Introduction You are beginning a year-long program called Daily Grammar Practice (or DGP for short). Think of grammar like a bottle of vitamins. If you take one a day, they’ll be good for you. If you take the whole bottle at once, you’ll just get sick! Doing DGP is like taking a grammar vitamin each day. You’ll have one little thing to do each day, but it will be good for you. It will really help you to understand grammar. The good news is that you won’t ever have to do traditional grammar exercises with the DGP Program—that would be like taking a bunch of vitamins at once! With DGP, you will have just one sentence to work with each week and just one little assignment to do each day. On Mondays, you will have to identify the part of speech for each word in the sentence of the week. You will have to complete this task before class starts, and you must have your workbook out on your desk for your teacher to see at the beginning of class. Your teacher will give you a point if you have tried the assignment. It’s okay if you get some of the answers wrong, but you should try your best. Your class will then go over the correct answers together. If you have made any errors, you should correct them in your workbook. On Tuesdays (before the beginning of class), you will have to identify the sentence parts and phrases in the same sentence. What you learned on Monday will help you to accomplish this task. Before class on Wednesday, you will have to identify the clauses, sentence type, and sentence purpose. Before Thursday’s class, you will add punctuation and capitalization. Before coming to class on Friday, you diagram the sentence. Each day your teacher will check to see that you have your workbook out and your assignment completed at the beginning of class. Each day you will get your point if you have tried the assignment, and each day your class will go over the correct answers together. You will only spend a few minutes each day on DGP. If you have any questions, you should be sure to ask. For the first few weeks, the daily tasks will probably be difficult. Don’t get frustrated! The more DGP you do, the easier it will become. Gradually, the concepts will begin to make sense, and you’ll be amazed by how much better you understand grammar and by how well you remember the concepts. You will also be able to apply what you learn to your writing so that you can make better grades and be more prepared for college. This workbook includes a couple of resources to help you do your DGP assignments. First, you will find a list of abbreviations and markings to use in your daily work. Next, you will see a sample of a student’s work. Finally, you will see a quick reference guide with a brief explanation of each concept covered in DGP. This guide is divided by daily tasks for your convenience. Refer to the guide as often as you need to. Highlight concepts that you have trouble with so that you can find them easily. Also, you will find that looking back at previous weeks’ work will help you as you do your daily assignments. Be sure to fill in the date at the top of each weekly sentence so that you don’t forget which sentence you’re on at any given time. Good luck with DGP, and remember that each day’s assignment is small, but you have to try it every SAMPLEday. Vitamins don’t do you any good if they just sit in the bottle! © DGP Publishing, Inc. (Copying this page is prohibited by law.) 1 B. Marking Guide Monday Abbreviations io = indirect object n = common noun pn = predicate nominative N = proper noun pa = predicate adjective pos n = possessive noun op = object of preposition pro = personal pronoun ( ) = phrase 1 = first person adj prep ph = adjective prepositional phrase 2 = second person adv prep ph = adverb prepositional phrase 3 = third person obj ger = object of gerund nom = nominative ger ph = gerund phrase obj = objective obj part = object of participle pos = possessive part ph = participle phrase ref pro = reflexive pronoun obj inf = object of infinitive rp = relative pronoun inf ph = infinitive phrase ind pro = indefinite pronoun s inf = subject of infinitive int pro = interrogative pronoun oc = objective complement dem pro = demonstrative pronoun app = appositive adj = adjective app ph = appositive phrase Adj = proper adjective nda = noun of direct address art = article av = action verb Wednesday Abbreviations lv = linking verb [ ] = clause hv = helping verb ind cl = independent clause pres = present tense adv dep cl = adverb dependent clause past = past tense adj dep cl = adjective dependent clause f = future tense n dep cl = noun dependent clause per = perfect tense ss = simple sentence prog = progressive tense cd = compound sentence adv = adverb cx = complex sentence prep = preposition cd-cx = compound-complex sentence cc = coordinating conjunction dec = declarative sc = subordinating conjunction imp = imperative cor conj = correlative conjunction exc = exclamatory nci = noun clause identifier int = interrogative conj adv = conjunctive adverb inf = infinitive ger = gerund Thursday Proofreading Marks part = participle (Write in each symbol as your teacher goes over it with you in class.) capitalize: Tuesday Abbreviations insert apostrophe or quotation marks: S = simple subject insert dash or hyphen: __ = completeSAMPLE subject insert colon, semicolon, or comma: vt = transitive verb insert end punctuation: vi = intransitive verb italicize: __ = complete predicate do = direct object © DGP Publishing, Inc. (Copying this page is prohibited by law.) 2 Sample Monday: Identify parts of speech including noun (type), pronoun (type, case, person), verb (type and tense), adverb, adjective, article, preposition, conjunction (type), interjection, infinitive, gerund, participle. ind pro prep pos pro n av/pres adj n many of our students like cafeteria food Tuesday: Identify sentence parts including simple and complete subject, simple and complete predicate (transitive or intransitive verb), direct object, indirect object, predicate nominative, predicate adjective, appositive or appositive phrase, prepositional phrase (adjective or adverb), object of preposition, noun of direct address, infinitive phrase, object of infinitive, participial phrase, object of participle, gerund phrase, object of gerund, subject of infinitive, objective complement. S op vt do many (of our students) like cafeteria food adj prep ph Wednesday: Identify clauses (independent, adverb dependent, adjective dependent, noun dependent), sentence type (simple, compound, complex, compound-complex), and purpose (declarative, interrogative, exclamatory, imperative). ind cl [many of our students like cafeteria food] s/dec Thursday: Add capitalization and punctuation including end punctuation, commas, semicolons, apostrophes, underlining, and quotation marks. Many of our students like cafeteria food. Friday: Diagram this week’s sentence. Many like food of cafeteria SAMPLEstudents our © DGP Publishing, Inc. (Copying this page is prohibited by law.) 3 Monday Notes (Parts of Speech) NOUN • person, place, thing, idea • common (n): names a general noun; begins with lower case letter (city) • proper (N): names a specific noun; begins with capital letter (Detroit) • possessive (pos n, pos N): shows ownership (girl’s, Roger's) PRONOUN (pro) • takes the place of a noun st nd o personal (1 person: pronouns having to do with “me”; 2 person: pronouns having to do with “you”; 3rd person: pronouns having to do with everyone else) . singular nominative (nom): I, you, he, she, it . plural nominative (nom): we, you, they . singular objective (obj): me, you, him, her, it . plural objective (obj): us, you, them . singular possessive (pos): my, your, his, her, its, mine, yours . plural possessive (pos): our, your, their, ours, yours, theirs o reflexive (ref): reflects back to “self” . myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves . not words: hisself, ourself, theirselves o relative (rp): starts adj. dependent clauses . that, which, who, whom, whose o interrogative (int): asks a question . Which? Whose? What? Whom? Who? o demonstrative (dem): demonstrates which one . this, that, these, those o indefinite (ind): doesn’t refer to a definite person or thing . each, either, neither, few, some, all, most, several, few, many, none, one, someone, no one, everyone, anyone, somebody, nobody, everybody, anybody, more, much, another, both, any, other, etc. ADJECTIVE (adj) • modifies nouns (I have a green pen.) and pronouns (They are happy.) • tells Which one? How many? What kind? • articles (art): a, an, the • proper adjective (Adj): proper noun used as an adjective (American flag) ADVERB (adv) • modifies adjectives (really cute), verbs (run quickly), and other adverbs (very easily) • tells How? When? Where? To what extent? • NotSAMPLE and never are always adverbs. © DGP Publishing, Inc. (Copying this page is prohibited by law.) 4 PREPOSITION (prep) • shows relationship between a noun or pronoun and some other word in the sentence • across, after, against, around, at, before, below, between, by, during, except, for, from, in, of, off, on, over, since, through, to, under, until, with, according to, because of, instead of, etc. • We went to school. We went up the stairs. CONJUNCTION • joins words, phrases, and clauses o coordinating (cc) . FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) o subordinating (sc) . starts adv. dependent clauses (and therefore must be followed by subject and verb) . after, since, before, while, because, although, so that, if, when, whenever, as, even though, until, unless, as if, etc. o correlative (cor conj) . not only/but also, neither/nor, either/or, both/and o noun clause identifier (nci) . starts noun dependent clauses . may or may not function as part of the noun dependent clause . that, who, whether, why, what, how, when, where, whom, whoever, etc. o conjunctive adverb (conj adv) . adverb that helps connect two clauses .