Introduction You Are Beginning a Year-Long Program Called Daily Grammar Practice (Or DGP for Short)

Home , Conjunction (grammar), Conjunctive adverb, Interjection

Introduction You are beginning a year-long program called Daily Grammar Practice (or DGP for short). Think of grammar like a bottle of vitamins. If you take one a day, they’ll be good for you. If you take the whole bottle at once, you’ll just get sick! Doing DGP is like taking a grammar vitamin each day. You’ll have one little thing to do each day, but it will be good for you. It will really help you to understand grammar. The good news is that you won’t ever have to do traditional grammar exercises with the DGP Program—that would be like taking a bunch of vitamins at once! With DGP, you will have just one sentence to work with each week and just one little assignment to do each day. On Mondays, you will have to identify the part of speech for each word in the sentence of the week. You will have to complete this task before class starts, and you must have your workbook out on your desk for your teacher to see at the beginning of class. Your teacher will give you a point if you have tried the assignment. It’s okay if you get some of the answers wrong, but you should try your best. Your class will then go over the correct answers together. If you have made any errors, you should correct them in your workbook. On Tuesdays (before the beginning of class), you will have to identify the sentence parts and phrases in the same sentence. What you learned on Monday will help you to accomplish this task. Before class on Wednesday, you will have to identify the clauses, sentence type, and sentence purpose. Before Thursday’s class, you will add punctuation and capitalization. Before coming to class on Friday, you diagram the sentence. Each day your teacher will check to see that you have your workbook out and your assignment completed at the beginning of class. Each day you will get your point if you have tried the assignment, and each day your class will go over the correct answers together. You will only spend a few minutes each day on DGP. If you have any questions, you should be sure to ask. For the first few weeks, the daily tasks will probably be difficult. Don’t get frustrated! The more DGP you do, the easier it will become. Gradually, the concepts will begin to make sense, and you’ll be amazed by how much better you understand grammar and by how well you remember the concepts. You will also be able to apply what you learn to your writing so that you can make better grades and be more prepared for college. This workbook includes a couple of resources to help you do your DGP assignments. First, you will find a list of abbreviations and markings to use in your daily work. Next, you will see a sample of a student’s work. Finally, you will see a quick reference guide with a brief explanation of each concept covered in DGP. This guide is divided by daily tasks for your convenience. Refer to the guide as often as you need to. Highlight concepts that you have trouble with so that you can find them easily. Also, you will find that looking back at previous weeks’ work will help you as you do your daily assignments. Be sure to fill in the date at the top of each weekly sentence so that you don’t forget which sentence you’re on at any given time. Good luck with DGP, and remember that each day’s assignment is small, but you have to try it every SAMPLEday. Vitamins don’t do you any good if they just sit in the bottle!

Monday Abbreviations io = indirect object n = common noun pn = predicate nominative N = proper noun pa = predicate adjective pos n = possessive noun op = object of preposition pro = personal pronoun ( ) = phrase 1 = first person adj prep ph = adjective prepositional phrase 2 = second person adv prep ph = adverb prepositional phrase 3 = third person obj ger = object of gerund nom = nominative ger ph = gerund phrase obj = objective obj part = object of participle pos = possessive part ph = participle phrase ref pro = reflexive pronoun obj inf = object of infinitive rp = relative pronoun inf ph = infinitive phrase ind pro = indefinite pronoun s inf = subject of infinitive int pro = interrogative pronoun oc = objective complement dem pro = demonstrative pronoun app = appositive adj = adjective app ph = appositive phrase Adj = proper adjective nda = noun of direct address art = article av = action verb Wednesday Abbreviations lv = linking verb [ ] = clause hv = helping verb ind cl = independent clause pres = present tense adv dep cl = adverb dependent clause past = past tense adj dep cl = adjective dependent clause f = future tense n dep cl = noun dependent clause per = perfect tense ss = simple sentence prog = progressive tense cd = compound sentence adv = adverb cx = complex sentence prep = preposition cd-cx = compound-complex sentence cc = coordinating conjunction dec = declarative sc = subordinating conjunction imp = imperative cor conj = correlative conjunction exc = exclamatory nci = noun clause identifier int = interrogative conj adv = conjunctive adverb inf = infinitive ger = gerund Thursday Proofreading Marks part = participle (Write in each symbol as your teacher goes over it with you in class.) capitalize: Tuesday Abbreviations insert apostrophe or quotation marks: S = simple subject insert dash or hyphen: __ = completeSAMPLE subject insert colon, semicolon, or comma: vt = transitive verb insert end punctuation: vi = intransitive verb italicize: __ = complete predicate do = direct object

Monday: Identify parts of speech including noun (type), pronoun (type, case, person), verb (type and tense), adverb, adjective, article, preposition, conjunction (type), interjection, infinitive, gerund, participle.

ind pro prep pos pro n av/pres adj n many of our students like cafeteria food

Tuesday: Identify sentence parts including simple and complete subject, simple and complete predicate (transitive or intransitive verb), direct object, indirect object, predicate nominative, predicate adjective, appositive or appositive phrase, prepositional phrase (adjective or adverb), object of preposition, noun of direct address, infinitive phrase, object of infinitive, participial phrase, object of participle, gerund phrase, object of gerund, subject of infinitive, objective complement.

S op vt do many (of our students) like cafeteria food adj prep ph

Wednesday: Identify clauses (independent, adverb dependent, adjective dependent, noun dependent), sentence type (simple, compound, complex, compound-complex), and purpose (declarative, interrogative, exclamatory, imperative).

ind cl [many of our students like cafeteria food] s/dec

Thursday: Add capitalization and punctuation including end punctuation, commas, semicolons, apostrophes, underlining, and quotation marks.

Many of our students like cafeteria food.

Friday: Diagram this week’s sentence. Many like food of cafeteria SAMPLEstudents our

NOUN • person, place, thing, idea • common (n): names a general noun; begins with lower case letter (city) • proper (N): names a specific noun; begins with capital letter (Detroit) • possessive (pos n, pos N): shows ownership (girl’s, Roger's)

PRONOUN (pro) • takes the place of a noun st nd o personal (1 person: pronouns having to do with “me”; 2 person: pronouns having to do with “you”; 3rd person: pronouns having to do with everyone else) . singular nominative (nom): I, you, he, she, it . plural nominative (nom): we, you, they . singular objective (obj): me, you, him, her, it . plural objective (obj): us, you, them . singular possessive (pos): my, your, his, her, its, mine, yours . plural possessive (pos): our, your, their, ours, yours, theirs o reflexive (ref): reflects back to “self” . myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves . not words: hisself, ourself, theirselves o relative (rp): starts adj. dependent clauses . that, which, who, whom, whose o interrogative (int): asks a question . Which? Whose? What? Whom? Who? o demonstrative (dem): demonstrates which one . this, that, these, those o indefinite (ind): doesn’t refer to a definite person or thing . each, either, neither, few, some, all, most, several, few, many, none, one, someone, no one, everyone, anyone, somebody, nobody, everybody, anybody, more, much, another, both, any, other, etc.

ADJECTIVE (adj) • modifies nouns (I have a green pen.) and pronouns (They are happy.) • tells Which one? How many? What kind? • articles (art): a, an, the • proper adjective (Adj): proper noun used as an adjective (American flag)

ADVERB (adv) • modifies adjectives (really cute), verbs (run quickly), and other adverbs (very easily) • tells How? When? Where? To what extent? • NotSAMPLE and never are always adverbs.

© DGP Publishing, Inc. (Copying this page is prohibited by law.) 4 PREPOSITION (prep) • shows relationship between a noun or pronoun and some other word in the sentence • across, after, against, around, at, before, below, between, by, during, except, for, from, in, of, off, on, over, since, through, to, under, until, with, according to, because of, instead of, etc. • We went to school. We went up the stairs.

CONJUNCTION • joins words, phrases, and clauses o coordinating (cc) . FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) o subordinating (sc) . starts adv. dependent clauses (and therefore must be followed by subject and verb) . after, since, before, while, because, although, so that, if, when, whenever, as, even though, until, unless, as if, etc. o correlative (cor conj) . not only/but also, neither/nor, either/or, both/and o noun clause identifier (nci) . starts noun dependent clauses . may or may not function as part of the noun dependent clause . that, who, whether, why, what, how, when, where, whom, whoever, etc. o conjunctive adverb (conj adv) . adverb that helps connect two clauses . must be used with a semicolon (It is cold; however, it is not snowing.) . however, then, therefore, also, furthermore, nevertheless, thus, etc.

INTERJECTION (int) • expresses emotion but has no real connection with the rest of the sentence • set apart from sentence by comma or exclamation point • No, I’m not finished with my homework. Wow! What a great new car!

VERB • shows action or state of being o action (av) • shows action • She wrote a note. o linking (lv) • links two words together • can be linking: is, be, am, are, was, were, been, being, appear, become, feel, grow, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, etc. • English is fun. (English = fun) • The flower smells pretty. (flower = pretty) The dog smells the flower. SAMPLE(action)

© DGP Publishing, Inc. (Copying this page is prohibited by law.) 5 o helping (hv) • “helps” an action verb or linking verb • If a verb phrase has four verbs, the first three are helping. If it has three verbs, the first two are helping. And so on. • can be helping: is, be, am, are, was, were, been, being, will, would, can, could, shall, should, may, might, must, have, has, had, do, does, did • We have been taking notes all day. (Taking is action.) • She will be cold without a jacket. (Be is linking.) • tenses o present (pres): happening now (jump, talk, eat) o past (past): happened previously (jumped, talked, ate, fell) o future (f): will happen in the future (will jump, shall talk) o present perfect (pres per): have or has plus past participle (have jumped, has talked) o past perfect (past per): had plus past participle (had jumped, had talked) o future perfect (f per): will have or shall have plus past participle (will have jumped, shall have talked) o present progressive (pres prog): is, are, or am plus present participle (am jumping, is jumping, are jumping) o past progressive (past prog): was or were plus present participle (was jumping, were jumping) o future progressive (f prog): will be or shall be plus present participle (will be jumping, shall be jumping) o present perfect progressive (pres per prog): have or has plus been plus present participle (have been jumping, has been jumping) o past perfect progressive (past per prog): had plus been plus present participle (had been jumping) o future perfect progressive (f per prog): will have or shall have plus been plus present participle (will have been jumping, shall have been jumping)

VERBAL • word formed from a verb but acting as a noun, adjective, or adverb o gerund (ger) • verb acting like noun • ends in –ing • Reading is fun. (subject) I enjoy shopping. (direct object) Use pencils for drawing. (object of preposition) o participle (part) • verb acting like adjective • ends in –ing or –ed (or other past tense ending) • I have running shoes. Frightened, I ran down the street. It’s an unspoken rule. o infinitive (inf) • to + verb SAMPLE• can act like noun (I like to eat), adjective (It’s the best place to eat), or adverb (I need a pen to write a letter)

SIMPLE SUBJECT (S) • the "who" or "what" of the verb • ex: The dog with spots likes to bark loudly. • must be noun, pronoun, gerund, or infinitive • can never be in a prepositional phrase • There and here are never the subject of a sentence. • The subject can be an “understood you”: Bring me the remote control, please. (You bring it.)

COMPLETE SUBJECT (underlined once) • simple subject plus its modifiers • ex: The dog with spots likes to bark loudly. • Dependent clauses modifying the subject are part of the complete subject of the independent clause. (The dog that has spots likes to bark.)

SIMPLE PREDICATE/VERB • transitive verb (vt): takes a direct object (We love English.) • intransitive verb (vi): does not take a direct object (Please sit down.) • All linking verbs are intransitive. All passive voice verbs are transitive

COMPLETE PREDICATE (underlined twice) • verb plus its modifiers • The dog with spots likes to bark loudly. • Dependent clauses modifying the verb are part of the complete predicate of the independent clause. (The dog likes to bark when I’m asleep.)

COMPLEMENT • completes the meaning of the subject and verb o direct object (do) • is a noun or pronoun and is never in a prepositional phrase • follows an action verb • To find it, say “subject, verb, what?” or "subject, verb, whom?" • I like English. “I like what?” English (direct object) o indirect object (io) • is a noun or pronoun and is never in a prepositional phrase • comes before a direct object and after the verb • To find it, say “subject, verb, direct object, to or for whom or what?” • He gave me the paper. “He gave paper to whom?” me (indirect object) o predicate nominative (pn) SAMPLE• is a noun or pronoun • follows linking verb and renames subject • To find it, say “subject, linking verb, what or who?” • He is a nice guy. “He is what?” guy (predicate nominative)

© DGP Publishing, Inc. (Copying this page is prohibited by law.) 7 compound parts Week One incomplete construction (starting ______/______) Joe threw I run and ball faster the than Jeff and caught Monday: Identify parts of speech including noun (type), pronoun (type, case, person), verb (type and tense), adverb, adjective, article, preposition, conjunction (type), interjection, infinitive, gerund, participle. went Tiffany (does) to elliptical phrase Joe school and I bought car oh what have i done to be blessed with such friends took test a (during) a week Tuesday: Identify sentence parts including simple and complete subject, simple and complete predicate (transitive or apples last intransitive verb), direct object, indirect object, predicate nominative, predicate adjective, appositive or appositive phrase, absolute phrase prepositional phrase (adjective or adverb), object of preposition, noun of direct address, infinitive phrase, object of infinitive, Joe likes participial phrase, object of participle, object of participle, gerund phrase, object of gerund, subject of infinitive, objective and truly and complement. really oranges homework His fini shed Mark headed oh what have i done to be blessed with such friends for field Wednesday: Identify clauses (independent, adverb dependent, adjective dependent, noun dependent), sentence the baseball type (simple, compound, complex, compound-complex), and purpose (declarative, interrogative, exclamatory, imperative). clauses (connect independent clauses at verbs) (noun dependent clauses go on pedestals) oh what have i done to be blessed with such friends He likes science you understand examples Thursday: Add correct punctuation and capitalization. but that the I hope I like math oh what have i done to be blessed with such friends

Friday: Diagram the sentence. (connect adjective and adverb dependent clauses to what they describe)

She likes guy we do homework the our

After who sits we will eat dinner in row the front

These basics will help you through most of your DGP sentences for the year. If you need more help, check a grammar book or the internet. One good website to check out is http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/ SAMPLE diagrams/diagrams.htm, but there are hundreds out there!