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Copyright by María Ángeles Fernández 2008 Copyright by María Ángeles Fernández 2008 The Dissertation Committee for María Ángeles Fernández Certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Tradición e innovación en las Novelas a Marcia Leonarda de Lope de Vega Committee: Stanislav Zimic, Supervisor Lily Litvak Jaime Nicolopulos Michael Harney Marjorie C. Woods Tradición e innovación en las Novelas a Marcia Leonarda de Lope de Vega by María Ángeles Fernández, B.A.; M.A. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin May 2008 Dedicatoria A Stanislav Zimic, “maestro de esforzados y valientes” Agradecimientos Quiero expresar mi gratitud a los profesores Jaime Nicolopulos y Michael Harney por su paciencia y asistencia en la preparación de mi disertación. A la profesora Marjorie Woods estoy profundamente agradecida por su valiosa ayuda, y conmovida por su brillantez y curiosidad intelectual. A la exquisita Lily Litvak, deslumbrante en todos los sentidos, por su generosidad y su inestimable apoyo, y por la oportunidad única de disfrutar de sus clases, de su compañía y de su sentido del humor. A mi preciosa familia, por su apoyo incondicional y por su amor de siempre: todos ellos son mi roca. A mi marido Marcel, compañero y cómplice en todo lo que hago, de cuya nobleza y paciencia aprendo todos los días. De él es la mitad de este trabajo. Mi más profunda admiración y gratitud para el maestro Stanislav Zimic, cuya influencia y guía han sido determinantes durante mis años de carrera y vitales en la redacción de esta disertación, y cuya pasión, excelencia e integridad son y serán un referente constante en mi vida. Mi Cervantes, Calderón y Lope más queridos y admirados suenan con acento eslavo. v Tradición e innovación en las Novelas a Marcia Leonarda de Lope de Vega Publication No._____________ María Ángeles Fernández, Ph.D. The University of Texas at Austin, 2008 Supervisor: Stanislav Zimic This dissertation makes a case for the importance played by four short stories, Lope de Vega’s Novelas a Marcia Leonarda, in the development of the modern novel, and will contribute an exhaustive analysis of Lope’s narrative strategy and the way he confronts and solves the various problems between theory and narrative practice, reconsidering the boundaries of fiction and revealing the permeability and porosity of the new genre The Novelas a Marcia Leonarda have received scarce attention by critics and only a handful of generic works and articles have been published on the subject. Critics have perceived “inconsistencies” to Aristotle’s theory in the text, such as the numerous digressions or the implausability of certain episodes and characters. My dissertation claims just the opposite: these alleged inconsistencies are legitimate under the light of a different approach, as they are intended as devices to enhance the narrative. I consider the love-offering that frames the Novelas a Marcia Leonarda to be the key to vi interpretation of the real driving force that underlies all four stories; as love offerings, the four novelas are written exclusively to gratify a very particular reader. From this perspective, the literary creative process itself is depicted as a dialogue between two lovers, whose mutual interaction brings the story to life. The complicity between them makes the articulation of the story a game of two, where it is “allowed” to simultaneously praise the virtues and parody the weaknesses of the existing narrative forms. Considering the dialogue with Marcia as the key point of departure, my dissertation examines all the components that take part in the process of the gestation of the four stories: elements that belong to oral communication (such as the overall empathetic tone and the inclusion of spontaneous digressions), conventions and techniques from the most influential novelistic genres at the time (such as the Chivalric novel, the Pastoral novel, the Moorish novel and the Byzantine novel), the intertextual dialogue with Cervantes and some references to Lope’s own biographical anecdotes and intimate facts about his relationship with Marta de Nevares, his last love and the alter ego of the reader Marcia. vii Índice Las Novelas a Marcia Leonarda: Introducción.......................................................1 Lope novelador ...............................................................................................5 Apuntes biográficos ......................................................................................15 La dramatización del acto de lectura ............................................................33 Las Novelas a Marcia Leonarda y la metaficción........................................42 Génesis y tradición del relato corto en españa..............................................45 Capítulo I: Lo bizantino en Las fortunas de Diana ...............................................60 Capítulo II: La desdicha por la honra .................................................................110 Capítulo III: El dramaturgo como novelador: La prudente venganza .................143 El autor escénico, narrador .........................................................................147 Los intercolunios ........................................................................................159 El curioso impertinente y La prudente venganza .......................................173 Capítulo IV: Guzmán el Bravo, el Quijote lopesco .............................................183 Don Felis y don Quijote..............................................................................191 Marcia, co-autora del relato ........................................................................196 Guzmán el Bravo y la oralidad....................................................................209 Conclusiones........................................................................................................215 Bibliografía ..........................................................................................................219 Vita .....................................................................................................................227 viii Las Novelas a Marcia Leonarda: Introducción Y luego, sosegada, le contaré, para dormirla, aventuras de olas, de galeones, de arcabuces, de rumbos marinos, de lugares vividos y soñados: de lo que fue y que no fue y que pudo ser mi vida. Abre tus ojos verdes, Marta, que quiero oír el mar. José Hierro, Agenda “La culpa la tuvo Marta de Nevares,” exclama Antonio Carreño ante la decisión de Lope de Vega de escribir cuatro novelas cortas y dedicarlas a Marcia Leonarda, alter ego de Marta de Nevares Santoyo. Rondaba Lope los cincuenta y cuatro años cuando conoce a Marta, veintiocho años menor, en una fiesta poética presidida por ella. La relación amorosa se prolonga durante más de una década, tomando un rumbo trágico en sus últimos años: la Amarilis de sus poemas enferma y pierde la vista en 1623, alternando momentos de lucidez con accesos de locura hasta su prematura muerte en 1632. Los cuatro relatos se enmarcan en el contexto de una ofrenda amorosa. El narrador, según él mismo declara, escribe las novelas a petición de su lectora Marcia: “Yo, que nunca pensé que el novelar entrara en mi pensamiento, me veo embarazado entre su gusto de vuestra merced y mi obediencia; pero por no faltar a la obligación y porque no parezca negligencia … serviré a vuestra merced con ésta” (Las fortunas de Diana 106-107). A menudo, el narrador se dirige a Marcia para discrepar, comentar, enmendar o añadir al hilo narrativo. 1 Nuestro estudio analizará la innovadora y original técnica con la que Lope considera las convenciones y los límites de cada uno de los tipos novelescos que contribuyen a la conformación de la novela corta. A través del diálogo con Marcia y la presunción del “horizonte de expectativas” de esta lectora particular, Lope se enfrenta y soluciona los varios problemas entre la teoría y la práctica narrativa, abordando todo tipo de géneros narrativos al uso, en un intento de imitar (y parodiar) los modelos literarios y superarlos: en Las fortunas de Diana, primera novelita de la colección, nuestro escritor ensaya el género bizantino y, tangencialmente, el pastoril; en La desdicha por la honra, encontramos ecos de la novela morisca y del drama de honor; La prudente venganza participa de las tramas argumentales de los dramas de honor lopescos y presenta puntos de contacto con El curioso impertinente cervantino; Guzmán el Bravo resucita el boato de la novela de caballerías e introduce el exotismo de la novela de cautivos. Ensombrecidas quizás por la fama de dramaturgo de Lope, las Novelas a Marcia Leonarda han recibido una discreta atención crítica: son escasos y esporádicos los trabajos y los artículos publicados en torno al ciclo de novelas. Creemos que una serie de factores ha contribuido a la falta de interés mencionada: en primer lugar, el hecho de que la incursión de Lope en el nuevo género fuera esporádica (las cuatro novelas fueron publicadas por separado e incluidas en proyectos de mayor envergadura, como La Filomena o La Circe); en segundo lugar, la mayoría de los críticos ha interpretado el ciclo a Marcia Leonarda desde los principios de la preceptiva neoaristótelica y de acuerdo al modelo vernáculo del género establecido por las Novelas ejemplares, incidiendo en la inverosimilitud de algunos pasajes –y personajes– y en el peso
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