Galileovy Cesty K Nové Vědě Disertační Práce

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Galileovy Cesty K Nové Vědě Disertační Práce MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA Filozofická fakulta Katedra filozofie Teorie a dějiny vědy Mgr. Markéta Ledvoňová Galileovy cesty k nové vědě Disertační práce Vedoucí práce: Prof. PhDr. Josef Krob, CSc. 2019 Prohlašuji, že jsem disertační práci vypracovala samostatně s využitím uvedených pramenů a literatury. ……………………………………….. Markéta Ledvoňová 2 Traduje se, že Galileo by bez pomoci Cesiho Akademie Prubíře nikdy nevydal. Na tomto místě bych chtěla poděkovat i já svým „Lincei“, kteří se podíleli na vzniku této disertace: • Prof. PhDr. Josefu Krobovi, Csc. za laskavé vedení práce, cenné připomínky, rady a nápady. • Alessandrovi Sartinimu za neutuchající podporu a obětavou pomoc při shánění některých titulů ze zahraniční literatury. • Mamince za neustálé povzbuzování a zásoby kávy. 3 Obsah Obsah .......................................................................................................................................... 4 1 Úvod ................................................................................................................................... 6 1.1 Současné proudy galileovských studií ......................................................................... 6 1.2 Motivy pro výběr Prubíře ............................................................................................ 8 1.3 Zkoumaná témata a struktura disertace ..................................................................... 10 1.4 Poznámka k pramenům a překladům ......................................................................... 13 2 Galileův ústup z veřejného života .................................................................................... 14 2.1 Obhajoba a zákaz heliocentrismu .............................................................................. 14 2.2 Dva roky „prázdnin“ .................................................................................................. 17 3 Vztahy s římskými jezuity před rokem 1616 ................................................................... 20 3.1 Autorita římských matematiků .................................................................................. 20 3.2 Ratio studiorum a jednota jezuitského řádu .............................................................. 22 3.3 Ochlazení vzájemných vztahů ................................................................................... 25 4 Možné vysvětlení Galileovy agresivity ............................................................................ 27 4.1 „Značka Galileo“: Důležitá role dalekohledu při cestě na medicejský dvůr ............. 27 4.2 Tychonův geoheliocentrický systém světa ................................................................ 32 4.3 Nebezpečný pohyb Země .......................................................................................... 37 5 Dvorská disputace ............................................................................................................ 40 5.1 Role patronátu ve dvorských disputacích .................................................................. 40 5.2 Žák versus učitel: Jak odpovědět masce a obrátit situaci ve svůj prospěch .............. 43 5.3 Dopis jako dialog: Komunikace nové vědy ............................................................... 44 5.4 Sarsi není Grassi: Nekonzistence jezuitského oponenta ............................................ 48 5.5 Lincei, netrpěliví patroni i editoři .............................................................................. 53 6 Manifest nové vědy: Moderní proti tradičnímu ............................................................... 56 6.1 Pokrokové proti tradičnímu ....................................................................................... 56 6.1.1 Sdílená dvorská kultura Lincei a jezuitů ............................................................ 56 6.1.2 Množství následovníků a neobvyklé názory: Špačci a orli ................................ 60 6.2 Kniha přírody ............................................................................................................. 63 6.2.1 Božská kniha přírody ......................................................................................... 64 6.2.2 Kniha přírody proti autoritě ................................................................................ 67 6.3 Caesar nebo nic: Jazyk matematiky ve zkoumání přírody ........................................ 71 6.3.1 Ariadnina niť: Matematická metoda .................................................................. 74 6.3.2 Galileo experimentátor ....................................................................................... 76 6.4 Smyslové poznání: Nejistota a omezení .................................................................... 79 4 6.4.1 Smysly a přístroje: Role zraku, dalekohledu a mikroskopu ............................... 79 6.4.2 Smysly a nejistota ............................................................................................... 85 6.4.3 Problém klasifikace ............................................................................................ 87 7 Vzlety a pády po vydání Prubíře ..................................................................................... 92 8 Závěr ................................................................................................................................. 96 Přílohy .................................................................................................................................... 100 Bibliografie ............................................................................................................................. 103 5 1 Úvod 1.1 Současné proudy galileovských studií Když v roce 1603 Federico Cesi zakládá Akademii rysů (Accademia dei Lincei),1 ještě netuší, že jeho vědecká skupina bude navždy spojená se jménem toskánského patricije Galilea Galileiho. Přestože medicejský matematik nepatřil k zakládajícím členům Akademie, okamžitě po svém přijetí se stal její nejvýraznější postavou. Svým bojem za uznání Koperníkova modelu se stal natolik známým, že jeho současníci někdy nenazývali příznivce heliocentrického uspořádání světa „kopernikánci“, nýbrž „galileisty“. 2 Kontroverzní osobnost horující za celkovou proměnu přírodní filosofie k sobě nepřitáhla pouze pozornost římských inkvizitorů, ale také mnoha učenců, jejichž zájem o osudy a myšlení filosofa opředeného mnoha mýty neutuchá ani po čtyřech staletích. V současnosti je možné identifikovat tři hlavní proudy galileovských studií. Nejstarší z nich touží najít příčinu, která matematika přivedla před Svaté oficium3 a ptá se, nakolik bylo jeho odsouzení oprávněné. Do těchto studií se zapojila i sama katolická církev, která mezi lety 1979–1992 z rozhodnutí papeže Jana Pavla II. Galileův případ přezkoumala. Hlavní motivací nicméně nebyla touha rehabilitovat významného představitele novověké vědy. Jeho Svatost toužila vyvrátit přetrvávající galileovský mýtus, tedy že se mezi vědou a církví nachází hluboká propast, která nemůže být překročena. V konečném zhodnocení otec Wojtyła označil konflikt mezi Galileim a církví za „tragické vzájemné nepochopení“. 4 Reakce na oficiální verdikt katolické církve byly velmi rozporuplné5 a je nasnadě, že mnozí badatelé nebyli papežovým 1 Federico Cesi (1585–1630) založil ve věku pouhých 18 let Akademii, jež své jméno spojila se zvířetem, které se vyznačuje neobyčejně ostrým zrakem. Cesi, jeho bratranec Anastasio de Filiis, blízký přítel Francesco Stelluti a holandský učenec Johannes Van Heeck se zavázali k pečlivému pozorování přírody, odhalování jejích tajemství a divulgaci nových poznatků. Příchod Galilea v roce 1611 měl zásadní dopad na aktivity Akademie, která se zapojovala do matematikových kontroverzí, ať již editací textů, návrhy argumentů či financováním tisku. V období „klidu“ se Lincei (s výjimkou Galilea) věnovali přípravě nově uspořádané edice Hernándezova Mexického pokladu (Tesoro messicano), jehož vydání se Cesi již nedožil. Po jeho náhlé smrti v roce 1630 se Akademie rozpadla a Mexický poklad spatřil světlo světa až v roce 1651 zásluhou Francesca Stellutiho, jenž se nikdy nevzdal snu vydat plody společného úsilí Rysí akademie. 2 Takto přezdívali příznivcům florentského patricije nepřátelé i přátelé. Viz GALILEI, Galileo, FAVARO, Antonio (ed.). Le opere di Galileo Galilei: Edizione nazionale sotto gli auspicii di Sua Maestà il Re d’Italia (nadále OG). 20 svazků. Firenze: Barbera, 1890–1909, svazek č. XIX, Loriniho udání Dopisu Castellimu, s. 297. Viz také OG, XII, dopis č. 1084, Dini Galileovi, 21. února 1615, s. 144. 3 Vývoj a proměny názorů na Galileovo odsouzení v průběhu staletí mapuje například Maurice Finocchiaro. Viz FINOCCHIARO, Maurice. Defending Copernicus and Galileo. Springer Science & Business Media, 2010. 4 „Una tragica reciproca incomprensione […]“ JAN PAVEL II. Discorso di Giovanni Paolo II per la commemorazione della nascita di Albert Einstein. [online] [cit. 11. února 2018] Dostupné z: http://w2.vatican.va/content/john–paul–ii/it/speeches/1992/october/documents/hf_jp– ii_spe_19921031_accademia–scienze.html 5 Pro odkazy na různé reakce viz PAGANO, Sergio. I Documenti vaticani del processo di Galileo Galilei (1611– 1741). Città del Vaticano: Archivio segreto Vaticano, 2009, s. XI (pozn. pod čarou č. 9). 6 zhodnocením uspokojeni. Pátrání po příčinách Galileova odsouzení tak stále není u konce a oficiální otevření archivů Svatého oficia a Kongregace Indexu 22. ledna 1998 dodalo badatelům nový impuls k analýze dochovaných dokumentů.6 Druhý proud galileovských studií se rozvinul
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