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Interpretative Approach to Navigating Concepts Concerning the Doctrine of Nondual Middle Way Maneuver into Buddhist Approach to Unfoldong Thorough Reality of the Life World
Yao-Ming Tsai*
Abstract The purpose of this paper is to present Nondual Middle Way as guidance in ways of navigating to unfold Thorough Reality of the Life World, and to explain the intent and rationale of Nondual Middle Way in Buddhist doctrine. With expediency and prevalence of comparison and contrast, dichotomous ways of thinking and viewpoints have not only taken root in philosophical thinking and religious discourses, but have also been absorbed into the basic structure of everyday life, and are easily taken for granted and thus hard to detect or throw away. With its uniqueness of basic concepts and basic issues, Nondual Middle Way, originating from the inclination to spot and drop dichotomous ways of thinking, offers a creative point of view for both philosophy and religion. This unusual way of thinking is able to provide an extraordinary viewpoint to inspect the basic structures of philosophy and religion, and thus point out a way that might lead to further and deeper discussion in both fields.
The undertaking of this paper is to answer the following questions ¢ “Why should we view the life world as Nondual Middle Way?”, “How can we view it as Nondual Middle Way?”, and “As what kind of Nondual Middle Way should we view it?” In order to answer the series of questions, the major methods
* Associate Professor, Department of Philosophy, National Taiwan University.
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1' ¤4 !¤"# ¢'{%} ¥%$¤& § employed in this paper focus on differentiating concepts, analyzing issues, elucidating connotation, and constructing argument. Concerning the configuration of discourses, this paper firstly define and make clear major concepts by emphasizing that Nondual Middle Way and Thorough Reality are very innovative basic concepts for philosophy of religion and philosophy of life. In order to emphasize the idea of non-substantiality and to drop dichotomous ways of thinking from the very beginning, Nondual Middle Way is distinguished from dualism, monism, and pluralism. Then this paper seeks to exclude easy borrowings and rough copies of ideas. In addition, experience of practicing Buddhist teachings as a profession in accordance with related scriptures is also taken seriously as a reference for interpretation. Moreover, for the sake of making a more pertinent interpretation and to reveal Thorough Reality layer by layer, great emphasis is put on the explanation of methods of unlocking multi-faceted ways of thinking. The main subject matter of this paper is composed in sequence of concepts such as not-self, impermanence, birth and death, dependent arising (dependent origination), emptiness, and middle way. These distinctive concepts in Buddhist philosophy collectively form an axis that is set to remove shades, limits, and seals, such as problems of objectification, reification, individualization, demarcation, discrimination, and conceptualization, which derive from the daily language that are commonly used. From the point of view of conditioned arising and ceasing, the Thorough Reality of the life world is revealed layer by layer. And it is precisely Nondual Middle Way that pushes these basic concepts rolling, settles problems of comparison and contrast, breaks free from the tension and limitation of discrimination, makes a breakthrough in a series of conditioned arising and ceasing, and leads to Enlightenment and Nirvna in the end. Various examples in the gama Stras show that the idea of non-substantiality helps to free Nondual Middle Way from seals of individualization, and by non-dichotomous ways of thinking, borders around Nondual Middle Way are removed. Nondual Middle Way is thus able to approach the variations of causal conditions, and the Thorough Reality of the life world is thus unfolded.
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Keywords: non-duality, Middle Way, Thorough Reality, reality, philosophy of life
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RTSJUFVXWZY\[\]^K`_\VaYZbcWDdFeDf\gZhXLXiajTNDkJbQKl@Xm\nao p P P Dermot Moran, ª A Case for Philosophical Pluralism The Problem of Intentionality,º pp. P q 19-32 q J. D. G. Evans, ª Cultural Realism The Ancient Philosophical Background,º pp. 47-60 C. J. 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Klein (tr.), Path to the Middle: Oral M;dhyamika Philosophy in Tibet -- The Spoken Scholarship of Kensur Yeshey Tupden, Commenting on Tsong-kha-pa's Illumination of the Thought, Extensive Explanation of (Candrakrti’s) “Entrance to (Ngrjuna’s) 'Treatise on the Middle Way',” Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994, pp. 1-28; D. Seyfort Ruegg, ª Some Reflections on the Place of Philosophy in the Study of Buddhism,º The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 18 * 2 (1995): 156-162. 20 Anne C. Klein (Knowledge and Liberation: Tibetan Buddhist Epistemology in Support of J,£-.¢/ £ Transformative Religious Experience, Ithaca: Snow Lion Publications, 1986) + 021 G21 " -5¨ : ; 3 _54 .657¥8¥9 g 141 S5¢/ <%9 =>.?@%-£A B*!8"I..CA- Y¨,LIM 6¨D Î ªPOHQ Ö ©¥~wý¥ì¨¦Æ´FEHG¨ JI#¬ JKHL#³NM ´SR ¯UT ´SV zwó ø Ì ª^O Î ª^O TJZ\[J] æ ´ ý I ´dc ´ æXÿ KÆ´ ô WJXHY Y`_ba zó Ì ¢ ª êNegf ý)hHi#í ´SjJk£jw³\f ýNln®°¯²± ªwQ ¥#Ç ´%m ¥Js ´ ¶¸ý)MHt ´ æHv vý\MJtµ´ ÕonJpHqJr qNu áHyNz\{ ª\Q ïJx'·#¬ £Âß´æJT l ïJ})~ vwý\MHtÆ´FHwlR ø\| {NH T ´¦Ä ©J\ T ´RïHx#»%©¨æJT ì THZH[J]ý ¹ _o\ ø Ì ø ø ª ¨ ä'æ\vwý\M\tÆ´SN ·J£®HT ´S T ´^ô'þͨÄ\ ½ p Ì ø ø ª Î QJ\J TJZ\[J] ¾'ä#© ¶ý/åH£ H uJJ¨áJ metaphysics Q ¨N¦ ý L'ïH ÕH¢/ö£^¤H¥£æHT ý\ Þ ø uH§N¨HN¥áH© 21 H N¡ ªg«\¬J£®S¯N°H±J²J³\´HµN¶g«·®S¸J¹HºH»½¼w¾H¿HÀHÁJÂëÄN¾J¿HÀgÅ ÆN«ÈÇ ¬HÙJ¿JÀ\ÄJÚJ¬ non-substantialistic ɨÊNËHÌÎÍ ÏÑÐJÒJÓ)ÔJÕHÖN×HØ ÙN¿JÀÛ®SÜ ¿JÀJßJ¾H¿JÀg«)àNᣮSâ ¿HäHåNæ\çNè Ó\ÔHÕNÝHÞHÔ ÔJÕNã ¿NéëêíìµN¬HîÛ® «\¬\ÙJóNô£®SõNöH°H±H÷Nø ÄHùN¸ ÌJï\ðHñJò ÊJËHÌ ®SüJ¿Hý ¢Jö «)óJô£®¤£¦¥¨§H°J±J²H³Jà Ógú)ûJÊJËHÌ Ó)ðJþNÿ¡ þJÿ ©¨ g« ¨ ¨¦¦J¿NéN«\ª µNøH¿HÀHÁJÂë ®Fâ Ó ÊNËHÌ ô"! Ç ô ô+ §È®-,.¨/0¨132 㨠$# %& '() )É* ã ¿NéN« 45 ê 22 687:9<;>=@?BADCFEHG>I:JFKFL8MH6>NFO8PDQ"RTS8UWVDX:6ZY:[¨? Klein \:]_^a`cb>dfeBg hFi_jWkFl8monBp p IWt 6 Conclusion: Conceptuality and Non-Dual Wisdom qsr pp. kFl<Z hFWF ?By{zF|F}8~8 x 6:K¨R g 206-216 q lF¡ 6<: {"? IW¢W£F¤ 21 JW6FDD8W8H6{WH ? ^H¤:8D r H{ p ¥DQR¦¢W§ ?¨©}Wª«6 PW¬H6Z R q _®8¯±° the study of ultimate or fundamental reality p Cynthia Macdonald, Varieties of Things: Foundations of Contemporary Metaphysics, Malden: l j ¢ ?² J>³D}>´: ¬W¶W6 §·6¸º¹ :µ ^Z»D¼F½ Blackwell Publishing, 2005, p. 4. q p 6¾¿ZÀ 6>Á_JÂ_à r Metaphysics is a philosophical inquiry into the most basic and Äp R general features of reality and our place in it q Jaegwon Kim, Ernest Sosa (eds.), Metaphysics: An Anthology, Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 1999, p. ix. q kFÎ_Ï8Ð §FÉ8Ê{ZË:Ì>Í 6{¦?ÄÑFO{6HÒÓDV8Ô_K H _Õ8Ö¦RØ×:§¦? 22 JFÇ HÈ Æ Å_Æ kFÚ l *j JD7:9>6FÓ>Ù8S8U RØ× ?TÛDÜ@ J_6Â_à 6>8Þ RØ×Dà"? :Ý d_ß l>é JFÁ_J à8è d8åæ8ç 142 á¦â8ãDä ü¨êÛ®ìëí¨î µNøH¿HÀHÁJÂë ®F¬ïg« 45¦ð¨ñ"ò Ó ÊNËHÌ Óó ô¦4 ê ¸ ø÷ íîJ¾J¿JÀ\ÁJÂë ©aø 45Û®¤ù3ú)°H±g«\²H³Û® Õ¦õ¨ö Õ û¦ü¨ý¨þ¨ÿ¦§Û®¡ ®£¢¥¤ ¢ Ç ¢ ã §¦©¨ $'"( ) ) É é ǧ é ¾¥ ¾¥N´ ® / /gÜN¹ É< ã¥ Ø Ó ® ¼ ¾ ¼ Ä ¼!¢ «"# .$¥% Ó¨ Ë Í Ó Í Í Ó «4¦5·ê & ®(' ô , ®£-JøH¬.¨.©/¦0J¾H¿HÀHÁJÂë ©aø 4 ã*) Ó*+ ò 5 ®£0*1g«©2*3Û®£4*¨.¥5 «87*9¥:J¿HÀ\ÁJÂ;¥<©=¥> êPß? ð6)ò éHàg« «)¬BÛ®SÜ©C¦§ *DEN¿HÀHÁJÂg«8FGg«·® ýN¾H¥I ð@A + Õ ¹*%J*KL¥M¥N)Ú¥ON« ©aø 45PQJøN« ®S⨧ ø÷ í ð õR õö Õ îJ¾J¿JÀ\ÁJÂë ©aø 45Jöaú8ST*UÛ®(V¨§¨4¨132o¿N飮 ùN¸*WYX ¤ «45 ® ,*[¥#"úS*TUg« Ä*_J±Jâ*E¥`*abÛ®SàJ¿ ¦*Z Ò© ]\*^ ÀHÁJ ®SÜ*c¥d*e*fhg*ië©j*k¥lëênm©o£®S¬pq£® > 0*1 Ó©r Ô «©2*3 ®£sH¬¥p*q£® «©Bt*u¨4*uKÛ®SùN¸\´f2wv*x ® C¨£¨¥ @*A Ø Ó -¨§y5*z¦êg«¥{w| ®Sâ*}*~¦§© ®£©*¥aú*ë¥" 2 Ð ®SùJ¸©* N°Hô¨© ¦ N«8* «8*|Èê i 23 Ë j <ÛDÜ3B7F6DJ8Ó>Ù 6:K ?cAHz ¡HD7 h 6¢£¥¤ Ç{6>DÊ_Àª©¬«{6® ¯ Ó>Ù"R ×_Õa? 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Suzuki (tr.), The Lankavatara Ì Sutra: A Mahayana Text, London Ë Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1932, p. 157. ½3ÍkÎy¿Ë¹~ÏŹmÐkÑÊkÈÉkÒË³Ó 154 ì ï¡m©Ô ó ïm ¨×.ó©Ø¡Ù §£m ï¡m ñ °¡£ § ¡Õ5Ö ¡7í e ² ¡e< ½ b µ¡Ú¦¡Ã£¤ 7ÜF¤ 2ë.°¡£ È£í °£¡È Ýc Í¡< ¡ñ¥ G£H©Û G ì ä !Í¡ Ð òIÞ ðñ ¡¯£ .¡é£ ¡7û£e ®¡¦¤D7ß.°±¡¥ ¡°, í ° 8 a¤b P¤Q ÀØ¡£µ¤à©á.°¡,.¢ ¤¡¬~ ß¡ ⥠¡¦ Ó Ô °£ô ¡ u ï¡m b ¨¡ç ,.¢ ¡W ¡^.À¤c JU©¦æ ¡ ¨©è©é¡p ° p u©ã¡ä¦å ú 9 Ð ñ¡í ,¡ D ¢¡Q¡îI ¡ ê©ë¡Â¤ì ΠХòIÞ «IðYí.á ¦è©é¡p ° p , F ¡ ë¡=Kö £.¨¡î 9 «¦õ © þ£ ¡î5ï.¤ðñ¦E3Ø¡ ?¤ò í.Ó¡Ô.2M.¨Ø¡ µ¡¤ö G 9ó©ô:9 ù.¤TH ÷¤U7ø Ø¡ ù¡ ¦ûúJt° ÈKJt° ¦ GTS¥J E ¡ 9j¡¦ü 9j¡ ü ¬ ¬ ò ó ó ï ° í zKJt°ý £ö5ý¤þ¡ÿ¡ ñ °ô©, ¡W£¢ ¦ ¢I 9 28 m £ § ¡ ;.¥¤.ù¡¡ ¨ ¤ðñ¦E¡3ß¡ À t§¦ À£ÿ ¡ ´ 29 ¡ ð Ð í7ðñ °±£n¥o5ß©¨¡ § A¥ IT¥£B£Ø¡^D.¢¡Q î ¡ ê©ë ñ§ -¤ УòTÞ «IðYí.á ¦è©é¡p ° p , ߨ©A§ 2 ¡ ë 9 - Ø¥ £ Õ¤÷©E3IFë ° ° ££7ðñÅ¡ ù¡Å¡|S ó¥ .°±£n£o ¡ G ½ Õ£ £7ß©¨.¡A§ ¡§¡Ø¡ Í¡<æ¡ ¡IFë ° ° V u u G ¨ ä¤ £¡ j¡ö£ ¦>Jì¡.°£±£¥.ß¡ÙµU¡¡ Q¥ó 9 ú¤Jx9 K¤L ¨ ð í ¡ <.µ¡U£ Q£ó ¡°£± ²Ø¡§ 7ߨ § A§ T X ° ± z w±"!$# z ±&% z ±~Å(' z*),+ Å § · ¼¾½µ Ð .-/'10+ÇoÈ32qÊz Ö Ö Ö 28 Ò T. 1564, z98;: 5476 Ë Ë vol. 30, p. 2b. Ì David J. Kalupahana, Mlamadhyamakakrik of Ngrjuna, Delhi Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1991, pp. 105-106. z<8=: 29 {~} Ë David Loy, “ Chapter 1: The Nonduality of Life and Death” Lack and Transcendence: The Problem of Death and Life in Psychotherapy, Existentialism, and Buddhism, New York: Humanity Books, 2000, pp. 1-29. °²±´³µv¶¸·º¹¼»¾½À¿ÂÁ¼ÃÅÄÅÆÈǼÉËÊÍÌÏÎ 155 ǺÚÍÛÂÜ¥½¥ÝÀÞÂß¾ÇËÁËà¼áËÉ´ÊÅâÀã мÑÓÒ¥ÔÍÕÏÖ¥×Âؾ٠ا Ð £B££§¡Ø¡P;.¡>£Û µ |p¦E¡3 £¡5ðñ¡ D.¢Q îI ¡ ÷.¬ ½ · ê©ë Âë£M Ú 30 ã£? «£@§A¡@ ä© § × Ò Í¡< ö¡C °£±¡n£o |¡p ¡ k u ¡B ð £ £¦¡§ +7ß©¨¡ § A¥ IT¥£B£ ¡¡C.§D©E¡< § Ü©Ø¥ ´ ðñ ô££¿¡²;.GFÀ.µ |p¦E3I¡IE À Ì¡U5ø 9 9 á§I¡J ò ä© û§H¥a A¡Ë¡ è¡é ñ¡C§K£d 2£¥!Í¡ML¡Ø¡ ÿ£ £N ò ó á£P ó P ï¡m °¡£ ¡W¡K¥O¥ ¡ø¡ ¢ ¢ í ¢ Ñ.. ¡e< µ ë.° ¡ ä¤ ó£ °.¡fØ¡ G ¡£ ä¤ ì ¡°£±£n£o XW¡sØ¡ ¡°±£n¥oÍ¡eè©é £¥!2p è ° ä ä £ ä £ ¡ É¡Ë XWIH ¡ ö.¦¡ £°£±£n£oÍ¡ZY ¦¡§ +7ß©¨ ð B_^a`£bdce§f¥g¡h£i£j¡k¥l¡mncao § A§ §[¡c 9Ýó£\x9X] ci£j¡k¥l¡m§q¥g£r¡s¥ldcZt¡u§v£w§x y¥z©{¥| }©k§~G§£g§¡ p k§s§lcZ £v£l ££§§k¥§ldcZ¡s©£¡Gk¥s¥c§£¥|¡s¥£Gs©G¥ ¡¡¡k¥i§¢dc£§¤£¥£¦¥§§rGs¨^a§§r£k£o©¡s©Gk¥©£ª¡q©«cZ¬¡s¥ ¡Gk¥s¥¡q§£®cT¯G°©±¡²§³Gk¥´§µ_ ¶·¸s§lº¹£»¼£l½3cT¶·¾¿º¹£»¼§À3cZ ¡¡£ÁcT£à ²§Æ£ÇdcZÈ£¡ÁcTɧÊÌËk¥Í£ÎcϧУѡÒÓXÔ§Õ£Ö¡mÓX×£²cZØ Ä£Å 30 ¡ ÿ/Ý ÙÛÚ,ÜÞÝàß3áãâ"ä$å7æèçêé;ä&ëÛì7í3î$ïêð7ñ$ä7òàó ôöõ=÷3ø3ùêúÛû3üêý;äÛú,þGô ¢¤£ ¡ ¦¥¨§ © ô÷¦¤ æ¥ôá §ô ! 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"$# þ"ü/' ô.* "$# ü('þ1032 46587¦9: 587 9C: ¡ ¡ ¡¦= #<; #<; >?¥@ ô AB 53 ô T. 99, vol. 2, p. 12c. 81, 295, 334, 711, ¡ = 916, 1165 ô T. 99, vol. 2, pp. 20b-21a, 84a-b, 92b-c, 190b-191a, 231c-232b, 311a-b. ôEFGHJI)KMLN#¸÷¨O¨P( Q"DRôS¨T3ü$ýU(VXWô D ë¨f gMR¥ô.hCi ej¤R§ô)¨T=å"úk¦lMR¥ô.¨T¤m n!W¨T¤o¤b¨pR¥ô.¨T;å&úMq¤F¤m nDr %CsMtRãôu¨T¤m nvw xy!z g¨R ôu¨T¤m n!W¤{D|¤}k zRãôu¨T¤m nC~DwCêøBTáRô ¨TMeêëMsMtbD#q¨T¤F¨GW #cZáDgMR¥ô Cm n/Tá z gMR0 4u5)¤ ¡¦= K LB#OMP( Q" 0 L_ãô&ü7ýUC¤D 02 GD v ô T. 279, vol. 10, p. 35a-b. > 5)D ¡¦= £ô^¦A1 GMv ô ¥@ T. 278, vol. 9, p. 409c. 5) ¤¤MD = 156 ;¨ O¤ ¨ ¡q$Gk±¡²+¡ª¡ T¬£Ï+¢¤£¦¥£Ò§£ s©Gq¥Ø£cuo©£$¨$©Nª$«1¬ $\¡k1®+¯dc$°±¡e$²§|+³+´Gkµ+¶ncZt·¸¹\º+»¼ ×$½dc w 31 s¥¡¡®£k©±¡²¥³¡¥£µ¾ T¬Gs¥££ yÀ¿$Á\ÂÄÃÓcT¯£r£±¡²¥³Nª-Å£¡® kÆ+Ç¡¡1Èc££s¥££cZt¡u§¶+É ªÅk¥£®Ê§£cÌ˧\Í¥¶¡ p +ʧ§cT¶¡£$Σ¥Ø¡£s¥¡§lGk1Ï+Ш ×£Öc̬£¹\ÑÒGk1Ó$Ôdc l 32 Ê¡w\ÕNà $½ÄÖÀ×GkØÔ¡ cÙ$±Gs¥l$Ú£G¾¥+½¥Æ+Û$ÜcÌÝ¡$¨+Þ$ß$à f+᧧¡u$Ó$â¡ãkäådcZ¬\ØGkæçcÌË¡$觧²$é+ê+ë§gìí$î\ï w+ð$ãGkÓÔ_c¼£+Íñ\òGo©+ÊóGs¥l¨cõô£¨¼§l½àc[ñ\òGo©+Êó£ ¾ cô£ §À yÀ±o©£s cö¡Ï$Ó$â§t¡u§$ãGk¥s§l c)ô§ ¸§s÷ yÀ±Vo§ c8ö¡Ï$Ó$â§t¡u§$ãk¾ cEô£¼¥À¼¼yÀ±½¸§s£©À c §£¶££løùÃd¸½ÄÖÀ×½ ¢ 31 ¡ ú¤û¤"Mü ô^ý¨þDÿ¡ $0^=Ý ô)Meô¥ þ¤ÿ£¢ô)bMdD"Mü0¥¤§¦þDÿ©¨ £ô)bMd¦ ÷ T¡ êþ§0^e¦¥¤ h¡ô.d3ï,ï0[Ûï_Vô.êúS¡ [ Sêþ,!,ï_ôS|,ú"õ|#õ| &|,þ$0[j%$'&)(F k+*\#7þ"§0Ì %RVô 4657 9: ¡ #[; ¦%,õ þMRGô¥*$þ0-, F¡./Vô þ£07ÿ§1Gôÿ§1$þÛþ¡ôj%$+*2+0?2 * 293 ¡ = > ô T. 99, vol. 2, p. 83c. §ô);Ý$e7ë¤b¨LJ#43ºæ5-#.þDÿ67#89:èÿ i;-<#=D"¤ü¦h 2Tô8e;ë¤bMLN#<þÿ" ¥@ 587¦9: ¡ ¡ = #<; èÿ%?¦h@!<#=D" ü(2¼ô Aa ô 78>: 1258 T. 99, vol. 2, p. 345b; Bhikkhu Bodhi (tr.), The Connected Discourses of the Buddha: A New Translation of the Sajyutta Nikaya, vol. I, Boston: Wisdom Publications, 2000, pp. 708-709. 32 Gô¼÷DCW¡?§E%FFhGô.ú¤ûêú3ûÛü7ýÄ,HGêðVôHIFh¨úDû¤W¤"¤ü¦hGô Ü'JDKL$ú3ûÛü A§B ý=ä¨FhMÛÿ0Ì C¥ô.úDûDFh#FD"¤ü ôNCú¤ûFh£F$ïFh\,OJ¨ú¤ûFh#F,ïFh¡ôQP ¢ ¡ Cú¤ûDFDh£FD"Mü0^K¡RD ¡S ô÷!¦ N 4u5OWC9: ¡ ¡ ¡¦= #^; ôuE C" ü§ôUT Mh-,EV h ôUT "Mü10&2 #YX[Z¡\ ô 30 T. 26, vol. 1, p. 467a. > ôEm¦n^]§_/n# " ü¦h¨Rô hM~Dw,O MhM~Dw RGôO xyM~¤w,O xyM~¤w RôO D ` ` 465)¤ ¡¦= :!~Dw,U :!~¤w R ôU Mh&ý¤~Dw,U h&ý¤~Dw R ôa ocbC~Dw 0.2 GD v ô T. 279, vol. 10, p. 307a. > W (2 L7ÿ/Ý#dDe§f§gêäDh,ùi£/ | 157 !G h3øj"ú3û&ü7ý;ä©kl#M3ÿ3á m#n7ä¡d¡oàï¡hÛù§p q ÷ * + ς ̪ W Þ ̈́ Ğ η ̽ Ȕ Ƶ ʖ à η Ϗ º ˨ Gs¥+ê"rGk©Ø£dcts¥|£×£²u"v"w·x£ky"zncT|+±¡f{;|ø\¸ o©¡s¥Gk¥©£ª£q¥«c~}¡©£ªGk1Ê"k¡z{¾÷£Gk ;dcT ¡v w££l¥Ø ò¡£l¥Øk6¥±ccÉ¥§\ï"$øGk6-Ø$ÔcÌË£6"Gqc o©w£+°§|;$£u"$½\¶£¡Gk6$Ø_X²+¶§¡cZ¬¡§l§Ø+ø+¸§ ª-Åk6$ÎdcZx y>\ï 1Ø$Ôcc¶6;¥r;$~"cZ£f+±Õ Ë |Vz©{§Ík£ ¡ ¥²\¶£¡cTxy>+ï"-ØÔc£¢§u6¡¡®¡z1Ø Ôk6¤"¥§£§¦¤£a"¨ © cZ±¡£$Σâ;ª¡k6«6¬""®_ ¯6°££l¥Øk6±6²;³"´6µ"¶"·dc¹¸+Ê£ "º¡kÆ+Ç 1Ø$Ô\èNÖ¨ct» ¼+ÚùÖÀרcO½;¾¿§¯ À" ÁÌÖ@øØÅÄ>ÆÇ©×$½ÈÉÄÊ+˧w"ÌÍ$ë k¥²;Ï6ÐÑ; ËÓÒ¹Ô+Í¥xy¥z©{¡k¥§££¡s§l¡kÕÒZt¡u"Ö§v£w"»6¼ ÷ Î ££Ö£v"סk9»¼ÃÒ¼t£fØ+±"«$Ô"ÙÛÚ¬"ÜÝ"ßÞQ÷Yà6áÃÒ¸§£ Ö£v;×£k6»6¼âÒ)Ë6ã£Â+ÍNÖ× £²"ÏÐ6ÑæÒä$±¡§l§ØGk9"ÕÒ 33 ä;å ç¡s¥+ê"r§Ø¡§§|¡©§ª£q¥«èÒ y ~G£z{£§"§¢ËÀÊGk9+Ρ÷s¥ ê;r§t¡u6¸\Ø£§l¤£¡»6¼¤£XÚùÖ×6;«$Ô+ÊÀ£r$óÜ+Ú££éÒM§Go©£ QêJª «$Ô§Ø+ÜGk9ë;ì+µ Ò££¤»?ª$«9«Ô í¥¡®©£k1×"î ÏðïñÒ£ê ªò« Ô Ø Ü½kòëóì µ» ô¥Òð«õ¬ Æ r÷ö Ôóø Ôúùõû Ú Þ(Ê£èÒtü öÔ\Ê;£v\Ù"ýk6þ£|;³;ÿéÒ~í subject-predicate structure í¡ £¢\Ùý+襤£¦¥§k¡¨ ©Gq¡ ¾÷tü"øÔ\Ê¥"ø¥6ø ö-Ô£g;§vGk Ù"ýGk©È$¼èÒZt¥ùÃÀ±"ü¡;ø¼k9«$ÔèÒ Ý"À1ï¥|\Ù"ý¡ÁÓyÀ±¥;ø 33 W å "$úDh¥ôL'NCj%: ô PïDj§$Gô PCj § -0Dh |&Ü "êúJ, 465W¦ = £ô)¨Th£|Mj :!_10 2 #)ú !#"¤;¨ ¤O$ ô > ¥@¡ô jDR T. 1564, vol. 30, p. 33b. 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Ö ã \G \YL£ NMb §m nCB n B B1I/J(K I1O1PAQ B H EDF ?H?F HÒR/S Ç Ç E \?G \Y1V(WX 9} í í æåYW B BI/JK I1O1PAQ q . þ TDUF ?HF H ÒRY { HuÔ H ç@è í ]¿Ó` GU^ÕGÖVU %_ÕGÖÓm× X V } > s( Ñ þ H H yL H Ð yLfà X V }Mé' (Õ Ô m s f ^¡ ¡ Ò Ã£H Ð Ã Ë 300 H T. 99, vol. 2, p. 85c Bhikkhu Bodhi (tr.), The Connected Discourses of the Buddha, vol. I, Boston: Wisdom Publications, 2000, pp. 583-584. ¥ ã U$å?0 1 U mÍ^_] }_] Õ , U , } ¿ » q» : : » ¦ Ï (Z*H º y H º H ºVy y E \ äf ä¿Â ä §} 1 Öä¿Ä ä_Åm äÆ q s s q ¢ ¢ H ½G¼1[^d?\ H À H Ã_Gà SÍ} ]%](^^ }] \GËaÌ Y^Sam · n » ¦¡ÏGÑ ¦¡Ï ü ÇL GÉ H YÉYF_Ê F y \ äYU9} YYS9m · U_ \ U9} åYW í ç è ]GP` » ¦ Ï ¦¡Ï H à F H[y YÉwÔT H H YU^ÕGÖVU _Õ¿Ö1Óm®¥× X V } ÕGX V s s Ñ H yL H Ð yfà à H Ð Ô m } é Õ ¡ f Y¡ H Ë` à 301 T. 99, vol. 2, pp. 85c-86a Bhikkhu Bodhi (tr.), The Connected ` Discourses of the Buddha, vol. I, Boston Wisdom Publications, 2000, p. 544. ¥ I ã Á§§) Á¿\ ¿|æí · £} Á )YÁf\ · £} Á » n s nCB » B » n H H Ç Ç HVÒ Ç E Á Á \ \Ó· (b äûí¥} ä"c · c p\ bä 41aVs n B » n s ¢ Ç H H[F_ Ç H ÇÓH y H í¥} W í(d;ç@è í `zGU^ÕGÖVU _Õ¿Ö1ÓmJ£z× X V þ Ô Z H HJFwÊ H y H } X _ } é Õ Ô s s Ñ T ^¡ ¡ yLfÃYÒ Ã H Ð Ã Ë H Ð 302 T. 99, vol. 2, p. 86a-b; ` Bhikkhu Bodhi (tr.), The Connected Discourses of the Buddha, vol. 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