Umeå University Dissertation Issn 1650-304X Isbn 91-7305-397-X
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UMEÅ UNIVERSITY DISSERTATION ISSN 1650-304X ISBN 91-7305-397-X From the Department of Modern Languages/English, Faculty of Humanities, Umeå University, Sweden Watching Women, Falling Women. Power and Dialogue in Three Novels by Margaret Atwood. ^1v £ «5 * °< vä o . V AN ACADEMIC DISSERTATION which will, on the proper authority of the Chancellor's Office of Umeå University for passing the doctoral examination, be publicly defended in Hörsal F, Humanisthuset on Saturday, 29 March, at 10.15. Katarina Gregersdotter Umeå University Umeå 2003 Katarina Gregersdotter: Watching Women, Falling Women. Power and Dialogue in Three Novels by Margaret Atwood. Department of Modern Languages/English, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden. Monograph 2003, Skrifter från moderna språk 7 ISSN 1650-304X ISBN 91-7305-397-X Distributed by the Department of Modern Languages/English, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå. Abstract This study examines the three novels Cat s Eye, The Robber Bride, and Alias Grace by Margaret Atwood. It focuses on the female characters and their relationships to each other: Their friendships are formed in a patriarchally structured environment and are therefore arenas for defending and controlling the norms of such a structure. The women continually watch each other and themselves, and through the power exercise of watching, femininity is constructed. Atwood describes acts of dialogic storytelling as a means to find options to gendered behavior. Key words: Atwood, cyborg, dialogics, dualism, falling, femininity, feminism, friendship, gender studies, literature analysis, mobility, place, power, storytelling, watching, water, women Institutionen för moderna språk Umeå universitet S- 901 87 Umeå Tfn.+46 90 786 51 38 Fax +46 90 786 60 23 http://w ww .mos.um u.se/fo rskning/publikationer Skrifter från moderna språk 7 Umeå universitet ISSN1650-304X Redaktör: Raoul J. Granqvist © 2003 Katarina Gregersdotter Omslag: Anders Wiklund Tryckt av Print och Media, Umeå universitet,2003,302026 ISBN 91-7305-397-X ISSN 1650-304X Watching Women, Falling Women Power and Dialogue in Three Novels by Margaret Atwood Katarina Gregersdotter Skrifter frän moderna språk 7 Institutionen för moderna språk Umeå Universitet 2003 for my family andfriends CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 9 INTRODUCTION 11 CHAPTER ONE: A THEORETICAL FRAME 33 A DUALISTIC BASE 33 MOBILITY 37 MIKHAIL BAKHTIN AND DIALOGICS 41 CHAPTER TWO "THERE WILL BE NO END TO PERFECTION:" CONSTRUCTIONS OF FEMININITY 51 DEFINING ATWOOD'S GENDERED PLACES 53 MONOLOGIC STORYTELLING 55 PLACES AND IMMOBILITY 61 THE WATCHBIRD: THE INTERNALIZED GUARD OF PATRIARCHY 69 SOCIETAL IMPACTS ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF FEMININITY 79 PLACES OF BITCHES, VIOLENCE, AND WAR 86 CHAPTER THREE RE -WATCHING AND RE-TELLING SELF AND PLACE 96 HALF A FACE: ELAINE 98 CORDELIA 103 THE VIRGIN MARY 109 THE CAT'S EYE 112 INTRODUCING ZENIA 118 THE STORIES OF TONY, CHARIS, ROZ, AND ZENIA 125 GRACE 139 MARY WHITNEY AND JEREMIAH THE PEDDLER 141 PATCHWORKS AND QUILTING 144 CHAPTER FOUR FALLING WOMEN AND WATER or WOMEN FALLING IN WATER 152 FALLING/FALLING WOMEN 153 WATER 165 SUMMARY AND CONCLUDING REMARKS 177 WORKS CONSULTED 182 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I have encountered many good people over the years, who have all done their best to help me through this process of starting, working with, and finally, finishing this dissertation. Here, I would like to thank them. "Acknowledgements" seems to me a word not quite appropriate, it is somehow too vague. Gratitude is perhaps a better word. Because that is what I feel: the deepest gratitude. I have been blessed with more than one supervisor. First of all, I would like to thank my supervisor Professor Raoul Granqvist who has, despite not being my supervisor from the very beginning, helped me immensely with my work. His interest in, and knowledge of, the critical discourses of power politics have been highly appreciated and valuable. Associate Professor Mark Troy's encouragement and constructive criticism have been never-ending, and I don't even know how to express my gratitude properly. Thank you. My first supervisor, the former Professor of the English department, S ven-Johan Spånberg, was always an extremely wise and thorough reader, whose opinion I always valued without hesitation. The staff of the Department of Modem Languages has been tremendously supportive on all levels. It's been a comfort to know that I can knock on anybody's door and find help, advice or just a moment to sit down and discuss a new film or anything else not work related. I would like to mention everybody but I will have to settle for just a few names: Gerd Lilljegren, Gunn-Marie Forsberg, Christina Karlberg, Johan Nordlander, Per-Arne Öberg and Pat Shrimpton. The literary seminar has always been helpful and often a platform for very co nstructive criticism. I owe much to Philip Grey, Lena Karlsson, Heidi Hansson, Anders Steinvall, Elias Schwieler, Berit Åström, Malin Isaksson, Mia Svensson, Christina Oldman, Claire Hogarth, Van Leavenworth, Elisabeth Mårald, Monica Loeb, and finally, and perhaps most importantly, Maria Lindgren. All of you know how much I value your friendship. Thank you all. I don't think any of us would have been who we are today without the generous atmosphere we actually have managed to create. I think we both work and play well together. Dr. Billy Gray helped me immensely with structure, style, and grammar. It is highly appreciated. Thank you. Anders Wiklund helped me with the cover and layout, and for that I will always be grateful. Thank you for everything. You are the best. Because of a generous contribution from the Wallenberg foundation I could spend two years concentrating on my work. Furthermore, Fredrika Bremer-förbundet gave me a month of working peace when I needed it the most. Thanks. I would of course like to mention many more names here. To show my friends and family how much they have helped me and stood by me, I therefore dedicate this work to them. You know who you are. 11 INTRODUCTION The aim of this study is to examine and discuss the themes of the exercise of power and constructions of femininity in the three novels by the Canadian author Margaret Atwood: Cat's Eye (1988), The Robber Bride (1992), and Alias Grace (1996). In my view, these novels clearly demonstrate Atwood's contribution to the contemporary feminist discussions of a gendered world. She furthermore explores potential altern atives to social monologue. This dissertation deals primarily with the construction and reconstruction of the self-images and identities of the major female characters in the three works. I discuss constructions of identity from a feminist standpoint, and aspects of gender structures are accentuated. Since this work is limited to a discussion of the female characters, for reasons explained below, only constructions of femininity will be examined.1 There will be an examination of the female characters' relationships to each other. I aim to show how normative, patriarchal structures, in these novels, work as obstacles to relationships between women. Patriarchal structures and related value systems do not encourage friendships. On the contrary, I argue that Margaret Atwood shows that they rather actively work against them. There is an emphasis on watching, which I regard as the major component in construing femininity. Watching equals a form of power exercise in these novels. The watcher has, in the novels, internalized a patriarchal value system. It is an intricate surveillance system, but with a simple result: the watcher constructs and the watched is constructed. Furthermore, I will argue that what I call monologic storytelling is, in Atwood s novels, highly important in the creation of femininity. I discuss femininity in Atwood as being a normative, traditional, and patriarchal story which is told and re told so often it become internalized and a given. In the novels, it is only possible to tell new, unconventional stories through dialogic interaction. 1 Gender is, in short, socially, culturally and historically created as opposed to an essentialist belief that gender and sex are biologically created, and therefore inherent. For discussions, see, for example Sophia Boca and Rebecca Wright, Introducing Postfeminism (Cambridge: Icon Books, 1999), and Roger N. Lancaster, Micaela di Leonardo, eds.., The Gender/Sexuality Reader (New York: Routledge, 1997). 12 There will be an examination of how, for whom, why, and where the gendered stories available for the female characters in Cat 's Eye, The Robber Bride, and Alias Grace are told. I will discuss the stories themselves and the consequences of seem ingly telling them voluntarily. This act of storytelling has negative effects on female friendships. It is also possible to claim that the friendships — since they are formed in a patriarchal environment — have negative effects on the subjects. Furthermore, I will examine Atwood's suggested strategies for achieving alternatives to the patterned be havior that comes with the assigned stories. I also discuss the concepts of place and borders. The borders in Atwood's texts, are symbolic borders of norms. These borders are imprisoning and limit the physical and psychological mobility for the female protagonists. Critic Sherill Grace observes that Margaret Atwood often places a focus in her writing on breaking "imprisoning circles;"2 and I will hence explore exactly how this break and outbreak is performed in the narratives. The importance of dialogic storytelling will be stressed here. Finally, I will concentrate on a couple of important, recurring, images and discuss their rele vance to the issue of femininity in the narratives. These are 'falling' and 'water.' In this introductory chapter I will briefly discuss the major concepts which run through this thesis: femininity, friendship, internalization, watching, power, storytelling, and place. My focus on femininity and female characters is a conscious choice based on the fact that, in the Atwood world of fiction, patriarchal structures and values can be upheld independently of men.