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Analysis of the FM Radio Spectrum for Secondary Licensing of Low-Power Short-Range Cognitive Internet-Of-Things Devices Via Cognitive Radio

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Analysis of the FM Radio Spectrum for Secondary Licensing of Low-Power Short-Range Cognitive Internet-Of-Things Devices Via Cognitive Radio Analysis of the FM Radio Spectrum for Secondary Licensing of Low-Power Short-Range Cognitive Internet-of-Things Devices via Cognitive Radio by Derek Thomas Otermat Bachelor of Science Electrical Engineering University of Florida 2008 Master of Science Electrical Engineering Florida Institute of Technology 2011 A dissertation submitted to the College of Electrical Engineering at Florida Institute of Technology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of: Doctor of Philosophy in Electrical and Computer Engineering Melbourne, Florida November, 2016 We the undersigned committee hereby recommend that the attached document be accepted as fulfilling in part the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of Electrical Engineering. “Analysis of the FM Radio Spectrum for Secondary Licensing of Short-Range Low-Power Cognitive Internet-of-Things Devices via Cognitive Radio,” a dissertation by Derek Thomas Otermat ______________________________________________ Ivica Kostanic, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering Dissertation Advisor ______________________________________________ Carlos E. Otero, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering ______________________________________________ Brian Lail, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering ______________________________________________ Munevver Subasi, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Mathematical Sciences ______________________________________________ Samuel Kozaitis, Ph.D. Professor and Department Head, Electrical and Computer Engineering Abstract Title: Analysis of the FM Radio Spectrum for Secondary Licensing of Low-Power Short-Range Cognitive Internet of Things Devices via Cognitive Radio Author: Derek Thomas Otermat Advisor: Ivica Kostanic, Ph.D. The number of Internet of Things (IoT) devices is predicated to reach 200 billion by the year 2020. This rapid growth is introducing a new class of low-power short-range wireless devices that require the use of radio spectrum for the exchange of information. To offset this extraneous demand for radio spectrum, the low-power short-range IoT devices need to utilize vacant spectrum through the use of Cognitive Radio (CR). The analysis presented in this dissertation indicates that the FM radio spectrum is underutilized in areas of the continental United States that have a population of 100,000 or less. These locations have vacant FM radio spectrum of at least 13 MHz with sufficient spectrum spacing between adjacent FM radio channels. The spectrum spacing provides the required bandwidth for data transmission and provides enough bandwidth to minimize interference introduced by neighboring predicted and unpredicted FM radio stations and other low-power short range IoT devices. To ensure that low-power short- range IoT devices maintain reliable communications vacant radio spectrum, such as the FM radio spectrum in these areas, will need to be used through CR. iii Table of Contents Abstract ......................................................................................................................... iii List of Keywords .......................................................................................................... vii List of Figures ............................................................................................................. viii List of Tables................................................................................................................. ix List of Abbreviations...................................................................................................... x Dedication .................................................................................................................... xii Publications ................................................................................................................. xiii Chapter 1: Introduction .............................................................................................. 1 1.1 Problem Statement .......................................................................................... 1 1.2 Research Question ........................................................................................... 1 1.3 Impact Statement ............................................................................................. 2 1.4 Organization of the Dissertation ...................................................................... 2 Chapter 2: Literature Review ..................................................................................... 4 2.1 Internet-of-Things ........................................................................................... 4 2.1.1 Internet-of-Things Applications ............................................................... 7 2.1.2 Internet-of-Things Enabling Technologies ............................................ 11 2.1.3 Cognitive Internet-of-Things ................................................................. 13 2.2 Cognitive Radio ............................................................................................. 17 2.2.1 Cognitive Radio Overview ..................................................................... 17 2.2.2 Spectrum Scarcity .................................................................................. 19 2.2.3 TV White Space ..................................................................................... 23 Chapter 3: FM Radio ............................................................................................... 28 3.1 FM Radio Zones ............................................................................................ 28 3.2 FM Radio Station Classes ............................................................................. 28 3.3 FM Radio Protected Service Contours .......................................................... 29 Chapter 4: FM Radio Spectrum Analysis Algorithm .............................................. 31 4.1 Step One: Generate State Station File ........................................................... 32 4.2 Step Two: Calculate Station Distances to CUA ............................................ 33 4.3 Step Three: Remove Stations Outside Maximum Protected Service Contour 34 iv 4.4 Step Four: Remove Stations Outside Protected Service Contour ................. 34 4.5 Step Five: Calculate FM Stations Field Strength at CUA ............................. 35 4.5.1 Propagation Model ................................................................................. 35 4.6 Step Six: Remove Stations with Field Strengths Less Than Protected Field Strengths ................................................................................................................... 36 Chapter 5: FM Radio Spectrum Measurements ....................................................... 37 5.1 Measurement Locations ................................................................................ 37 5.2 Measurement Hardware ................................................................................ 38 5.2.1 Receiving Antenna ................................................................................. 38 5.2.2 Software Defined Radio ......................................................................... 40 5.3 Measurement Software .................................................................................. 42 5.4 Measurements ................................................................................................ 44 5.4.1 Location 1 Measurements ...................................................................... 46 5.4.2 Location 2 Measurements ...................................................................... 49 5.4.3 Location 3 Measurements ...................................................................... 51 5.4.4 Location 4 Measurements ...................................................................... 53 5.4.5 Location 5 Measurements ...................................................................... 55 5.5 Comparison to Algorithm Results ................................................................. 57 Chapter 6: United States FM Radio Maps ............................................................... 59 6.1 Coordinates Under Analysis .......................................................................... 59 6.2 FM Radio Station Protected Coverage Map .................................................. 60 6.3 Unallocated FM Radio Spectrum Coverage Map ......................................... 66 6.4 Vacant FM Radio Spectrum .......................................................................... 69 6.5 CIoT Deployment Bitrates ............................................................................ 72 6.6 FM Radio Map Conclusions .......................................................................... 74 Chapter 7: CIoT Deployment in the FM Radio Spectrum ....................................... 77 7.1 Low-Power Short-Range CIoT Devices ........................................................ 77 7.2 Spectrum Management: Access Control ....................................................... 78 7.2.1 FM Radio Spectrum Geolocation Database ........................................... 79 7.2.2 Spectrum Sensing ................................................................................... 80 7.3 Spectrum Management: Spectrum Utilization .............................................. 82 7.3.1 Frequency Multiplexing ......................................................................... 82 v
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