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The European Constitution in the Making THE EUROPEAN CONSTITUTION IN THE MAKING KIMMO KILJUNEN CENTRE FOR EUROPEAN POLICY STUDIES BRUSSELS Dedicated to the memory of my father, Veikko Kiljunen ISBN 92-9079-493-3 © Copyright 2004, Centre for European Policy Studies. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means – electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise – without the prior permission of the Centre for European Policy Studies. Cover: Inaugural session of the European Convention, 28 February 2002, Hemicycle of the European Parliament in Brussels. Centre for European Policy Studies Place du Congrès 1, B-1000 Brussels Tel: 32 (0) 2 229.39.11 Fax: 32 (0) 2 219.41.51 e-mail: [email protected] internet: http://www.ceps.be Contents Foreword................................................................................................................ i 1. What is the European Union?....................................................................... 1 1.1 The Philadelphia Convention............................................................... 2 1.1.1 Federalists and anti-federalists ................................................. 3 1.1.2 Confederation or federation?.................................................... 5 1.2 The EU into a federal state?................................................................. 8 1.2.1 The spectre of federalism ....................................................... 10 1.3 The roots of integration...................................................................... 11 1.4 The birth of the Union........................................................................ 14 1.4.1 Beyond the common market .................................................. 16 1.5 The European Union sui generis........................................................ 17 1.5.1 Difficulties in definition......................................................... 19 1.5.2 Shared sovereignty................................................................. 20 1.6 A supranational union........................................................................ 21 1.7 Towards a post-nation-state era ......................................................... 24 1.7.1 Supranational democracy ....................................................... 25 2. The Brussels Convention............................................................................ 27 2.1 Why have a Convention?................................................................... 29 2.2 The first Convention .......................................................................... 31 2.3 The Laeken decision .......................................................................... 33 2.4 The Convention comes to order......................................................... 37 2.5 Consensus .......................................................................................... 40 2.5.1 Whom did we represent?........................................................ 41 3. The EU Constitution................................................................................... 43 3.1 Founding treaty or constitution? ........................................................ 44 3.1.1 What shall we call this treaty?................................................ 45 3.1.2 Competence competence........................................................ 46 3.2 The Constitution for Europe .............................................................. 47 3.2.1 The boundaries of Europe ...................................................... 48 3.3 Values of the Union ........................................................................... 50 3.3.1 Christian values...................................................................... 51 3.4 Objectives of the Union ..................................................................... 52 3.4.1 The languages of the Union ................................................... 53 3.5 A simpler system ............................................................................... 54 3.5.1 Directives into laws................................................................ 55 3.5.2 The Convention’s working groups......................................... 55 3.5.3 Legal personality for the Union ............................................. 57 3.6 Fundamental rights ............................................................................ 57 3.6.1 Union citizenship ................................................................... 58 3.6.2 Charter of Fundamental Rights into the Constitution............. 58 3.7 Competence of the Union .................................................................. 60 3.7.1 The tripartite division of competencies.................................. 61 3.7.2 Areas of Union competence ................................................... 62 3.8 Subsidiarity........................................................................................ 63 3.8.1 Monitoring subsidiarity.......................................................... 65 3.8.2 The regional and local levels.................................................. 67 4. Common Foreign and Security Policy ....................................................... 68 4.1 CFSP.................................................................................................. 69 4.1.1 Foreign policy included in integration ................................... 70 4.2 ESDP ................................................................................................. 71 4.2.1 Civilian crisis management .................................................... 73 4.2.2 Crisis management operations ............................................... 73 4.3 Comprehensive security..................................................................... 74 4.3.1 The position of the Social Democrats .................................... 76 4.3.2 The Convention’s proposals on foreign policy ...................... 77 4.3.3 Foreign Minister of the Union................................................ 77 4.4 The Defence working group .............................................................. 78 4.4.1 Small achievements................................................................ 79 4.4.2 Great objectives...................................................................... 80 4.5 Towards a common defence .............................................................. 82 4.5.1 Enhanced cooperation ............................................................ 82 4.5.2 Enhanced cooperation in defence policy................................ 83 4.5.3 Closed structured cooperation................................................ 84 4.5.4 The Military Capabilities Agency .......................................... 85 4.5.5 Open defence cooperation...................................................... 86 4.6 Security guarantees............................................................................ 87 4.6.1 The solidarity clause .............................................................. 88 4.6.2 Stairway to defence cooperation ............................................ 89 4.7 Security policy options ...................................................................... 90 4.7.1 The neutrality of Finland and Sweden ................................... 91 4.7.2 Old Europe and new Europe .................................................. 92 4.7.3 Credibility of the EU military capacity .................................. 93 4.7.4 Four schools of thought.......................................................... 95 5. Institutional Reform ................................................................................... 97 5.1 Compromise of the large countries .................................................. 101 5.2 EU institutions ................................................................................. 103 5.3 Giscard’s tactics............................................................................... 106 5.4 The Convention’s proposal on the institutions................................. 108 5.4.1 European Council................................................................. 108 5.4.2 Commission ......................................................................... 112 5.4.3 European Parliament ............................................................ 115 5.4.4 Council of Ministers............................................................. 118 5.4.5 Court of Justice .................................................................... 120 5.4.6 Other institutions.................................................................. 120 5.5 Qualified majority............................................................................ 121 5.5.1 Equality of member states and citizens ................................ 122 5.5.2 Voting weights..................................................................... 124 5.5.3 The night of long knives in Nice.......................................... 126 5.5.4 Simple double majority........................................................ 127 5.6 The role of national parliaments ...................................................... 128 5.6.1 Processing of EU matters in Finland.................................... 128 5.6.2 Parliamentary practice.......................................................... 130 5.6.3 National parliaments in the EU Constitution........................ 132 6. The End of the Convention .....................................................................
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