The Paper Museum of Cassiano dal Pozzo Brent Elliott Historian Royal Horticultural Society The Paper Museum of Cassiano dal Pozzo - a unique publishing project DRAWINGS AND PRINTS IN THE ROYAL LIBRARY AT WINDSOR CASTLE, THE BRITISH MUSEUM, THE INSTITUT DE FRANCE AND OTHER COLLECTIONS Cassiano dal Pozzo (1588-1657) Life of Cassiano • 1588 born in Torino, grandson of the prime minister • educated at the University of Pisa • 1612 moved to Rome • 1615 began collecting his “museo cartaceo” • 1623 Secretary to Cardinal Barberini • 1633 purchased Cesi’s library Museo Cartaceo: a collection of drawings amassed by Cassiano, by commission, purchase, and inheritance, on themes of natural history, architecture and antiquities Prince Federico Cesi (1585-1630) Life of Federico Cesi • 1585 born at Rome, son of the Marchese de Monticelli • 1603 founds Accademia dei Lincei (other members: Francisco Stelluti, Johannes van Heeck [Heckius], Anastasio di Filiis) • Cesi’s father forbids the association • 1610 Giambattista della Porta joins the Accademia • 1611 Galileo Galilei joins the Accademia • 1613 Cesi publishes Galileo’s letter on sunspots • 1618 Cesi moves to Acquasparta • 1624 Galileo gives Cesi a microscope • 1630 Cesi dies • 1633 Cassiano dal Pozzo buys Cesi’s library The later history of the Paper Museum • 1657 Cassiano dal Pozzo bequeaths the Paper Museum to his heirs • Early C18 Cassiano’s heirs sell the Paper Museum to Pope Clement XI Albani • 1762 George III buys the Paper Museum from the Albani family, and transfers it to Buckingham House • 1834 The Paper Museum is transferred to the Royal Library at Windsor • 1993 First exhibition about the Paper Museum (at the British Library) • 1989-93 Publication of Quadri Puteani, four volumes of studies of the Paper Museum • 2002 David Freedberg, The Eye of the Lynx, on the history of the Accademia dei Lincei, draws attention to the scientific importance of the collection • 1996 First volume of the Paper Museum published: Mosaic and Wallpaintings in Roman Churches • 2000 Martin Clayton becomes managing editor of the project • 2003 The administration of the Paper Museum project moves from the Royal Library, Windsor, to the Warburg Institute (University of London) • 2007-8 The Paper Museum is one of six collections featured in a public exhibition, Amazing Rare Things, held in London and Edinburgh David Freedberg, The Eye of the Lynx (2002) Martin Clayton and the exhibition Amazing Rare Things (2007-8) The Paper Museum of Cassiano dal Pozzo Publishing programme: series A SERIES A: ANTIQUITIES AND ARCHITECTURE • I ANCIENT MOSAICS AND WALLPAINTINGS by Helen Whitehouse (published 2001) • II EARLY CHRISTIAN AND MEDIEVAL ANTIQUITIES by John Osborne and Amanda Claridge Volume 1: Mosaics and Wallpaintings in Roman Churches (published 1996) Volume 2: Other Mosaics, Sarcophagi and Small Objects (published 1998) • III SARCOPHAGI AND OTHER RELIEFS (THREE VOLUMES) by Amanda Claridge and Eloisa Dodero • IV STATUES AND BUSTS by Amanda Claridge and Eloisa Dodero • V THE ANTICHITÀ DIVERSE ALBUM by Elena Vaiani • VI CLASSICAL MANUSCRIPT ILLUSTRATIONS by Amanda Claridge and Ingo Herklotz (published 2012) • VII ANCIENT INSCRIPTIONS by William Stenhouse (published 2002) • VIII VASES, LAMPS AND OTHER OBJECTS (TWO VOLUMES) by Elena Vaiani and Simonetta Prosperi Valenti Rodinò, with contributions by Donald Bailey • IX ANCIENT ROMAN TOPOGRAPHY AND ARCHITECTURE (THREE VOLUMES) by Ian Campbell with contributions by Lynda Fairbairn, David Hemsoll, Arnold Nesselrath and Johannes Röll (published 2004) • X RENAISSANCE AND LATER ARCHITECTURE AND ORNAMENT (THREE VOLUMES) by Paul Davies and David Hemsoll, with contributions by Ian Campbell, Simon Pepper and Johannes Röll (published 2013) The Paper Museum of Cassiano dal Pozzo Publishing programme: series B SERIES B: NATURAL HISTORY • I CITRUS FRUIT by David Freedberg and Enrico Baldini (published 1997) • II FUNGI (THREE VOLUMES) by David Pegler and David Freedberg (published 2006) • III FOSSIL WOODS AND OTHER GEOLOGICAL SPECIMENS by Andrew C. Scott and David Freedberg (published 2000) • IV-V BIRDS, OTHER ANIMALS AND NATURAL CURIOSITIES (TWO VOLUMES) by Paula Findlen, Henrietta McBurney, Arthur McGregor, Arturo Morales, Caterina Napoleone, Ian Rolfe, Eufrasia Rosello, Carlo Violani, Kathie Way, and Onno Wijnands • VI FLORA: THE 'ERBARIO MINIATO' AND OTHER DRAWINGS (TWO VOLUMES) by Lucia Tongiorgi Tomasi and Fabio Garbari (published 2007) • VII FLORA: THE PARIS MANUSCRIPTS (THREE VOLUMES) by Brent Elliott and Luigi Guerrini • VIII FLORA: THE AZTEC HERBAL by Martin Clayton, Luigi Guerrini and Alejandro de Ávila. (published 2009) Citrus Fruit David Freedberg & Enrico Baldini Citrus Fruit Series B Part I. 1997 Citrus Fruit Digitated lemon Drawing attributed to Vincenzo Leonardi (fl.1621-1646) Ferrari, Hesperides (1646) Citrus Fruits Fossil Woods Andrew C. Scott & David Freedberg Fossil Woods and other Geological Specimens Series B Part III. 2000 The Erbario Miniato Fabio Garbari & Lucia Tongiorgi Tomasi Flora: the Erbario Miniato and other drawings Series B Part VI. 2007 The Erbario Miniato The Erbario Miniato Fol. 74 Salvia aethiopis L. The Erbario Miniato Fol. 24 Doronicum pardalianches L. Annotation: Aconitum Pardalianches Dioscoridis Plinii nel Eicones 57980 Aconito Pardalianche di Dioscoride Plinio nel Matthiolo 1138 [References: Tabernaemontanus, Eicones plantarum (1590); Mattioli, I discorsi (1568)] The Erbario Miniato Fol. 199 Fritillaria imperialis L. Flower and stalk cut from another sheet and pasted over an earlier drawing Principal annotation: Corona imperatoria venuta to gostantinopole, la virtu / de la quale participa del Giglio e’ la scrive il Dodoneo [Reference: Dodoens, Pemptades (1583)] Duties of the volume editor These are the statements the authors make about the uses of plants by witches. I have eliminated all these statements from the entries, though for entry 279 I retained a modified statement: “it has been suggested that some of the alleged phenomena of witchcraft were illusions induced by using stramonium ointments.” It may be that that sentence is sufficient. However, as Della Porta, who was a member of the Lincei, is the original source for this suggestion, I have looked into it further, and here is what I’ve found. You decide whether any of this is worth adding, e.g. in a footnote. The evidence for the use of particular plants by witches, as far as I can tell, derives from one source: Giovanni Battista Della Porta, in his Magiae Naturalis (Naples, 1558), p. 102. Della Porta removed the passage from later editions; he was attacked by Jean Bodin for effective heresy in apparently denying the reality of witchcraft, and that might be sufficient to account for the self-censorship. Certainly Della Porta’s passage was later cited by critics of witch-hunting, like Weyer (reference: Johann Weyer, Witches, Devils, and Doctors in the Renaissance: Johann Weyer, De praestigiis daemonum (Binghamton, NY, 1991), pp. 225-6, and note pp. 695-7) and Praetorius (Johann Praetorius [Hans Schultze], Blockes-Berges Verrichtung (Leipzig, 1668), p. 304, and more generally pp. 301-12). All the modern discussions I have read so far can be traced through the paper trail back to Della Porta (e.g. in the Handwörterbuch des Deutschen Aberglaubens, vol. III (1930-31), cols. 1884-6, ‘Hexensalbe’; Elliot Rose, A Razor for a Goat (Toronto, 1962), pp. 40-41; Ginzburg, Ecstasies (1989: Engl. transl. London, 1990), pp. 137-8, 303. The Aztec Herbal Martin Clayton et al., Flora: the Aztec Herbal Series B Part VIII. 2009 The Aztec Herbal Hernandez on Mexican plants Francisco Hernandez (1515-1587), Rerum Medicarum Novae Hispaniae Thesaurus • Written in the 1570s • 1580: Philip II commissions Nardo Antonio Recchi to copy it • Cesi acquires Recchi’s personal copy of the manuscript • 1613 Johannes Faber publishes a group of 68 woodcuts made for the book under the title Mexicanarum Plantarum Imagines • 1628 Faber publishes the material on animals under the title Animalia Mexicana • 1628 The work is printed; some copies of the work have 1628 as the imprint statement • 1648-51 Francesco Stelluti finally gets the entire work published; most copies have “1648” or “1649” in the imprint statement, though the dedication and imprimatur are dated 1651 Fungi David Pegler & David Freedberg Fungi Series B Part II. 2005 Forthcoming: Birds, other Animals, and Natural Curiosities Maned three-toed sloth Bradypus torquatus Illiger African civet Civettictis civetta Schreber Forthcoming: Flora: the Paris Manuscripts The eight Cesi codices MSS 968-970 and 974-978 Institut de France Provenance: sold by the heirs of Cassiano dal Pozzo to the Albani family Seized by the French army during the occupation of Rome, 1797 Came into the possession of Benjamin Delessert Sold by Delessert’s son to the Institut de France, 1874 The microscope A dual lens microscope of the sort given by Galileo to Federico Cesi, 1624 MS 974 27. Baneberry, Actaea spicata L.; mouse plant, Arisarum proboscideum (L.) Savi; asparagus pea, Lotus tetragonolobus L.; walnut, probably Juglans regia L. Actaea spicata: Linnaeus 1753, I, p. 504. Arisarum proboscideum: Linnaeus 1753, II, p. 966 (as Arum proboscideum); Savi 1816, p. 6. L. tetragonolobus: Linnaeus 1753, II, p. 773. J. regia: Linnaeus 1753, II, p. 997 MS 974, fol. 26r To upper right is Arisarum proboscideum (Araceae), found in humid woodlands in central and southern Italy. Above are two views of the spathe, one pulled up to reveal the spadix with the flowers at its base. Below left is the base