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POST-CONFLICT DEMOCRACY, VIOLENCE, and PEACE-BUILDING in ACEH and MALUKU National Violence Monitoring System (NVMS/SNPK) the Habibie Center (THC)

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POST-CONFLICT DEMOCRACY, VIOLENCE, and PEACE-BUILDING in ACEH and MALUKU National Violence Monitoring System (NVMS/SNPK) the Habibie Center (THC) Post-Conflict Democr acy, Violence, and Peace-Building in Aceh and Maluku NATIONAL VIOLENCE MONITORING SYSTEM (NVMS/SNPK) THE HABIBIE CENTER (THC) Post-Conflict Democr acy, Violence, and Peace-Building in Aceh and Maluku NATIONAL VIOLENCE MONITORING SYSTEM (NVMS/SNPK) THE HABIBIE CENTER (THC) RESEARCH TEAM Mohammad Hasan Ansori R. Praditya Andika Putra Johari Efendi Sopar Peranto Rudi Sukandar Imron Rasyid Sofyan Cholid Fathun Karib Vidya Hutagalung POST-CONFLICT DEMOCRACY, VIOLENCE, AND PEACE-BUILDING IN ACEH AND MALUKU National Violence Monitoring System (NVMS/SNPK) The Habibie Center (THC) Research Team Mohammad Hasan Ansori R. Praditya Andika Putra Johari Efendi Sopar Peranto Rudi Sukandar Imron Rasyid Sofyan Cholid Fathun Karib Vidya Hutagalung Cover photo retrieved from umdah.co dan siwalima.com. Published under collaboration of THE HABIBIE CENTER Jl. Kemang Selatan No. 98, Jakarta Selatan 12560, Indonesia Telp. 62 21 780 8125/62 21 781 7211 | Fax. 62 21 780 8125/62 21 781 7212 E-mail: [email protected] | www.habibiecenter.or.id facebook.com/habibiecenter @habibiecenter NATIONAL VIOLENCE MONITORING SYSTEM (SNPK) First published in April 2015 All rights reserved SNPK-THC Team Post-Conflict Democracy, Violence, and Peace-Building in Aceh and Maluku National Violence Monitoring System (NVMS/SNPK) - The Habibie Center (THC) Jakarta, SNPK-THC 2015 xviii+208hlm.; 15,5cm x 24cm ISBN: 978-602-14261-4-2 Preface Studies on democracy development and peace-building in post-conflict areas in Indonesia have been conducted with consideration that beside halting conflicts and reaching peace deals, maintaining peace by preserving political dynamics and development is very important and challenging. Beside that, many recent studies were conducted with more focus on the dynamics of conflicts and vio- lence during the conflict and post-conflict periods. There are few studies that focus on how post-conflict democratization is sustained to preserve develop- mental process and maintain peace. The study is expected to fill in such gap. The study is conducted as part of the National Violence Monitoring Sys- tem (NVMS/SNPK) program, in cooperation with The Habibie Center and the Deputy I Office for Environmental and Social Vulnerability Coordina- tion, Coordinating Ministry for Human Development and Culture, and with support from The World Bank. The program is funded by Korean grant of Trust Fund for Economic and Peacebuilding Transitions. The publication of the book is also supported by DFAT-TAF Partnership. NVMS Research team of The Habibie Center obtained huge support from var- ious parties during the development and execution of the study. For this, the team would like to extend its gratitude particularly to Aryos Nivada (Aceh Institut), Muhajir Juli, and Joko Sutranto (Provinsi Aceh); Franklin Nikijuluw, Jamal Riry, Hilda Rolobessy, Dominggus Jacob Loury Sipasulta (Maluku Province’s ITDM). The team would feel thankful for critical and constructive inputs from Badrus Sholeh (Islamic State University (UIN) of Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakarta), Cahyo Pamungkas (LIPI), Philips Vermonte (CSIS), Dr. Marwan Syaukani, Nelwan Harap, and Mafud Salatunlayl (Kemenko PMK), as well as Adrian Morel and Wa- hyu Handoyo (World Bank). The NVMS research team would also like to thank all the informants/respondents for providing information during the research; the executive body and staff of The Habibie Center that have supported the research completely, especially Ms. Ima, Mr. Ghazali, Mr. Kun, Vivi, and Tasha. All of the views in this publication are those from the Habibie Center’s NVMS research team and do not reflect the view of other program partner institutions. Finally, we hope this research would be useful and contribute to the dis- course of democracy development and peace-building. Peace, N VMS-THC Team List of Abbreviation and Acronym AMM : Aceh Monitoring Mission APBD : Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Daerah (Local Government Budget) Bappeda : Badan Perencanaan dan Pembangunan Daerah (Local Development and Planning Agency) Bawaslu : Badan Pengawas Pemilu (General Election Supervisory Body) BBM : Buton, Bugis, and Makasar BPS : Badan Pusat Statistik (Indonesian Central Bureau of Statistics) BRA : Badan Reintegrasi Damai Aceh (Aceh Reintegration and Peace Agency) Caleg : Calon Legislatif (Legislative Candidate) CSO : Civil Society Organization Depag : Departemen Agama (Ministry of Religious Affairs) DKPP : Dewan Kehormatan Penyelenggara Pemilu (Election Organizers Ethics Council) DPR : Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (House of Representatives) DPRA : Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Aceh (Aceh Legislative Council) DPRD : Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah (Local Legislative Council) DPT : Daftar Pemilih Tetap (Permanent Voters List) FKUB : Forum Kerukunan Umat Beragama (Inter-Faith Forum) Gakkumdu : Penegakan Hukum Terpadu Pemilihan Umum (General Election’s Integrated Law Enforcement) GAM : Gerakan Aceh Merdeka (Aceh Freedom Movement) Golkar : Golongan Karya Party GPM : Gereja Protestan Maluku (Maluku Protestant Church) H20 : Humam-Hasbi HAM : Hak Asasi Manusia (Human Rights) IAIN : Institut Agama Islam Negeri (State Islamic Institute) IGI : Indonesia Governance Index IPM : Indeks Pembangunan Manusia (Human Development Index) ITDM : Institut Tifa Damai Maluku (Maluku Peaceful Tifa Institute) JKA : Jaminan Kesehatan Aceh (Aceh Health Insurance) viii POST-CONFLICT DEMOCRACY, VIOLENCE, AND PEACE BUILDING JKRA : Jaminan Kesehatan Rakyat Aceh (Aceh People Health Insurance) Kesbangpol : Kesatuan Bangsa dan Politik (National and Political Unity) KIP : Komisi Independen Pemilihan (Independent Election Commission) KKN : Korupsi, Kolusi dan Nepotisme (Corruption, Collusion and Nepotism) KPPS : Kelompok Penyelenggara Pemungutan Suara (Voting Organizing Group) KPU : Komisi Pemilihan Umum (General Election Commission) KPUD : Komisi Pemilihan Umum Daerah (Local Election Commission) KTP : Kartu Tanda Penduduk (Identity Card) LAIM : Lembaga Antar Iman Maluku (Maluku Interfaith Institute) LSM : Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat (Non Governmental Organization) Migas : Minyak dan Gas Bumi (Oil and Natural Gas) MK : Mahkamah Konstitusi (Constitutional Court) MoU : Memorandum of Understanding MUI : Majelis Ulama Indonesia (Indonesian Ulama Council) NGO : Non-Governmental Oragnization NU : Nahdlatul Ulama Ormas : Organisasi Masyarakat (Community-Based Organization) PA : Partai Aceh (Aceh Party) PAD : Pemasukan Asli Daerah (Local Revenue) Panwaslih : Panitia Pengawas Pemilihan (Election Supervisory Committee) Panwaslu : Panitia Pengawas Pemilu (General Election Supervisory Committee) Parlok : Partai Lokal (Local Party) PDA : Partai Damai Aceh (Aceh Peaceful Party) PDIP : Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan (Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle PDRB : Produk Domestik Regional Bruto (Gross Regional Domestic Product) Pemda : Pemerintahan Daerah (Local Government) Pemilukada : Pemilihan Kepala Daerah (Direct Elections for Local Leaders) PKB : Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa (National Awakening Party) PKS : Partai Keadilan Sejahtera (Prosperous Justice Party) PLN : Perusahaan Listrik Nasional (National Electricity Company) LIST OF ABBREVIATION AND ACRONYMS ix PNA : Partai Nasional Aceh (National Aceh Party) Polda : Kepolisian Daerah (Local Police) Polres : Kepolisian Resort (Resort Police) PP : Peraturan Pemerintah (Government Regulation) PPK : Panitia Pelaksana Kecamatan (Sub-district Implementing Committee) PPP : Partai Persatuan Pembangunan (Development Unity Party) PPS : Panitia Pemungutan Suara (Voting Committee) RMS : Republik Maluku Selatan (South Maluku Republic) SARA : Suku, Agama dan Ras (Tribe, Religion and Race) SBT : Seram Bagian Timur (Eastern Seram) SD : Sekolah Dasar (Elementary School) SDM : Sumber Daya Manusia (Human Resources) SIRA : Sentral Informasi Referendum Aceh (Aceh Referendum Information Center) SKPD : Satuan Kerja Perangkat Daerah (Regional Administrative Working Unit) SMA : Sekolah Menengah Akhir (Senior High School) SMP : Sekolah Menengah Pertama (Junior High School) SMS : Short Message Service SNPK : Sistem Nasional Pemantauan Kekerasan (National Violence Monitoring System) TPS : Tempat Pemungutan Suara (Polling Station) Unpatti : Universitas Pattimura (Pattimura University) UUPA : Undang-undang Pemerintahan Aceh (Aceh Government Law) Executive Summary Nowadays conflicts and violence have been one of the most crucial global agenda and received deep attention from the world leaders, especially after the colonialism and the Cold War. In the context of Indonesia, after the fall of the New Order in late 1990s, conflicts took place consecutively in Central Kalimantan, Aceh, Papua, East Timor, Maluku and Central Sulawesi, start- ing in December 1996. All the conflicts experienced de-escalation, if not significantly settled, at the end of 2002, except for the Aceh conflict that was settled through Helsinki Peace Agreement in August 2005. The post-conflict election was then considered a strategic instrument for conflict settlement and peace-building (peace-settlement) in the post-conflict regions. In the academic horizon, post-conflict direct elections for local leaders are a creative innovation taken by the second generation of peace-keeping opera- tions and expand after the end of the Cold War. Various studies on elections and post conflicts have been taken. However, few initiatives or studies focus on the interaction between post-conflict election and peace-building and the generated effects in a deep and systematic manner, especially in Indonesia. Theoretically and technically
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