Fisheries of the Falkland Islands and the South Georgia, South Sandwich and South Orkney Islands5

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Marine Fisheries Catches of SubAntarctic Islands, 1950-2010, Palomares, MLD and Pauly D (eds.)

FISHERIES OF THE FALKLAND ISLANDS AND THE SOUTH GEORGIA, SOUTH SANDWICH AND SOUTH ORKNEY ISLANDS5

Maria Lourdes D. Palomares and Daniel Pauly

Sea Around Us, University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada; email: [email protected]; [email protected]

Abstract

The history of the Falkland Islands, and the islands of South Georgia, South Sandwich and South Orkney Islands, is briefly reviewed, with emphasis on the exploitation of the living resources (marine mammals, fishes) surrounding these islands. This is then used as background for a ‘reconstruction’ of the catches of fishes and invertebrates, based on a variety of historic sources and catch statistics of the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) from the period from 1950 to 2010. These catches evolved from primarily subsistence and artisanal fisheries supplying the staff of whaling stations and (in the Falklands) the local inhabitants in the 1950s and 1960s, to licensed, well documented and managed industrial fisheries with annual average catches of more than 185,000 t in the Falkland Islands, about 96,000 t in South Georgia, 60 t in South Sandwich Islands, and about 79,000 t in South Orkney Islands. These fisheries are currently targeting mainly squids (Illex argentinus and Doryteuthis gahi) and various species of rockcod (Patagonotothen spp.) around the Falklands, krill (Euphausia superba) and various high-value demersal fishes (such as the mackerel icefish Champsocephalus gunnari and the Patagonian toothfish, Dissostichus eleginoides) around the South Georgia, South Sandwich and South Orkney Islands.

Introduction

This account presents a reconstruction of the marine fisheries catches of the Falkland Islands and South Georgia, South Sandwich and South Orkney Islands for the years 1950-2010. The results are tentative and the reconstruction is preliminary. It is mainly based on official statistics of the Falkland Islands Fisheries Department6 and data extracted from the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resource (CCAMLR) for South Georgia, South Sandwich and South Orkney Islands, complemented by historical data from the scientific and geographic literature.

The Falkland Islands (Figure 1), named after the Viscount of Falkland7, were first colonized by immigrants from San Malô in France at the end of the 17th Century, and hence the name Iles Malouines in

5 Cite as: Palomares MLD and Pauly D (2015) Fisheries of the Falkland Islands and the South Georgia, South Sandwich and South Orkney Islands. In: Palomares MLD and Pauly D (eds) Marine Fisheries Catches of SubAntarctic Islands, 1950-2010, p. 1-20. Fisheries Centre Research Reports 23(1). Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC. 6 The Falkland Islands are too far north to be covered by the Commission on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR; see Russ 2007). 7 Treasurer of the Navy (HMSO 1920) and one of the owners of the Welfare commanded by Captain John Strong in 1690, i.e., the first recorded landing in the Falklands, at Bold Cove, Port Howard (Boyson 1924).

1 Fisheries of British Antarctic Islands, Palomares MLD and Pauly D

French (Charton 1848). The islands were later referred to as Las Islas Malvinas in Spanish when the French relinquished the islands to the Spanish in 1767 (see Palomares et al. 2006). The British reclaimed the islands in the 1840s8, after which a succession of conflicts, notably between Spain and Britain and Argentina and Britain, over who should own these islands ensued, the last culminating in a brief war between Argentina and Britain in 19829. The Falklands consist of 778 islands, of which two, the West and East Islands, are the major ones. Peopled by almost 3,000 inhabitants10, the Falkland Islands jointly cover 12,200 km2 and are surrounded by an Exclusive Economic Zone of 551,000 km2, which contains valuable marine resources within a 179,000 km2 shelf area and a 44,000 km2 inshore fishing area11.

The Falkland Islands Dependencies, defined by the Letters Patent of 21 July 1908 and 28 March 1917, include all the islands and territories from 20°W and 50°W, south of 50°S and from 50°W to 80°W, south of 58°S (HMSO 1959a). This definition includes the islands of South 12 Georgia (35°50’-38°15’W; 54- 55°S), South Sandwich (26- Figure 1. The Falkland Islands 28°15’W; 59°18’-59°30’S), South (United Kingdom), South Georgia Orkney (44-47°50’W; 60-61°S), and South Sandwich Islands South Shetlands (west of the (CCAMLR areas 48.3 and 48.4), South Orkneys), Graham Land and South Orkney Islands including Palmer, Biscoe and (CCAMLR area 48.2) and their Exclusive Economic Zones. The other islands separated from the dark area south of the South South Shetlands by the Barnsfield Orkney Islands is a marine reserve. Strait (HMSO 1920). The international legal regime established as the Antarctic Treaty in 1961 led to the establishment of the British Antarctic Territory in 1962 to include only South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands (inclusive of Shag and Clerke Rocks). In 1985, the territory became the British Overseas Territory of South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands (HMSO 1962a), with an EEZ13 of 1,449,532 km2, a shelf area of 23,090 km2 and an inshore fishing area of 14,940 km2.

8 Act of Parliament dated 11 April 1843 declared the Falkland Islands as Crown colony, with Port William (renamed Stanley Harbour after Lord Stanley, Secretary of State for the Colonies) and Lieutenant R.E. Moody as Governor (HMSO 1920). 9 See historical timeline at https://falklandstimeline.wordpress.com/. 10 Current population based on http://www.falklands.gov.fk/our-people/. 11 EEZ, shelf and inshore fishing area (IFA) data from the Sea Around Us database (see http://www.seaaroundus.org/eez/238.aspx; accessed 11/01/2015). The IFA is defined as the area within 50 km from the coast or 200 m depth, whichever comes first (Chuenpagdee et al. 2006). 12 Captain Cook, onboard the Resolution, landed at Possession Bay on 17 January 1775, and named the islands after King George III (see Cook 1776). 13 Though also contested by Argentina.

2 Marine Fisheries Catches of SubAntarctic Islands, 1950-2010, Palomares, MLD and Pauly D (eds.)

While the South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands have well defined EEZs (Figure 1), which include 20,000 km2 of marine reserve (see South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Government 2012), the South Orkney Islands and surrounding waters are of uncertain legal status, which may have helped to convert them into a marine reserve that is largely accepted internationally since it was declared in 201014 (Figure 1). Given that these three island groups are part of the CCAMLR convention (Subareas 48.3, 48.4 and 48.2, respectively), which contain no other island groups, and given that these islands have a similar fauna and history of exploitation (see Kock 1992), we are presenting their catch reconstruction in the same contribution, which thus covers, (i) the Falkland Islands; and (ii) the Antarctic Islands of South Georgia, South Sandwich and South Orkney.

"We go somewhere, use up a resource and move on to the next one"15

For over one century, the main industry of the Falkland Islands and its Dependencies was sheep farming, which produces wool, meat, skins and tallow (i.e., fat). Regularly published ‘blue books’ reporting on the economic progress of the Colony as early as 1846 trace the growth of sheep farming from 1867 onwards, replacing the South American ‘gaucho style’ wild cattle16 ranching established by Louis-Antoine de Bougainville’s French colony at Fort St. Louis17 (Pernetty 1773) and surreptitiously continued by the Spanish18 until the early 1800s (HMSO 1920; Strange 1987).

The introduction of grazing animals (pigs, rabbits and goats, in addition to cattle and sheep) into an ecosystem which had evolved in the absence of such animals (Russ 2007) led to overgrazing of the grass that grew on an acidic and infertile soil. This must have contributed to Charles Darwin’s view of the islands as ‘desolate’, on his first visit aboard the HMS Beagle in 183319 (see Armstrong 2004). Sheep farming reached a record total production in 1896, and slowly dwindled, presumably because the carrying capacity of the terrestrial grass ecosystem was exceeded. However, at least in the Falkland Islands (South Georgia was by then already an important sealing and whaling station; see Rankin 1951), sheep farming remained profitable given the high value of wool, frozen meat and the low rent of tenured land (HMSO 1920). To this day, sheep farming remains as the major land-based industry in the Falkland Islands, though it has been replaced by fisheries as a major source of income20.

The exploitation of the marine resources in and around these islands can be traced back to the 1760s, associated with de Bougainville’s colony (Headland 1984). By 1775, seals were being extracted for export, e.g., as cargo of seal fur and associated products to Canton (now Guangzhou), China in 1784, with

14 http://www.mpatlas.org/mpa/sites/5283/ 15 MacArthur (2010), on the ‘linear’ progression of the Falkland Islands’ economy. 16 No record remains of the wild cattle breed introduced by de Bougainville, whose traits include “large spreading horns, long hair, broad fore limbs and small hind quarters” (Strange 1987). 17 Named after the St. Louis, commanded by Jacques Gouin de Beauchêne, which landed there in 1698 (Taillemite 1997). 18 Spain reclaimed Port Louis in 1766. However, in 1764, the British established a station in Port Egmont, unbeknownst to the Spanish. The discovery of each other’s stations in 1769 sparked the first colonial battle for the Falklands between Spain and Britain, which resulted in the dismantling of both camps (HMSO 1920). 19 Charles Darwin, who visited the Falklands during his voyage with HMS Beagle, wrote in his diary on 3 March 1833 in Port Luis: “Took a long walk; this side of the island is very dreary: the land is low & undulating with stony peaks & bare ridges: it is universally covered by a brown wiry grass, which grows on the peat. In this tract very few plants are found, & excepting snipes & rabbits, scarcely any animals. The whole landscape from the uniformity of the brown color has an air of extreme desolation.” (Armstrong 2000, p. 24-25; see also Pauly 2004). 20 See http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/commercial-sectors/agriculture/.

3 Fisheries of British Antarctic Islands, Palomares MLD and Pauly D an average load of 2,000-4,000 seals·ship-1·voyage-1 (Hofman and Bonner 1985), or an average of 300,000 seals caught by over 100 sealing vessels per season (Palomares et al. 2006). Seal populations quickly succumbed to this overexploitation. Entire populations were annihilated due to indiscriminate removals (see de Saint-Martin 1845), i.e., young, old, male, female seals were taken, mostly due to an ensuing competition for better exports between ‘sealer gangs’ (Russ 2007). In South Georgia, where sealing and whaling was practiced year round in the 1860s, an estimate of 1.2M seals ‘were slaughtered’ in 1865, while a fishing fleet of 5 vessels caught only 600 in 1875 (Rankin 1951). This ‘criminal attack’, as referred to by Rankin (1951, p. 34), led to the local extirpation of elephant seals in the Falklands by 1871 (Armstrong 1994) and of fur seals in Beauchêne Island by 1919 (Strange 1976). From the late 1920s to the early 1950s, sea lions were being culled at the annual rate of 7% (Rodriguez and Bastida 1998).

As the seal population declined, whaling was taken up.21 Technological improvements increased the efficiency of whaling activities, e.g., the explosive harpoon gun invented by Svend Foyn in 1866 (see Tønnessen and Johnsen 1982), and the establishment of permanent coastal whaling stations in South Georgia with inshore floating processing stations22 in the early 1900s (Stevenson 1915). By the 1920s, the fishery consisted of more than 600 vessels deployed by 21 companies, with six coastal and two floating stations processing an annual average of 9,000 whales (Palomares et al. 2006) and exporting 430,000 barrels of whale oil (Stevenson 1915). This increased the production of whale oil to 10 times the value of sheep wool (Jones 1924). Offshore floating stations were established by 1925 (Gambell 1993), which permitted whaling in open and deep seas. By the early 1930s, there were 41 floating stations and 232 whalers in the open seas (Jahn 1937). In the 1950s, the ‘bluebooks’ published by the Colonial Office (HMSO, 1954 to 1959) report sealing and whaling as the only industry in the Falklands and its Dependencies, and producing an average of 160,000 barrels of whale oil (from data for the period 1951- 1957; HMSO 1959b, p. 53) and 12,000 barrels of seal oil (from data for the period 1953-1957; HMSO 1959b, p. 54). The ‘bluebook’ for 1958-1959 (HMSO 1960) and those of the years following, however, did not include an entry for whale or seal oil production, presumably because the fishery had ceased23. In March 1962, Strange (1987, p. 150) recounts an encounter with a Russian fleet illegally whaling in Falkland waters24. He was aboard a small ex-motor fishing vessel (with 6 crew members including the customs officer) observing the Russian ship, which after a while caught one whale – the last that he saw alive in those waters.

The probability of developing a finfish fishery was considered as early as the 1920s, because the whale fishery’s growth was by then already limited. Jones (1924) writes: "The fact that the waters off the Falkland Islands and southern South America support quantities of seals and penguins […] presupposes the existence here of at least a fairly large number of fish. Moreover, direct observation has shown the presence of edible species, while shoals of fish resembling small herring are reported from Port Stanley.

21 The Republic of Buenos Aires established a settlement in Port Louis in 1820, taking advantage of the void left by the Spanish and British camps. Its then governor, Louis Vernet, quickly claimed exclusive rights to the seal fishery and thus prevented American and British ships from operating in the islands. Louis Vernet’s moratorium on ‘foreign’ vessels was voided when the settlement was destroyed by an American warship, the Lexington in 1831 (HMSO 1920), which enabled the continuation of indiscriminate sealing/whaling operations. 22 ‘Bay whaling’ (Russ 2007; see also Salvesen 1914 and Headland 1984) 23 Note that the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling was signed in Washington DC on December 2, 1946 (see http://iwc.int/history-and-purpose). 24 Implying that whaling was still in operation, albeit illegally, in those waters.

4 Marine Fisheries Catches of SubAntarctic Islands, 1950-2010, Palomares, MLD and Pauly D (eds.)

Whether these fisheries will be developed from the Falkland Islands as a base or from Chile, Argentina, and Uruguay will depend on the countries engaged in the fishing operations and on the market regions. Recently these latter countries have taken initial steps for such development. […] If the fisheries are worked by these countries, little profit will accrue to the Falkland Islands from them. The Falkland Islands have an excellent location for operations on the bank but lack a population with a natural aptitude for the industry. The young men accustomed to life in the sheep stations, rather than change their occupation migrate to Chile or Patagonia. In all probability, therefore, the Falkland Islands will take at best a minor part in the development of these fisheries and will derive little advantage from their exploitation by other countries."

As commercial finfish fishing was not yet developed, sealers (mostly Norwegian and some British; see Tritton 2011), seeking to complement the food ration (mutton was the staple, though beef was consumed in winter; see HMSO reports) supplied by their employers, caught fish for subsistence25 (Strange 1987). Fanning (1833) described a fishing method using a dam employed at the river mouth, i.e., ‘fish wall’ (Strange 1987), to trap large quantities of ‘mullet’26 which enter the river at high tide. A report of such subsistence fishing was also found in the 1954 bluebook (HMSO 1956), stating that in the Falkland Islands, “occasional catches of mullet and smelt27 by net hauling were sold for local consumption” (i.e., as artisanal fishing). This information was provided for the Falkland Islands until 1963 (HMSO 1965), but was not found in any of the text reporting the production of the Dependencies. Strange (1987) alludes to the “occasional catch being advertised by the appearance of gulls”, implying that in the 1980s, subsistence fishing was still being practiced in the Falkland Islands. Similar observations were made on the considerable finfish populations around South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands (in spite of several attempts to establish shore-based commercial finfish fisheries), and where ‘fjord’ and ‘sea’ fishes28 remained unexploited even after almost a “century of their discovery” (by Fanning 1833) and only “lightly fished (hand lining)” by residents of the whaling stations (Kock 1992; Wild 1923).

Commercial trawling experiments were conducted in the 1960s by Japanese whaling companies based in Grytviken and Leith in the waters around South Georgia (see Hirabayashi 1963; see also Inoue and Kido 1964) and by the Russian Atlantic Research Institute of Marine Fisheries and Oceanography (AtlantNIRO; based in Kaliningrad) in the waters around South Orkney Islands (Kock 1992; Dickinson 1985). The annual catch of krill and nototheniids in 1965 was recorded at 1,800 t, which increased more than 200 fold to 407,900 t in 1970 (Everson 1981). Meanwhile, the establishment of the Fishery Conservation Zone in 1987 paved the way for commercial fishing operations in the Falkland Islands 9see Dingwall 1992).13 Note, that at the start of the 1980s, Strange (1987) observed 14 trawlers going back and forth from the Falkland Islands, jigging for squids (though we have not found reports of this fishery in the current literature). The Falkland Islands Government reports recent catches of squid to make up 75%

25 Sealers supplemented their rations with wildlife, e.g., eggs and birds (i.e., seabirds), and thus had an immense impact on the marine ecosystem (Russ 2007; Strange 1987; Jones 1924). 26 Eleginops maclovinus (Eleginopsidae, Perciformes), also known as ‘Patagonian blennie’ (FAO-FIES 2014; see www.fishbase.org for other common names), is a euryhaline species, endemic to coastal South American temperate and sub-Antarctic waters (Ceballos et al 2012). This fish is abundant in Falkland waters, with adults migrating from rivers and estuaries into marine coastal waters in spring and reach a maximum age of 11 years (see Brickle et al 2005a). 27 Galaxias maculatus (Galaxiidae, Osmeriformes), also known as Inanga (FAO-FIES 2014) is a catadromous species, important in white bait fisheries (Allen et al 2002). 28 Notothenia rossii (Nototheniidae, Perciformes), occurring in the Southern Ocean (Hureau 1985). The juveniles occur in fjords (‘fjord fishes’), and the adult (‘sea fishes’) occur further away from the coast (Kock 1992).

5 Fisheries of British Antarctic Islands, Palomares MLD and Pauly D amounting to about 200,000 t exported to Europe and the Far East29. Modern ‘bluebooks’ published by the CCAMLR and the Falkland Islands Government Fisheries Department record the progress of the finfish fisheries in this region since the 1970s for South Georgia, South Sandwich and South Orkney Islands and since the late 1980s for the Falkland Islands, respectively.

Data sources

Industrial fisheries

Although the Falklands is not defined in Table 1. Catches (t) of hake (Merluccius spp.) in the Southwest any of the CCAMLR conventions (Russ Atlantic; adapted from Csirke (1987, Figure 12). Others here 2007), it was the seat of government, which include Germany, Japan and the former Soviet Union. Catch for the Falkland Islands assumed to be 5% of the total removals of controlled the “Dependencies” (South hake in the region. Georgia, South Sandwich, South Orkney Year Argentina Uruguay Others Total Falklands Islands; see HMSO, 1920). Colonial Office 1970 80,000 3,600 – 83,600 4,180 reports (HMSO 1954-1965) summarized 1971 87,000 3,600 – 90,600 4,530 1972 100,000 7,300 – 107,300 5,365 the catches of the Falkland Islands and the 1973 145,000 3,600 – 148,600 7,430 Dependencies from 1952 to 1967. The 1974 160,000 3,600 – 163,600 8,180 earliest catch records by the Falkland 1975 100,000 7,300 – 107,300 5,365 1976 175,000 7,300 – 182,300 9,115 Islands Government Fisheries Department 1977 270,000 22,000 22,000 314,000 15,700 (FIG) are from 1987 onwards (FIG 1998, 1978 340,000 44,000 14,600 398,600 19,930 2000, 2005, 2014). Additional data on hake 1979 365,000 58,000 22,000 445,000 22,250 1980 280,000 58,000 14,600 352,600 17,630 (1979-1982), southern blue whiting (1970- 1981 230,000 95,000 7,300 332,300 16,615 1985) and squid (1970-1985) fisheries in 1982 280,000 67,000 7,300 354,300 17,715 the Falkland Islands were reported in Csirke 1983 270,000 80,000 7,300 357,300 17,865 1984 182,000 58,000 7,300 247,300 12,365 (1987). FIG reporting evolved between 1985 263,000 102,000 7,300 372,300 18,615 1998 and 2014. Earlier FIG reports had aggregated statistics, e.g., categories such as ‘Hakes’, ‘Skates’ and ‘Others’. Assuming that the same fleets would have targeted the same species (and that the same gears would have the same bycatch), earlier catches were disaggregated based on the catch composition from recent reports.

Reported catches of ‘Hakes’ (Merluccius spp.) were separated, throughout the time series, into Merluccius hubbsi (dominant species in catch; assumed at 80%) and M. australis (experimental licensing in 2012 established that it made up 20% of the catch; FIG 2013). An earlier catch time series reported for the Southwest Atlantic in Csirke (1987; see Table 1) indicated that Argentina expanded its Rio del Plata fishery using factory vessels in 1979-1982 stationed around the Falkland Islands, and which caught 5,000-10,000 t of hake. Malaret et al. (1986) indicated that 90% of the Southwest Atlantic hake biomass is concentrated off the Falkland Islands, and presumably also where Argentinian and Uruguayan offshore fleets were likely to go, with or without the factory vessels. Thus, we assumed that a certain percentage of the total hake catch reconstructed from Csirke (1987; see Table 1) would have been caught in Falkland waters. Given the estimate for the catch of factory vessels and MRAG (1986a, 1986b) estimates of 20,000-40,000 t in 1984-1985, we are able to discern that catch of hakes in the Falkland Islands may have

29 See http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/commercial-sectors/fisheries/.

6 Marine Fisheries Catches of SubAntarctic Islands, 1950-2010, Palomares, MLD and Pauly D (eds.) represented 2-9% (average of 5%) of the total Southwest Atlantic hake removals. Assuming that the 80%:20% assumption also holds for this earlier catch time series, we reconstructed the catches of the two species of hakes from the estimates of hake removals from the Falkland Islands in Table 1. Catches for 1986-1988 were then interpolated from the reconstructed 1985 catches and the disaggregated 1989 catches.

Table 2. Disaggregation of catches (t) for the group ’Skates’ based on average % contribution of skate species in the catch by gear targeting skates or by gear which catches skates as bycatch and the total removals as reported in Falkland Islands Government Fisheries Statistics (FIG 2005-2014). Species 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Amblyraja georgiana – – – – – – – 417 606 9 Bathyraja albomaculata 515 570 468 566 385 564 766 834 592 1,187 B. brachyurops 1,803 1,994 1,638 1,982 1,349 1,955 1,278 2,155 1,101 1,781 B. cousseauae – – – – – – – – – 10 B. griseocauda 927 1,026 842 1,019 694 1,039 1,284 904 – 651 B. macloviana – – – – – – – – 838 – B. meridionalis – – – – – – – – 10 – B. papilionifera – – – – – – – – 7 – B. scaphiops – – – – – 311 – – 542 457 Zearaja chilensis – – 936 1,133 771 1,122 1,261 1,043 740 1,096 Raja flavirostris 1,030 1,140 – – – – – – – – Rajidaea 876 969 795 963 655 881 1,302 1,599 2,219 732 Total 5,151 5,698 4,679 5,663 3,853 5,872 5,891 6,953 6,655 5,923 a Other skates, mostly caught as bycatch and, which cannot be further disaggregated.

Catches of ‘Skates’ were disaggregated based on the reported % catch composition of gears during the period 2004-2013 which target30 as well as catch these species as bycatch31 (Table 2).

Catches reported as ‘Others’ (miscellaneous Osteichthyes/Chondrichtyes), were disaggregated based on the percent composition of the catch for the period 2006-2013 (Table 3). These percent compositions were applied to the catch of the fishing fleets to obtain estimated catches of the 30 species lumped under ‘Others’ by fishing fleet. With the exception of the Falkland mullet (Eleginops maclovinus; see below), which was reported as part of ‘Others’ in the 2006 and 2009 reports, all of these catch statistics are reported as industrial catch.

The squid fishery was unregulated until the establishment of the Falkland Islands Fishery Conservation Zone (Arkhipkin et al. 2007), and catch reports for this fishery by the Falkland Islands Government started only in 1989. However, Csirke (1987) reported that a small-scale Illex argentinus fishery started in the early 1970s, developing to large-scale offshore operations in 1978. Note that although the fishery is considered small-scale prior to 1978, for Sea Around Us purposes this catch is considered industrial as it is foreign catch within the EEZ. His assessment made use of data from Argentina, Japan and Poland and surveillance data from MRAG (see Table 4), estimating that 80% of the total catch from the Southwest Atlantic were from around the Falkland Islands (see also Basson et al. 1996).

Csirke (1987) also presented catch data for the southern blue whiting, Micromesistius australis in the Southwest Atlantic. This fishery apparently started in the region in 1977 with Polish distant water fleets

30 Gears categorized as ‘skate target trawls’ in FIG reports. 31 Gears categorized as ‘finfish target trawls’, ‘Doryteuthis gahi (Patagonia longfin squid) target trawls’, and longline sets.

7 Fisheries of British Antarctic Islands, Palomares MLD and Pauly D

(getting 70-95% of the catch) and later on joined by fleets of the ex-Soviet Union, Argentina, Bulgaria and Japan. These fleets predominantly fished in the Patagonian shelf, notably the area around the Falkland Islands. Thus, we assumed that 90% of the catches presented in Table 5 were obtained from the Falkland Islands.

Table 3. Disaggregation of the catches (t) of the group ‘Others’ as reported in Falkland Islands Government Fisheries Statistics (FIG 2005-2014). Species 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Allothunnus fallai 0.25 – 0.25 – – – – 0.05 Antimora rostrata 14 16 15 11 12 22 18 16 Brama dussumieri 3 0.25 – – – – – – Champsocephalus esox 23 2 90 0.25 6 0.25 0.25 0.05 Congiopodus peruvianus – – – – – – – 0.10 Cottoperca gobio 5 30 25 16 11 43 26 18 Cottunculus granulosus – – – 0.25 – – – – Eleginops maclovinus 1 – – 0.25 – – – – Icichthys australis 0.25 – – – – – – – Iluocetes fimbriatus – – – 0.25 0.25 2 0.25 – Lamna nasus 1 2 2 3 2 3 1 1 Lampris immaculatus 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.25 Lithodidae 27 25 0.25 10 1 1 0.25 0.30 Macrouridae 671 622 932 958 450 2,058 225 3 Mancopsetta spp. – – – 0.25 1 – – 541 Medusaea – – – – – – – 329 Moroteuthis spp. – – – – 36 33 4 12 Moroteuthis ingens 22 71 29 87 – – – – Munida spp. 4 348 0.25 0.25 6 1 0.25 – Othersb 1,001 483 499 10 96 71 87 436 Patagonotothen spp. 20,210 30,157 60,209 58,149 76,411 55,648 63,510 – Patagonotothen tessellata – – – – – – – 1 Pseudocyttus maculatus – – – 0.25 – – – – Psychrolutes marmoratus – – 1 0.25 – – – – Schroederichthys bivius – – – – – – – 1 Sebastes oculatus 19 24 6 31 46 104 30 18 Somniosus microcephalus – – – – – – – 3 Sprattus fuegensis – 9 – 0.25 1 4 50 12 Squalus acanthias 11 9 5 0.25 1 50 65 72 Stromateus brasiliensis 1 6 102 75 2 12 19 8 Thysmops birsteini 0.25 11 – – – – – – Zygochlamys patagonica – 14 6 13 3 11 0.25 – Totals 22,015 31,830 61,923 59,367 77,086 58,064 64,037 1,471 a More information will have to be gathered on this catch, which appears to be non-targeted (i.e., bycatch; Lucas Brotz, Fisheries Centre, UBC, pers. comm.). b Can no longer be disaggregated and here treated as ‘miscellaneous demersal fishes’.

Industrial catch records for South Georgia, South Sandwich and South Orkney Islands published by CCAMLR (2014) provide data for South Georgia for the period 1970-2013, for South Sandwich for 1973-2013 and South Orkney Islands for 1977-2013, which were re-expressed from ‘fishing season’ to calendar years32.

32 CCAMLR’s reporting season is for December of Year N to November of Year N+1; this was here extracted from the CCAMLR database by calendar year (i.e., January-December of Year N).

8 Marine Fisheries Catches of SubAntarctic Islands, 1950-2010, Palomares, MLD and Pauly D (eds.)

Table 4. Catches of shortfin squid, Illex argentinus, in the Southwest Atlantic; adapted from Csirke (1987, Figure 26). Catches in the Falkland Islands were assumed to be 80% of these (Csirke 1987). Others here include Bulgaria, Germany, Cuba and South Korea. Year Total catch Argentina Poland Japan Others 1970 1,000 1,000 – – – 1971 1,000 1,000 – – – 1972 1,000 1,000 – – – 1973 2,000 2,000 – – – 1974 2,000 2,000 – – – 1975 2,000 2,000 – – – 1976 5,000 5,000 – – – 1977 1,000 1,000 – – – 1978 73,000 58,500 3,900 3,900 6,700 1979 128,000 89,700 15,600 11,700 11,000 1980 24,000 11,700 7,800 3,900 600 1981 50,000 7,800 19,500 15,600 7,100 1982 190,000 39,000 109,200 35,100 6,700 1983 160,000 23,400 120,900 15,600 100 1984 220,000 27,300 117,000 62,400 13,300 1985 234,000 19,500 97,500 81,900 35,100

Table 5. Catch (t) of southern blue whiting, Micromesistius australis; adapted from Csirke (1987; Figure 13). Others here include Bulgaria and Japan. Catch in Falkland Island waters assumed to be 90% of the total catch in the region. Year Poland Soviet Others Total Falklands Uniona catch 1977 2,000 – – 2,000 1,800 1978 12,188 4,063 1,750 18,000 16,200 1979 32,500 4,063 3,438 40,000 36,000 1980 52,813 20,313 6,875 80,000 72,000 1981 44,688 16,250 9,063 70,000 63,000 1982 121,875 4,063 12,063 138,000 124,200 1983 223,438 20,313 16,250 260,000 234,000 1984 97,500 8,125 8,375 114,000 102,600 1985 73,125 16,250 7,625 97,000 87,300 a Note that Soviet Union was reassigned to Russian Federation in the reconstructions, see text below.

Artisanal, subsistence and recreational fisheries

Although meat (cattle and sheep) is the staple food, fish figures in the diet of these islanders; at least in the Falklands, “fish is the base for various light main courses”33. Thus, we assume that subsistence fishing in the 1950s to the end of the 1960s would be practiced at least by staff of the whaling stations. We assembled demographic estimates in the Falkland and South Georgia Islands, noting the number of workers based at the whaling stations (see Table 6), i.e., potential subsistence fishers of ‘mullet’, ‘smelt’ and ‘fjord’ and ‘sea fishes’. Per capita fish and shellfish consumption for human food by Falkland Islanders for the period 2007-2009 was estimated at 35.2 kg·year-1 (FUS 201134). Given that subsistence catch is seasonal (i.e., occasional), we assumed that 5% of the per capita fish consumption can be

33 See http://recipes.wikia.com/wiki/Falkland_Islander_Cuisine. 34 “The FAO calculation for apparent consumption is based on a disappearance model. The three year average considers, on a round weight equivalent basis, a country’s landings, imports, and exports” (FUS 2011).

9 Fisheries of British Antarctic Islands, Palomares MLD and Pauly D obtained through subsistence fishing. Thus, 1.76 kg was multiplied with the number of whaling station inhabitants to obtain the annual subsistence catch for the period 1952-1963. This estimate of subsistence catch was then projected backward to 1950 and forward to 2005, and was disaggregated into 3 groups: Falkland mullet (70%), smelt (20%) and mixed marine species (10%). Note that the catch of smelt, is categorized as artisanal catch from 1950 onwards because of the indication that it is sold for local consumption. The catch of the Falkland mullet was categorized as subsistence before 2000 and artisanal thereafter35.

A similar procedure was followed for South Georgia Table 6. Number of inhabitants in the Falkland and Island, for the period 1952-1963. The number of South Georgia Islands and number of whaling station staff reported in Colonial Office ‘bluebooks’ (HMSO workers residing in the whaling stations (Table 6) was 1954-1965). The number of Falkland Islanders multiplied by 1.76 kg (see above; NOAA_NMFS 2012). apparently fluctuated depending on the number of This catch was applied to N. rossii and categorized as migrant whalers, which was not regularly reported. South Georgia, on the other hand, was populated artisanal, assuming that it is sold for consumption by the mostly by whalers. station staff (see Kock 1992)36. Artisanal catch of N. Year Island Inhabitants Whaling rossii was backward extrapolated to 1950 and forward station workers extrapolated to 1969. Note that the earliest catch record 1952 Falklands 2,230 500 of N. rossii reported by South Georgia to the CCAMLR 1953 Falklands 2,220 500 is in 1970 as part of the industrial fishery fleet of the 1954 Falklands 2,212 500 1955 Falklands 2,249 500 former USSR. Neither subsistence nor artisanal fishing 1956 Falklands 2,294 500 was estimated for the South Sandwich and South 1957 Falklands 2,253 500 Orkney Islands as these are uninhabited islands. 1958 Falklands 2,238 500 1959 Falklands 2,173 500 Unreported catches were estimated using data from 1962 Falklands 1,252 500 Agnew (2000, Table 1, p363) and the CCAMLR- 1963 Falklands 1,252 500 Working Group on Stock Assessment of D. eleginoides 1952 South Georgia 1,477 1,469 (CCAMLR-WGFSA 2011, Appendix G, Table 1, p.2). 1953 South Georgia 1,449 1,441 1955 South Georgia 1,329 1,329 1957 South Georgia 1,098 1,098 Catches by the former USSR 1970-1991 were 1959 South Georgia 1,252 1,252 redistributed to Ukraine and the Russian Federation 1961 South Georgia 1,252 521 1963 South Georgia 1,252 421 using the reported CCAMLR landings for the South Georgia Islands for the period 1992-2004, i.e., 15% Russian Federation and 85% Ukraine, following the logic presented in Zeller and Rizzo (2007). Note that the reported landings for the Falkland, South Sandwich and South Orkney Islands did not follow the pattern of reporting for South Georgia Islands. In the Falklands, catches from 1978-1988 were reported under the USSR, no catches were reported between 1988 and 1994, and from 2001 onwards catches were reported only under the Russian Federation. We thus assumed that earlier landings were of the Russian Federation. A similar reporting pattern was observed for the South Orkneys, except that catches made by Ukraine were reported consistently from 1992-2008 and catches by the Russian Federation were reported only for 1992 and 2009-2010. We thus assumed that earlier catches reported under the USSR were taken by Ukrainian vessels. In the South Sandwich Islands, only one catch record was recorded for the Russian Federation in 1992, and we

35 The mullet catch of the small beach seine fishery (established in 2000; see Brickle et al. 2005b) in 2006 was 0.25 t (FIG 2008) and was 1.0 t in 2009 (FIG 2011). 36 Falklands is assigned as the fishing entity for this catch, as at the time South Georgia was a dependency of the Falklands. Therefore, for Sea Around Us purposes this catch is considered industrial.

10 Marine Fisheries Catches of SubAntarctic Islands, 1950-2010, Palomares, MLD and Pauly D (eds.) assumed that the former USSR did not fish in these islands. Note that the longest reported catch time series in the South Sandwich Islands are for New Zealand and the UK, and covering the period 2005- 2010.

Recent sporting news and an angling club web sites indicate the existence of a touristic sport fishery (mostly in freshwater), which is probably catching small amounts of demersal species. However, catch records are not found in any of the government reports. We thus exclude this sector from our analyses.

Results and Discussion

The annual average catches for the Falkland, South Georgia, South Sandwich and South Orkney Islands summarized in Table 7 suggest that the Falkland Islands has the highest annual average catch with over 80% of the annual catch consisting of 5 species (of 48 taxa caught). However, the evolution of the catch over 20-year periods shows that the highest annual catches were taken in the 1970-1989 period, with annual catch per vessel estimates of 19,000 t, 47,000 t and 38,500 t by fleets operating in the Falkland, South Georgia and South Orkney Islands, respectively. The annual average number of fleets operating in the islands shows a 2-3-fold increase in the last 20 years, with annual catch per vessel estimates decreasing 125 times in the Falklands and 2 times in South Georgia Island, but increasing by an enormous amount in the South Sandwich Islands. Though these islands are found in the same region, the main target species differs, with squid in the Falklands, krill in South Georgia and South Orkney and Patagonian toothfish in the South Sandwich Islands (see Aquarone and Adams 2008; Clers et al. 1996; Ashford et al. 1994).

The reconstructed catches for the Falkland and South Georgia Islands, extend coverage of the historical catches to 1950 (reported catches started only in the late 1980s for the Falklands and in the 1970s for South Georgia), with data on subsistence and artisanal fishing practiced by inhabitants of the whaling stations (Figure 2). We estimated an annual average subsistence catch (mostly E. maclovinus) at about 0.6 t·year-1 and artisanal fisheries catch (of E. maclovinus, G. maculatus and I. argentinus) at 197 t, in the Falklands for 1950-2010. The average annual artisanal catch (the majority being N. rossii) for the period 1950-1969 in South Georgia was estimated at 2.1 t·year-1. The reconstructed industrial catches of the Falklands ranges from about 4,200 t in 1950 to 355,000 t in 2010, which includes an annual average of over 30,000 t of unreported catches (over the 1950-2010 time period), the highest reaching over 270,000 t in 1983. The South Georgia Islands industrial fisheries ranges from 400,000 in 1970 to 11,400 t in 2010 with an annual average unreported catch (notably krill fisheries bycatch of juvenile fishes; see data in Pakhomov and Pankratov 1994) of about 2,800 t·year-1, the highest being in 1989 at 20,000 t (available for 1973-2004).

11 Fisheries of British Antarctic Islands, Palomares MLD and Pauly D

Total catch by sector 450 450 Falkland Islands South Georgia Islands 400 400

350 350

)

) 3 300 3 300 250 250 200 200 very small

150 very small artisanal 150 catch by Catch (t x 10 x (t Catch

and subsistence catch 10 x (t Catch whaling workers 100 100 Industrial 50 50 Industrial 0 0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

0.18 300 South Sandwich Islands South Orkney Islands 0.16 250

0.14

)

) 3 0.12 3 200 0.10 Industrial 150 0.08

0.06 100 Catch (t x 10 x (t Catch Catch (t x 10 x (t Catch Industrial 0.04 50 0.02 0.00 0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Figure 2A. Catches from 1950-2010 for the Falkland Islands and the Antarctic Islands of South Georgia, South Sandwich and South Orkney by fisheries sector. Note that subsistence and artisanal catches reconstructed for the Falkland are too small to be visible. Artisanal catches by whaling workers in South Georgia were relabelled as industrial as per Sea Around Us guidelines . Catches for South Sandwich (1973-2010) and South Orkney Islands (1977-2010) were obtained from the CCAMLR report (2014), are expressed in calendar years and show only industrial catches.

12 Marine Fisheries Catches of SubAntarctic Islands, 1950-2010, Palomares, MLD and Pauly D (eds.)

Total catch by taxa 450 450 Falkland Islands Patagonotothen spp. South Georgia Islands 400 400 Champsocephalus Macruronus magellanicus Others

350 350 gunnari Electrona carlsbergi )

) Notothenia rossii 3 Doryteuthis gahi 3 300 300 Others 250 250 Euphausia superba 200 Merluccius hubbsi 200

150 150 Dissostichus Catch (t x 10 x (t Catch Micromesistius australis 10 x (t Catch Patagonotothen eleginoides 100 100 brevicauda 50 Illex 50 argentinus 0 0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

0.18 300 South Sandwich Islands South Orkney Islands 0.16 250 Others

0.14 Others )

) Euphausia superba 3 0.12 Macrourus spp. 3 200 0.10 Dissostichus mawsoni 150 0.08 Champsocephalus Dissostichus eleginoides

0.06 100 gunnari Catch (t x 10 x (t Catch 0.04 Euphausia superba 10 x (t Catch 50 0.02 0.00 0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Figure 2B. Catches from 1950-2010 for the Falkland Islands and the Antarctic Islands of South Georgia, South Sandwich and South Orkney by taxa. Note that subsistence (Eleginops maclovinus) and artisanal (Galaxias maculatus) catches reconstructed for the Falkland Islands and whaling worker catches (Notothenia rossii) for South Georgia Islands do not show because of their small amounts as compared to the much larger industrial catch.

13 Fisheries of British Antarctic Islands, Palomares MLD and Pauly D

Total catch by country 450 450 Falkland Islands South Georgia Islands 400 Falkland Islands 400 Others

350 350

) )

3 3 300 Japan 300 Russia South Korea 250 Spain 250 Poland 200 Poland 200 150 150 Others

Argentina Japan Catch (t x 10 x (t Catch Catch (t x 10 x (t Catch Ukraine 100 100 South Korea 50 50 0 0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

0.18 300 South Sandwich Islands South Orkney Islands 0.16 250 Russia

0.14 United Kingdom

)

3 3 0.12 200 South Korea New Zealand 0.10 Poland Norway 150 0.08 Bulgaria Others 0.06 100

Catch (t x 10 x (t Catch Japan

Catch (t x 10 x (t Catch Russia 0.04 Japan 50 Ukraine 0.02 0.00 0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Figure 2C. Catches from 1950-2010 for the Falkland Islands and the Antarctic Islands of South Georgia, South Sandwich and South Orkney by country fishing, i.e., with legal licenses or access agreements. Note that reconstructed subsistence and artisanal catches were assigned to country fishing as Falklands and South Georgia Islands (as opposed to the United Kingdom). Catches by the former USSR in the: a) Falkland Islands were assigned to the Russian Federation; b) South Orkneys were assigned to Ukraine; and c) South Georgia Islands were split (15:85%) between the Russian Federation and Ukraine (see sources of data for more details).

14 Marine Fisheries Catches of SubAntarctic Islands, 1950-2010, Palomares, MLD and Pauly D (eds.)

Table 7. Summary of reconstructed data for the Falkland and South Georgia Islands and of the CCAMLR data (expressed in calendar years) for the South Sandwich and South Orkney Islands.

Islands CCAMLR Period Catchmin Catchmax Annual Main Number Main Number area of coverage (and year) (and year) catch Fishing of Target taxa average fleets fishing species caught fleets Falklands 1950-2010 0.6 (1962) 426,820 (1989) 124,651 Korea (19%), 35 Illex argentinus (39%), 48 1950-1969 0.8 Spain (19%), 1 Micromesistius australis (21%), 1970-1989 112,927 Poland (16%) 6 Dorytheuthis gahi (16%), 1990-2010 254,531 13 Merluccius hubbsi (4%), Macruronus magellanicus (4%) South Georgia 483 1950-2010 1 (1969) 421,413 (1987) 63,973 Ukraine (68%) 23 Euphausia superba (52%) 83 1950-1969 2 Russian Fed. (12%), 1 Champsocephalus gunnari (16%) 1970-1989 141,200 3 Notothenia rossii (15%) 1990-2010 53,207 Japan (8%) 10 South Sandwicha 484 1973-2010 1 (1986) 163 (2009) 60 New Zealand (43%) 5 Dissostichus eleginoides (56%) 15 1950-1969 0 United Kingdom (39%) 0 D. mawsoni (18%) 1970-1989 10 Russian Fed. (8%) 1 E. superba (12%) 1990-2010 79 2 Macrourus spp. (12%) South Orkneyb 482 1977-2010 26 (1977) 262,270 (1982) 77,463 Ukraine (69%), 15 E. superba (91%); 24 1950-1969 0 Japan (10%) 0 C. gunnari (7%) 1970-1989 115,389 Norway (6%) 3 1990-2010 56,653 4 a The reconstruction of South Sandwich only includes data for the years 1973, 1983, 1986, 1992, 1993, and 2005-2010. Averages shown are over those years only. b The reconstruction of South Orkney only includes data for the years 1977-2010. Averages shown are over those years only.

15 Fisheries of British Antarctic Islands, Palomares MLD and Pauly D

Disaggregation of the hake, skates and miscellaneous species components of the Falkland Islands fisheries highlighted the species caught as bycatch of the various trawl fisheries. What is interesting is the high catches of Patagonotothen spp. (annual average of 49,000 t; 2006-2010 period), lumped with “Others”, but practically making up 90% of that category. Recent FIG catch data (2004-2013) also include Patagonotothen ramsayi, with annual average catches of almost 40,000 t. These species are members of the cod icefish (Nototheniidae) family, usually benthopelagic to depths of 500 m. Other species of the family known to occur in the area (and mostly restricted to the Patagonia Shelf) are P. brevicauda, P. comucola, P. guntheri, P. sima, P. tessellata and P. wiltoni (see www.fishbase.org). Not much is known of this group of fishes, which grow on average to more than 20 cm, the biggest of which is P. ramsayi, growing to more than 44 cm (Erzini 1991), which might explain why it is reported as a separate category. The trend of the time series of catches as shown in Figure 2 gives an impression of ‘boom and bust’ fisheries behavior, i.e., large spikes interspersed with low catches. However, an increase in the catch during the 1970-1990 period is evident; thereafter, catches fell to less than 100,000 t in the early 2000s. The ‘boom and bust’ fishing also involves the targeting of new species, and an ongoing expansion into new deeper fishing grounds, as can be assessed by a detailed analysis of taxonomically disaggregated and spatialized catches (see Ainley and Pauly 2013; Aquarone and Adams 2008). This strategy, imported from the far North, where the expansion of industrial fisheries began, is not sustainable (see data in Jones et al. 2000), and it is hoped that CCAMLR and its member countries will succeed in transiting to a different model, in which smaller fisheries operating sustainably over long time periods can generate what will actually turn to be large catches.

Acknowledgements

This is a contribution of the Sea Around Us, a scientific collaboration funded by The Pew Charitable Trusts and the Paul G. Allen Family Foundation. Thanks are also due to Ms. Kyrstn Zylich who reviewed the graphs and the tables.

References

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