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The Rare Plants of Tonga

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The Rare Plants of Tonga THE RARE PLANTS OF TONGA by Art Whistler Isle Botanica Honolulu, Hawai‘i Report Prepared for the Tonga Trust Ltd. Funded by Conservation International and Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund 2011 1 CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………. 1 1.1. The Flora of Tonga …………………………………………… 2 1.2. Botanical Collections from Tonga ……………………………. 4 1.3. Reasons for Rarity ……………………………………………. 6 1.4. Classification of Rarity ……..………………………………… 8 1.5. Criteria Used Here for Rare …………………………………... 10 2. METHODOLOGY ………………………………………………… 12 3. RESULTS ………………….………………………………………. 13 3.1. Distribution of Rare Plants …………………………………… 13 3.2. Rare Polynesian Introductions ………………………………... 14 3.3. Rare Indigenous Species ……………………………………… 18 3.3.1. Rare Indigenous Littoral Species ………………………. 18 3.3.2. Rare Indigenous Orchid Species ………………………. 19 3.3.3. Other Rare Indigenous Species ………………………... 20 3.4. Rare Endemic Species ………………………………….…….. 23 4. DISCUSSION …………………………….……………………….. 24 4.1. Tongan Endemic Species …………………………………….. 24 4.2. Tongan Indigenous Non-Orchids …………………………….. 26 4.3. Tongan Indigenous Orchids …………………………….……. 30 4.4. Tongan Traditional Plants …………………………….……… 31 5. RECOMMENDATIONS…………………………………………... 33 6. SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY ……………………………………….. 36 7. APPENDIX 1. CHECKLIST OF RARE PLANTS OF TONGA …. 39 8. APPENDIX 2. IUCN RED LIST CATEGORIES ………………… 43 9. APPENDIX 3. DOUBTFUL RARE PLANT RECORDS ……….... 50 10. APPENDIX 4. RARE TONGAN PLANT PROFILES .................. 52 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author would like to thank all the people and organizations that have contributed to the preparation of this report. He is greatly indebted to Conservation International and the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund, which kindly provided funding for this work. He would like to give special thanks to Sione Faka‘osi and his staff at Tonga Trust Ltd. for their great effort in arranging and running the weeklong workshop in Tonga, and the nine attendees who graced us with their presence the whole five days of the workshop. He is also grateful for the assistance of the Environment Department of Tonga and the Tonga branch of the University of the South Pacific, which generously donated their facilities for the workshop, and to Lolo Fili of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, who helped with logistics on ‘Eua. Also to be thanked and acknowledged are the Christchurch herbarium (Jane Cruickshank), the Kew Herbarium (Angela Bond and Tim Utterage), the Smithsonian Institution (Nancy Kahn and Warren Wagner), the Auckland Herbarium (Ewen Cameron and Peter de Lange), and the University of California, Berkeley herbarium (Bruce Baldwin, Andrew Doran, and Kelly Agnew) for their help with specimen label information. The author would also like to thank Dr. Randy Thaman of the 2 University of the South Pacific for his proofreading of the manuscript, and finally, Dr. Michael Thomas for his great help in coordinating the workshop in Tonga, setting up the website upon which this report will be uploaded, and his proofreading of the manuscript. The author would also recognize the man from whom he learned so much about the Tongan flora and Tongan ethnobotany. Manu Pomelile, formerly of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, and later Tonga Timber, accompanied the author on many of his expeditions to around Tongatapu and to the outer islands of Tonga. Sadly, Manu passed away a few years ago. Manu is missed every time I return to Tonga. Manu Pomelile displaying the fruits of Citrus maxima (pomelo) 3 1. INTRODUCTION The Kingdom of Tonga (Fig. 1) is located in the South Pacific Ocean at latitude 15–23º S, and longitude 173–177º W, nearly straddling the International Date Line. The nearest island and archipelagoes are Fiji lying WNW of the main island (Tongatapu); the Samoan archipelago laying NNE; and the island of Niue lying ENE. The Kingdom comprises about 150 islands, with a total area of 697 km2 (269 mi2), but only about 36 of the islands are currently inhabited. The estimated population in 2009 was nearly 104,000; many other Tongans have emigrated to New Zealand, Australia, and the United States. The archipelago is basically a double chain of islands running in a north-south direction with small, high, volcanically active islands on the west, and lower, larger, raised corals islands on the east. Four main geographical groups can be distinguished: Tongatapu-‘Eua; Ha‘apai (including the volcanic islands of Kao and Tofua); Vava‘u; and the Niuas. Tongatapu, the largest of the Tongan islands and the site of the capital Nuku‘alofa is a low, flat limestone island covered with a thick layer of volcanic ash and uplifted on the south coast where it reaches a maximum elevation of about 80 m (260 ft). It has an area of 257 km2 (99 mi2). The island’s rich soil is under extensive cultivation to support the large population of the island, and very little remains of the native vegetation. Lying just a few km to the SE is ‘Eua. This island, which is Tonga’s geologically ancient island, has a volcanic base mostly overlain by limestone. It has an area of about 87 km2 (34 mi2) and a maximum elevation of 330 m (1090 ft). Because of its comparatively small population and rugged topography, a relatively large amount of its native vegetation remains. This results in ‘Eua having more native plant species than any other island in Tonga. North of these islands lies Ha‘apai, comprising numerous small, scattered, uplifted but low- lying limestone islands, most of which are just a few meters above sea level. Two of them, however, are high, geologically recent, volcanic cones: Tofua, which is sparsely and perhaps seasonally inhabited, and Kao, which is uninhabited. Kao has an area of 13 km2 (5 mi2) and a maximum elevation of 1030 m (3400 ft). Tofua has an area of 47 km2 (18 mi2) and a maximum elevation of 530 m (1750 ft). Farther north lies Vava‘u, a deeply dissected, raised coral island with an area of 90 km2 (35 mi2) and a maximum elevation of about 204 m (670 ft). Vava‘u is actually the largest of a cluster of raised limestone islands comprising the Vava‘u group. These numerous islands and the well-protected harbor of Neiafu make Vava‘u one of the most scenic places in the South Pacific. However, nearly all of its native vegetation has been destroyed, except along the sea cliffs and on some other smaller, uninhabited outlying islands. Several uninhabited, volcanic islands are found to the west of Vava‘u, including Late and Fonualei. The fourth of the geographical island groups of Tonga is “the Niuas,” which comprise three small, inhabited volcanic islands: Niuatoputapu and the adjacent Tafahi, and some distance away, Niuafo‘ou. These islands are actually closer to Samoa than to Tonga, and differ from the rest of Tonga because the residents are descendents of a people who spoke a language different than the Tongan spoken in the rest of the archipelago (and closer to Samoan). Niuatoputapu has an area of 21 km2 (8 mi2) and a maximum elevation of 150 m (495 ft). Tafahi has an area of 3 km2 (1 mi2) and a maximum elevation of 530 m (1750 ft). Niuafo‘ou has an area 15 km2 (6 mi2) and a maximum elevation of 260 m (860 ft). 1 Fig. 1. Map of the Kingdom of Tonga. 1.1. The Flora of Tonga The “flora” of an area is usually thought of as a list (or book) that includes all the plants occurring in that area. This list can include all flowering plants, all vascular plants (flowering plants, gymnosperms, and ferns), or all plants (including algae, lichens, etc.). Together the flowering plants, gymnosperms, and ferns are often referred to as “higher plants,” a category known scientifically as Tracheophyta. The higher plants are divided into two main groups (called “divisions,” which together comprise the “plant kingdom”)—ferns, which are placed in the Pteridophyta (individually called pteridophytes), and seed plants, which are placed in the 2 Spermatophyta (individually called spermatophytes). Between the ferns and seed plants, but typically included in the pteridophytes, is a heterogeneous assemblage of plants called “fern allies,” which in Tonga comprises the genera Psilotum (2 species), Selaginella (2), and Lycopodium (4), all of them small plants. These are usually studied separately from the seed plants by botanists who specialize in ferns, and are beyond the scope of this study. The seed plants are divided into two groups: Gymnospermae (called gymnosperms, or sometimes, conifers), and Angiospermae (flowering plants). Only two native gymnosperms are found in Tonga, the endemic Podocarpus pallidus (Podocarpaceae) and the indigenous Cycas seemannii (Cycadaceae). Consequently this study comprises the flowering plants (the angiosperms) and the two gymnosperm species. However, neither of the two latter gymnosperms is rare. The angiosperms are divided into two groups: monocots and dicots. These two groups (as well as other plants) are further divided into groups called “orders,” and orders are divided into “families,” which range in size from a single species to thousands of species. Orders are not commonly used, but families are. All family names can be identified by the ending “-ceae.” For example, the orchid family, the largest one in Tonga, is called the Orchidaceae, and the largest dicot family, the coffee family, is called Rubiaceae. In the past, there were eight exceptions to this ending, but these eight are now given different names with the standard “-ceae” ending: the carrot family Umbelliferae (now called Apiaceae); the sunflower family Compositae (Asteraceae); the mustard family Cruciferae (Brassicaceae); the mangosteen family Guttiferae (Clusiaceae); the pea family Leguminosae (Fabaceae); the mint family Labiatae (Lamiaceae); the palm family Palmae (Arecaceae); and the grass family Gramineae (Poaceae). Plant species can be classified by their distribution: they are either native, i.e., they occur naturally in the area having arrived by non-human transport, or they are alien, i.e., they are introduced species having arrived by direct or indirect human transport.
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