also of poor quality for use as any type quantity. At Steilacoom, within this area, on excep­ of crushed aggregate. tionally large delta deposit is located. It was depos­ District 4.- Sond and grovel deposits in Dis­ ited by escaping water from glacial Lake Puyallup os trict 4 may be divided into three groups: modern stream it emptied into glacial Lake Russell. The grovel come gravels, glacial outwosh and terrace deposits, and from the glacier as wel I as from the large channel cut older grovels which have undergone prolonged weather­ between the lakes . These materials were all deposited ing. s Recent stream deposits in large quantities and Only one area in this district has shown any of high enough quality for use in al l crushed products problem connected with the use of aggregate produced and as concrete aggregate ore confined to the channels, locally. The area from Keechelus Lake al_ong the bars, and bot,ks of only four rivers: the Tilton, East Yakima River to the town of Cle Elum has produced Fork of the Lewis, and the Columbia Rivers and the some materials of marginal quality, which contain Cowlitz above the mouth of the Toutle River. Smaller metamorphic rocks and sandstones. deposits of good material are found along some of the District 6.-North of the Spokane River, sand smaller rivers, such as the lower Washougal, Nisqual ly, and gravel deposits ate used almost exclusively for and many of the even smaller streams. Gravel deposits aggregate. These deposits are located along the Co­ in the Toutle and Kalama Rivers, North Fork of the lumbia, Kettle, Colville, and Pend Oreille Rivers, Lewis River and the Cowlitz below the mouth of the and through an area between Col vi 11 e and Tiger. The Tout le are composed of soft, lightweight, porous rock, deposits are very large recent river sediments that con­ and pumice sand suitable only for backfi 11 and borrow tain various rock types but do not include extrusive materials. The Grays River gravel contain particles igneous rocks. There are, however, remnants of basalt of soft shale; however, good quality grovel hos been in the Springdale Valley area of Stevens County that produced in areas of natural separation through an have been used as sources of road metal. The area increase in the velocity of the river. roughly bounded by Sacheen Lake on the south, Tiger Deposits of glacial origin occur at various on the north, the Pend Orei 11 e River on the east, and terrace levels along the Cowlitz and Columbia Rivers. a point about 5 miles east of Colville on the west, Although these terraces contain huge quantities of produces poorly sorted gravel that contains a high per­ sound gravel, many are very sandy or the gravel is centage of partially altered granite that tends to break coated with silt and clay, which necessitates washing. into its individual mineral particles upon crushing. The use of dry scalping in strong dry winds ls a very South of the Spokone River the sources for effective method of processing these materials from construction aggregates are basalt gravels and basalt the terraces an the Columbia River in Klickitat County. from quarry sites. The areas of grovel are roughly in Large deposits of outwash gravels derived from the a strip running southwest from Spokane to Washtucna Puget Sound glaciation are used in the vicinity of and along the Crab Creek drainage. These grovels Centralia. vary j n quo Ii ty from very good to poor. In areas where The usable older grovel deposits are confined the gravels are Jacking or of poor quality the crushed to the Logan Hill Formation. Th is formation consists basalt is used. The basalt is exposed in all major of rusty brown, well- rounded, i ran-cemented, guartz­ droi noges where the si It overburden has been removed ite gravels with most of the sand and other fine mate­ by erosion . rial highly weathered. Remnants of this formation have been found Tn all counties of the district. Summary District 5 .-Large quantities of high-quality sand and gravel as well as good quarry material are The sand and gravel resources of Washington present in District 5. The major sources of alluvial are adequate for most present and near-future needs. gravels are the Yakima, Columbia, and Snake Rivers. State Highway Districts 2, 3, and 5 contain the largest Aggregate from these rivers is generally hard, well reserves of high-quality sand and gravel, and in Dis­ rounded, and of a mixed-rock type, with basic igne­ tricts 4 and 6 the deposits are scattered and of moder­ ous rocks predominating. It is high-quality aggregate ate size. The deposits of District 1 are scattered and for all uses in construction. limited in quantity. 6 In the metropolitan areas urban expansion is METALS AND MINERALS CONFERENCE spreading into areas occupied by sand and gravel pits TO BE HELD IN SEATTLE IN MAY and aggregate plants. Zoning restrictions in these areas will force the closure of some operations, and The 1977 Pacific Northwest Metals and Min­ relocation of these operations to rural areas wi II in­ erols Conference will be held Moy 4, 5, and 6 at crease haulage costs. Large reserves of sand and the Washington Plaza Hotel, 5th and Westlake, gravel, especially in the Columbia Basin area, hove Seattle. Jointly hosted by the American Society of been and are being depleted by flooding from hydro­ Metals (Puget Sound Chapter) and the American In­ electric developments and through the development stitute of Mining Metallurgical and Petroleum Engi­ of land by irrigation projects. Improved zoning regu­ neers (North Pacific Section), the session will be lations properly administered could be extremely help~ devoted to "Minerals, Material, and Energy-Their ful in conserving valuable sand and grovel resources Reserves and Utilization. 11 for future use. For further information contact S. D. Schwarz, Shannon and Wi Ison, 1105 N. 38th, Seattle, WA 98103, phone (206) 632- 8020. UNPATENTED MINING CLAIMS MUST BE RECORDED WITH BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OPEN-FILE MAP On October 21 , 1976, the 94th Congress enacted Public Low 94-579- the Federal Land Policy The fol lowing map hos recently been released and Management Act or "Organic Act. 11 Section 314 by the U.S. Geological Survey and can now be of the act covers recordation of mining claims and inspected in our Division library: abandonment, which wil I affect the owners of oil Reconnaissance geologic map of the Columbia unpatented mining claims on federal land. Specific River Basalt Group, Pullman and Wallo questions about the recording of mining claims with Wallo quadrangles, southeast Washington the Bureau of Land Management may be directed to: and ad jocent Idaho, by D. A. Swanson and others. Two plates; geologic map and Bureau of Land Management Branch of Records and Doto Management explanation, consisting of cross sections U.S. Department of the Interior and legend. Scale: 1:250,000. P. O. Box 2965 Portland, OR 97208 Phone (503) 234- 3361 , Ext. 5248

or U. S. BUREAU OF MINES State of Washington BULLETIN 667 "M INERAL FACTS AND PROBLEMS" Department of Natural Resources NOW AVAILABLE Division of Geology and Earth Resources O lympia, WA 98504 Phone (206) 753-6183 The new "Mineral Facts and Problems, 11 1975 The Washington Division of Geology and Earth edition, is now available for a cost of $17 from the Resources hos prepared some material entitled U.S. Government Printing Office in Washington, D. C . "Questions and Answers-Recordotion of Mining Claims 20402. Its stock number is 024- 004-01893- 3. This and Abandonment. 11 This information is available comprehensive work {1,259 pages) discusses the indus­ upon request. try structure, reserves, technology, supply and demand 7 relationships, byproducts, economic factors, operating a group of Bureau commodity speciolists ond is one of problems, and outlook of the many mineral commodities the best reference books ovai lable on the mineral used in our society. The report hos been prepared by industry .

GEOLOGIC RESEARCH PROJECTS

Geologic research projects ore a continuing Patterned ground in the Spokane area. process ot our universities and colleges. The work Lee Tollyn. now in progress within Washington State is listed The Gillis lease on the Spokane Indian Reservation. below: Lee Nesbit. Geochemistry and petrology of plutonic rocks in north­ Central Washington State Co l lege eastern Washington. Wolter Nijak.

- Faculty Research Projects - Chemistry of Cascade volcanics (including Washington strotovolconoes). Andy Leszcykowski. Structure and stratigraphy of the Columbia River Palynology of the Badger Lake area, Washington. Basalts. Robert D. Bentley. Rudy Ni ckmann. Geology of the Parke Creek area, Kittitas County. Steven E. Farkas. University of Puget Sound Glacial geology of the Waterville Plateau area. Don Ringe. - Faculty Research Projects -

Eastern Washington State College Gravity survey of Mount Rainier area, Washington. Z. F. Danes. - Faculty Research Proiects - Magnetic depth estimates in the Puget Sound area. Z. F. Danes. Paleomognetic investigation of plutonic rocks of Tectonic pattern in the State of Washington. northeastern Washington. W. K. Steele. Z. F. Dones. Fumaro le and geothermal ice cave monitoring, Mounts Rainier and Boker. E. P. Kiver. - Student Research Projects - Permian bryozoans of the carbonate units of the Mission Argillite, northeastern Washington. Geophysical investigation of Mount Adams area, E. H. Gilmour. Washington. Steve Rowley. Petrochemistry of Columbia River Basalts. Geophysical survey of Puyallup Volley area, Wash­ F. E. Mutschler, W. L. Wilkerson, and ington. Louis Lepp. D. F. Stradling. Crustal structure of Puget Sound from seismic data. Bob Bryce.

University of Washington - Student Research Projects - - Faculty Research Projects - Geologic hazards in the Spokane quadrangle. Tom Davis. Structural and petrologic evolution of the San Juan 8 Islands and adjacent areas. Darrel S. Cowan Mount Shuksan 15' quad., compilotion under prepa­ and John T. Whetten. ration. Peter Misch. Structure, stratigraphy, and sedimentology of the Metamorphic foci es and petrogenesis of Shuksan Chiwaukum graben. John T. Whetten. Greenschist. Peter Misch . Origin of chaotic rocks in the San Juan Islands. Petrology of Cascade River Schist and its associated Darrel S. Cowan. metaplutonic rocks. Location: largely ih Stratigraphy, metamorphism, and tectonic evolution Marblemount 15' quad., but includes port of of the Son Juan Islands. Joseph A. Vance. Eldorado Peak, Cascade Pass and Sonnyboy Tertiary stratigraphy and structure of the area between Lakes 7!' quads. Peter Mi sch . Dorrington and Skykomish. Joseph A. Vonce. Metosomotic progressive metomorphism of ultramofic Tertiary tectonic emplocement of ultramafic rocks in rocks in Skagit Metamorphic Suite (Skagit the Darrington area. Joseph A. Vance. Gneiss and Cascade River Schist). Fission trock geochronology of the Tertiary volcanic Peter Misch. rocks of the centrol Cascades (Mount Rainier­ Geology, geochemistry and origin of the Golden Horn Dorri ngton). Joseph A. Vance. batholith. With R. T. Stull. Includes parts Chronology of neoglacial moraines at Mount Rainier. of Crater Mtn., Azurite Peak, Slate Peak, Stephen C. Porter. Mount Arrive, Washington Pass, Silver Star Stream channel processes during aggrcidotion, Big Beef Mountain, 7!' quads. , etc. Peter Misch. Creek, Kitsap County. Thomas Dunne and Outline of the petrology of the Yellow Aster Complex Mary Ann Modej (the pre-Devonian basement of the North­ Geologic hazards of the Skagit nuclear power site. western Cascades). Peter Misch . Eric S. Cheney. Glacier Peak tephra in the eastern North Cascades. Stratigraphy and structure of the Okanogan Highlands . Stephen C . Porter. Eric S. Cheney. Paleontology of the Ringold Formation. John M. Structure and origin of the Twin Sisters Dunite. Rensberger and Eric Gustafson. Nikolas I. Christensen. Stratigrophy and structure of rocks in the Hoh River­ Physical properties of Olympic Peninsula groywockes. Clearwater River area, western Olympic Nikolas I. Christensen. Peninsula. Richard J. Stewart. The origin of Washington State ophiolites. Nikolos I. Christensen. - Graduate Program - Gravity studies south and southwest of Mount Boker. Nikolas I. Christensen. Contact metamorphism of marbles, Cave Ridge, Review of geologic conditions at proposed nuclear Snoqualmie potholith. David Mogk . plant sites in Washington. Howard A. Coombs. Volcanic and glacial stratigraphy of the Goat Rocks Petrology of ultramofic hornfelses, Icicle Creek, area, central Cascade Mountains. central Cascades. B. R. Frost. Geoffrey Clayton. Stratigraphy and structural geology of the Wenatchee Mechanics of river meanders, Sinlahekin River. formation. Randall L. Gresens. William Dietrich. Morblemount 15' quad. Geology by Peter Misch Geology and petrology of the Chaval Mountain area, 1949-1967. Peter Misch. North Cascades, Washington. Jeremy Boak. Mount Boker 15' quad. , being com pi Ied by Peter Geology of the McClure Mts. area, Okanogan Mi sch from 1949-1975 fie Id data. County, Washington. F. William Burnet. 9 Factors affecting the geochemistry of Williamson Methods of avalanche prediction and control. Creek, Snohomish County, Washington. E. LoChape ll e. David Dethier. Investigation of the Blue Glacier, Mount Olympus. Hydrothermal clay and thermal activity in source C . Raymond . areas of debris avalanches at Mount Rainier Seismicity in the Puget Sound region. R. Crosson . and Mount Baker. Dov id Frank. Seismicity in the lake Chelan-Grand Coulee region. A structural and petrologic study of the Chiwaukum S. W. Smith and S. Malone. schist north and east of Stevens Pass, Wash­ Seismicity in the Hanford region. N. Rasmussen . ington. Jennifer Getsinger. Structure of the ocean- continent transition. Paleoecology of the sagebrush region of eastern B. lewis. Washington. Dennis Hibbert. Gravity and elevation changes in western Washington. l ate Quaternary evolution of western Washington N. Rasmussen and R. Bostrom. coast. A. Dan Horn . Stratologic analysis of the Intra-Miocene Ochoco Western Washington State College unconformity in Washington-Oregon. Sandro Leo. - Recently Completed Master's Theses - Fossil vertebrates from the Clarendonian and Hemphi I lion of northern Oregon and Ca-Al phase relations of the Shukson metamorphic Washington. James Mortin. suite, north Cascades, Washington. Structure and petrology of the Ingalls Complex and Jami Fernette. associated pre-Tertiary rocks near Mount - Master's Theses Proposals - Stuart, central Cascades. Robert Mi 11 er. Detai led structure of a segment of the Ross lake Origin of landslides in the lower Skagit and Boker Fault west of Ross Lake. Wesley Wallace. River volleys, Washington. Paul Heller. Chemical alteration of Quaternary sediments, Puget Puget Sound bluff stability and shoreline changes in Lowlands, Washington. Linton Wildrick. Skagit County, Washington. Rolph F. Keuler. Paleontology of the Skookumchuck Formation in the Seasonal ecology of Recent Benthic Forominifera in Central-Chehalis area, Washington . Samish Bay, Washington. Garry Jones. Bruce Wiley. Structural analysis of the Shuksan metamorphic rocks near Gee Point, north Cascades, Washington. Geophysics Program Michael Morrison . - Geophysical Research Projects - The relationship between ultromafic rocks and Shuksan metamorphic rocks near Gee Point, north Earthquake swarms at Wooded Island (on Columbia Cascades, Washington. Don i e I Wilson. River by Richland). G. Rothe, S. W. Smith, Volcanic geology of a portion of the south flank of J. Booker. Mount Boker, Washington . Doug McKeever. Seismicity and gravity changes at Mount Baker. The tectonic environment of the Fidalgo ophiolite. S. Malone, S. W. Smith. Daryl Gusey. Gravity and magnetic investigation of the Skagit Th e shape of the poleomagnetic field using directional Valley. W. Foxall. data sets. David Engebretsen . Gravity and seismic investigation of the Chiwaukum The role of shoredrift in the origin of beach cusps. graben. R. Silting. John Spasari • lO The relationship of geologic setting to cool petrogrophy. Poleomognetism of Pleistocene sediments in the Puget Bob Crondal I. Lowland. Don Easterbrook. Poleomognetic study of the Teonoway Basalts and Slope stability of coostlines of Whatcom County. Goble Volcanics, Washington. Cynthia Burr. Don Easterbrook . Stratigraphy and chronology of raised beach terraces, Chronology and correlation of Pleistocene sediments. Bay View Ridge, Skagit County. Relative Don Easterbrook. isostatic and eustatic changes since the Volcanic and glacial history of Mount Baker. Everson interstode. Bob Siegfried. Don Easterbrook.

- Faculty Research Projects - Washington State University

Poleomognetism and tec~~nics of southwestern Wash­ Deportment of Geology ington. Myrl Beck. Paleomognetism of the Mount Stuart batholith. - Research Projects - Myrl Beck. Magnetic properties of basalt from the Cobb seomount. Geology of Squaw Creek prospect, Northport, Stevens Myrl Beck. County. Francis Beko and Joseph W. Mills. Regional geophysics of northwestern Washington. Structural analysis of Chino Bend, northeastern Wash­ Myrl Beck. ington, Stevens County. Jason Bressler. Petrology and structure of the Shuksan metamorphic Copper-gold prospects, Kettle Fol ls, Stevens County. unit, north Cascades, Washington. Michael Broch and Joseph W. Mills. Edwin H. Brown. Geophysical investigation of Washington ground-water Origin of ophiolite in the San Juan Islands. resources, eastern Washington. James W. Edwin H. Brown. Crosby 111. Semiahmoo Boy tidal currents, Whatcom County, Geophysical investigation of physical properties of Washington. Maurice L. Schwartz. Ringold Formation, Hanford Reservation. Port Susan Boy tidal sedimentation. Mouri ce L. Jomes W. Crosby Ill. Schwartz, Geology and Thomas Teri ch, Geophysical investigation of Pullman- Moscow ground­ Geography. water basin, Whitman County, Washington, Study of the Tertiary cools of western Washington . Latah County, Idaho. Jomes W. Crosby 111 . Charles A. Ross. Structural analysis of the Nancy Creek metamorphic Bock-col cu lotions of soi I strength parameters from terrace, Ferry County, northeastern Washing­ simple measurements on landslides. ton. Brion Donnelly. Andre Leh re. Petrology of the Metaline Limestone, Stevens and Petrology and geochemistry of intrusi ve rocks in the Pend Oreille Counties, Washington. lllabot range, north Cascades, Washington. Howard Fischer. R. S. Babcock. Columbia River Basalt stratigraphy, petrology and Petrology and geochemistry of the Chilliwock com­ geochemistry in Asotin and Whitman Counties. posite botholith, north Cascades, Washington. Peter R. Hooper. R. S. Babcock. Metaline Limestone-Ledbetter Slate contact, Stevens Petrology and geochemistry of crystal line rocks on County. Bruce Hurley and Joseph W. Mills. southern Fidalgo Island and northern Whidbey Uranium concentration in the ground waters of the Island, Washington. R. S. Babcock. Pullman- Moscow basin, Latah County, Idaho 11 and Whitman County, Washington. Carson; M. J . Bartholomew, Longwood Vernon lchimura. College. Mineralogy of the sediments of Wildcat Lake, Star­ Quaternary and environmental geology of eastern buck quadrong Ie, Whitman County. Jefferson County. R. J. Carson; Marty Clarence Johnson. Gayer , North Carolina State University; Friobility of Addy Quartzite, Stevens County. Kathryn Hanson. Gale Knutsen and Joseph W. Mills. Slope stability in the southern Hood Canal area. Mineralogy of oxides and sulfide accessory minerals Mackey Smith, Washington Division of of Columbia River Basalt of southeastern Geology and Earth Resources; R. J. Carson. Washington . David Korzendorfer and Re lative compressibility of earth materials in the Joseph W. Mi lls. southern Hood Canal area. R. J. Corson; Base metal sulfides and barite in middle to late Paleo­ Mackey Smith, Wash ington Division of zoic elastic metasedimentory rocks of north­ Geology and Earth Resources. eastern Washington. Joseph W. Mills. Wo ll -rock a lteration at the Rendezvous prospect,

Methow Va lley, Okanogan County. Yakima Valley College Donatus Orazulike. Geochemistry of Wildcat Lake, Whitman County, Geologic hazards of Yakima County, Washington. Washington • Phi Ii p E. Rosenberg and Newell Campbell. Franklin F. Foit, Jr. Geohydrology and the Moxee Bog. Newel I Campbel I Beach erosion in the San Juan Islands, Son Juan and Lynn Hendrix. County, Washington. W. Frank Scott. Mineral identification of the Cowan and Eustace Cretaceous stratigraphy, Son Juan Island, San Juan collections, Yakima Valley Historical County. W. Frank Scott. Museum. Newell Campbell. National geological natural landmarks program, U.S. National Parks Service, Columbia River Plateaus. W. Fronk Scott. Petrogenesis of Mount Baker, Wash ing ton, Whatcom IN MEMOR IUM County. Victor Swan . Structural synthesis of Kootnay Arc, northeast Wash­ W . A. G. (Ben) Bennett was born in Hickory ington, Stevens County. A. John Watkinson . County, Missouri in 1900. He died on February 8, Fluid inclusion thermometry, lead-zinc ores, Pend 1977 in his home in Olympia. Surviving are his wife Orei I le County. Nancy Wotrubo and Maude, Olympia; a son Major Williom Glenn Bennett, Joseph W. Mi ll s. stationed at Scott- Air Force Base in Ill inois; and three grandchildren. Whitman College Ben was a geologist with the Division of Geol­ ogy and Earth Resources for many years before he Deportment of Geology retired in 1970. His degree in geology was obtained Landslides along Hood Canal. Jeff Gryto, North from Washington State in 1925 and his master's in Carolina State U.; R. J . Carson. 1928. He then worked for the Anaconda Copper Co. Quaternary faults of southeastern O lympic Peninsula. unti I 1930 when he returned to teach geology at­ Joe Wi Ison, Gardner-Webb Coll ege; R. J. Washington State unti I 1935. He returned to school 12 f •.•

at the University of Chicago and received his doctor­ kindly person than Ben; there was not a pretentious ate in 1937. bone in his body. I believe Ben epitomized what I Ben was a member of the Geological Society would coll a professional person. He was quiet, un­ of America, America Institute of Mining and Metal­ assuming, perfectly honest, and I don't think I ever lurgical Engineers, American Men of Science, Ameri­ heard him soy on unkind word about anyone. He can Geophysical Society, Sigma Gamma Epsilon, and lived for geology; whereas, most of us use geology as Koppa Epsilon Pi. a means to an end, geology was the end to Ben . After he retired from our Division, he bought himself a petrographic microscope and continued to study a YOUR STATE GEOLOGIST REPORTS shonkinite intrusive that hod intrigued him for years. The world is poorer at Ben's passing, but it is My old friend W. A. G . Bennett passed on also richer because of his life. To his dear wife Maude lost month. As I sat at his funeral listening to the and son Bill the entire Division staff expresses their eulogy, two words were used that almost told Ben 's sympathy and regret. He was a good man, and we ore (as he was known to his fellow workers) whole life. better for having known him. Those two words were "gent Iemon" and II unostentotious. 11 I don't know that I have ever met o more gentlemanly, Ted Livingston

U.S. GEOLOG ICAL SURVEY 7!-MINUTE TOPOGRAPHIC QUADRANGLES (Mops received in the division library since July l, 1976)

Nome New Photo Latitude Longitude County edition revised (indicates southeast corner)

Deming 1972 48°45'00" 122°07'00" Whatcom Enumclaw 1968; 1973 47°07'30 11 121 °52'30" King; Pierce Groylond 1973 46°45'00" 124°00'00" Grays Harbor; Pacific Knappton 1973 46°15'00" 123°45'00" Pacific Lo Conner 1968; 1973 48°22'30 11 122°22'30" Skagit Maple Falls 1972 48°52'30" 122°00'00" Whatcom Marysville 1968;1973 48°00'00" 122°07'30" Snohomish Reardan West 1973 47°37'30" 117°52'3011 Lincoln Wellpinit 1973 46°52'30" 117°52'30" Stevens Westport 1973 46°52'3011 124°00'00" Grays Harbor Yakima West 1974 46°30'00" 120°30'00" Yakima

15-MINUTE TOPOGRAPHIC QUADRANGLES

Ayer 1948 46°30100'' 118°15'00" Franklin; Wallo Wallo (formerly Hoos, reprinted in 1976)

13 ·-._ -

IUUC LUI Department of Naturol Resources U. S. ,OST AGE ,AID Division of Geology and Earth Resources 01.,,..ple, w.. i. ... .­ Olympia, WA 98504 ,_,. 26l