JAPAN's ENERGY 20 Questions to Understand the Current Energy Situation

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2016 EDITION JAPAN'S ENERGY 20 Questions to understand the current energy situation

INDEX

Q1. How much energy can be self-supplied by domestic resources in Japan?

Q2. What resources does Japan depend on?

Q3. What countries does Japan import resources from?

Q4. How are electric power costs changing?

Q5. How much greenhouse gas is emitted in Japan?

Q6. Are there advancements in research and development of domestic resources?

Q7. Will hydrogen energy become popular in the future? Q8. Why are energy HIILFLHQF\PHDVXUHV necessary?JAPAN'S Q9. How far have efforts for energy savings in Japan progressed?

Q10. Why does renewable energy need to be introduced?

Q11. Is renewable energy progressed in Japan?ENERGY 20 Questions to understand Q12. What kind of efforts are being made for expanding the introduction of renewable energy? the current energy situation Q13. Can we provide energy only by renewable energy?

Q14. Is there progress in the decommissioning and contaminated water management at Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant?

Q15. Is there progress in the Fukushima Reconstruction?

Q16. Is nuclear power generation necessary?

Q17. How is radioactive waste produced by the operation of nuclear power plants disposed?

Q18. Is the safety of nuclear power plants secured?

Q19. What are the basic policies of energy policies like?

Q20. What will be the composition of power sources?

Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry Agency for Natural Resources and Energy Since the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011,

Japan has been facing issues such as

① a decline in the energy self-suﬃciency ratio

② an increase in electric power costs

2 ③ an increase in the amount of CO emissions. In order to overcome these issues, ﬁrst, it is important that every single citizen knows and understands the current situation in Japan, and thinks about energy. Decline in the Energy Self-Suﬃciency Ratio How much energy can be self-supplied by Q1 domestic resources in Japan?

A1 Originally, Japan is poor in resources such as oil and natural gas. The energy self-suﬃciency ratio of Japan in 2014 was 6.0% which was a low level even compared to other OECD countries.

Comparison of Primary Energy Self-Suﬃciency Ratios of Major Countries (2014) ■ Coal ■ Crude oil ■ Natural gas ■ Nuclear power ■ Hydro ■ Renewable energy, etc. (Geothermal power, Wind power, Solar power, etc.) 682.9％ 1st Norway

2nd Australia 292.0％

3rd Canada 167.9％

7th USA 90.8％

14th UK 60.3％

15th France 56.5％

21st Germany 39.1％

26th Spain 30.6％

29th Italy 25.0％ 2010 Self-Sufficiency Ratio 31st South Korea 18.3％ 19.9 ％ 33rd Japan 6.0％ A low energy self-sufficiency ratio results in 34th Luxembourg 4.0％ dependence on other countries for resources. Because of this, it's easy to be affected by the influence of international situations when securing resources, which raises concerns over stable 2014 energy supply. Self-Sufficiency Ratio 6.0％

Energy self-suﬃciency ratio：In primary energies required for life and economic activity, the ratio that can be secured within one's own country. Source: Created based on IEA "Energy Balance of OECD Countries 2016" * The ranking in the table is the ranking of the 34 OECD countries.

1 Japan's Energy 2016 http://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/ Decline in the Energy Self-Suﬃciency Ratio

Q2 What resources does Japan depend on?

A2 Japan depends on fossil fuels such as oil/coal/natural gas (LNG) imported from abroad. Dependency increased to 88% (based on the composition of power sources) in FY 2014, more than during the ﬁrst oil shock.

Trend of Japan's Composition of Power Sources (Energy Sources to Generate Electricity)

Renewable Coal 4.7% (only domestic coal) Renewable energy, etc. energy, etc. 0.03% 1.1％ Hydroelectric power Hydroelectric 8.5% Coal 25.0% power Nuclear Domestic coal: power 2.6% 17.2% Imported coal ＝2：98 Other gases 1.8% FY FY LNG 2.4％ 1973 Nuclear 2010 The 1st oil shock power before the Oil, etc. CoPS 28.6% earthquake CoPS 6.6%

Other Oil, etc. gases 71.4% 0.9％ LNG 29.3% Renewable energy, etc. 3.2％

Hydroelectric Dependency on fossil fuels from 76％ Dependency on fossil fuels from 62％ foreign countries power foreign countries * Based on the composition of power sources 9％ Coal 31.0％ Almost only imported coal

FY 2014 CoPS

LNG Oil, etc. 46.2％ 10.6％

Dependency on fossil fuels from 88％ foreign countries Source: Federation of Electric Power Companies of Japan (FEPC) "Composition ratio of generated electric power amount by power source," etc. : Calculated % by using generated electric power amounts. The "other gases" mainly indicates city gas, natural gas, and coke oven gas used for mixed combustion by general electricity utilities.* The total amount expressed in % might not be 100% due to rounding.

An Increase in Imports of LNG

Import Amount of LNG (Trillion Yen) Since the Great East Japan Earthquake, due to shutdown of nuclear 8.0 power plants, LNG-based thermal power plants generated more electric power for stable electric power supply. 6.0 Therefore, a large amount of LNG was additionally imported. A trade deficit was recorded, which seemingly contributed to a deterioration 4.0 in the current account balance. In 2015, the import amount was Increase reduced due to a significant decline in the crude oil price. What is LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas)? 2.0 Natural gas is produced from associated gas of oil fields or independent gas fields, comprised mainly of methane. Because it is in gaseous form at normal temperature/ pressure, transported by pipeline in the gaseous form, or by tanker as LNG after 0.0 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (Year) becoming a liquid form by being cooled to -162°C, either method of which is adopted. Natural gas is frequently used because it is relatively clean among the fossil fuels. Source: Trade statistics Japan's Energy 2016 http://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/ 2 Securing Resources

Q3 What countries does Japan import resources from?

A3 Crude oil in Japan is mostly supplied by the Middle East such as Saudi Arabia or Iran, as well as Russia. Japan also mostly depends on imports from foreign countries for natural gas and coal.

2015 Japanese Import Counterparts of Fossil Fuels Ecuador 1％ Oman 3％ Others Mexico 1％ 3％ Iraq 2％ Others Papua New Guinea 5％ Indonesia 2％％ 6 Brunei Iran Australia Saudi Arabia 5％ 5％ 22％ 33％ Nigeria 2015 5％ 2015 Kuwait Total Japanese Total Japanese ％ 8 Import Quantity of UAE Import Quantity of 6％ Crude Oil Qatar LNG Malaysia 1.23 billion Indonesia 8％ 85.05 million ％ barrels 7％ tons 18 China Russia 0.9％ Russia ％ 9 UAE 9％ Others Qatar 25％ Canada 4.2％ USA 0.7％ 17％ 3.2％

Russia 8.7％ For securing stable energy sources, 2015 while strengthening relations with Total Japanese oil-producing countries in the Middle Import Quantity of East that are the supply sources of Indonesia crude oil, Japan proceeds with the 17.3％ Coal diversiﬁcation of supply sources, 190.48 million eﬀorts for further acquisition of tons resource rights and interests, and competition in the LNG supply. Australia 65.1％

Russia Canada

USA Iran Saudi Arabia Qatar UAE Mexico Malaysia Indonesia Nigeria from Middle East from Asia from the Americas Ecuador

Australia

Source: Trade statistics

3 Japan's Energy 2016 http://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/ An Increase in Electric Power Costs

Q4 How are electric power costs changing?

A4 Compared to FY 2010, in FY 2014, electricity rates for homes increased by approximately 25%, rates for industries increased by approximately 39%.

Changes in Electricity Rates (Yen/kWh) 26 On the other hand, due to a 25.5 Homes significant decline in the crude oil price since the last half of 2014, in 24.3 24 24.2 fiscal 2015, electricity rates for homes decreased by aprx. 5%, and the rates for industries decreased 22.3 22 aprx. 25% by aprx. 6%. 21.3 An increase in electricity rates of 20.4 course affects household finances, 20 and puts pressure on business operations of small and medium-sized 18.9 Industries enterprises. In addition, there is 18 concern about the adverse effect on 17.5 17.6 global competitiveness.

16 15.7 aprx. 39% 14.6 14 13.6

12 The crude oil price was largely 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015（FY） affected by international situations, Source: the reports of electricity demand (FEPC), and financial materials of each electric power company, etc. and it has repeatedly violently fluctuated until now. The Situation in the Past Where the Crude Oil Price Fell and Even though the crude oil price is the Current Situation currently at a lower level, according International crude oil price WTI (dollar/barrel) to the International Energy Agency 160 The highest price ever (IEA), etc., the price is expected to In the end of 2000s: Financial 145.29 dollars factors are the main cause. Just after increase in the long term. recording an excessively high price 140 due to an inflow of speculative money This will affect electricity rates and to the crude oil market by monetary easing, the speculative money was energy costs as well. withdrawn because of the collapse of 120 Lehman Brothers. The Collapse of Lehman Brothers In the middle of the 1980s: To an oil IEA Outlook 100 production increase of non-OPEC oil In the end of the 1990s: Amid concerns 2020: 79 dollars/barrel producing countries (Mexico, UK, and over a decrease in oil demand from economic other countries), Saudi Arabia stagnation due to the Asian currency crisis, 2030: 111 dollars/barrel maintained the market share, which OPEC decided on a production increase, which 80 caused an excessive supply. became a concern regarding excessive supply 2040: 124 dollars/barrel Suspension of a production in the future. decrease in Saudi Arabia The Asian currency crisis 60 The highest price at the time of the Gulf War The 9/11 terrorist attacks in the US 40 The recent decline in 20 crude oil prices

0 Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. 1984 1990 2000 2010 2016

Source: NYMEX, IEA World Energy Outlook 2016

Japan's Energy 2016 http://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/ 4 An increase in the amount of CO₂ emissions

Q5 How much greenhouse gas is emitted in Japan?

A5 Since the Great East Japan Earthquake, the amount of greenhouse gas emissions in Japan had been increasing, reaching a historical high in fiscal 2013. In fiscal 2014, even though it decreased for the first time in 5 years, 1.364 billion tons of greenhouse gas were still emitted.

FY 2014 1,364 Since the earthquake, the amount of FY 2010 （million t-CO₂） emissions in the electric power ﬁeld 1,304 increased by 83 million tons due to （million t-CO₂） reasons including generation of more The amount of greenhouse electric power by thermal power plants gas emissions of the energy as a substitution for nuclear power. sources other than CO₂ This is an increase of approximately 6% of the amount of greenhouse gas emissions in Japan as a whole.

Other than the amount of Paris Agreement 765 733 electric power CO₂ emissions of the energy sources In December 2015, the Paris Agreement, a new international framework in which 87% all countries participate and which is fair and effective, was adopted. 83 million 457 In the Paris Agreement, it was decided to tons The amount of make an effort to hold the increase in the 374 electric power global average temperature to well below 2°C compared to before industrialization, and to persue efforts to limit the FY 2010 FY 2014 temperature to 1.5°C. Source: Comprehensive energy statistics, environmental action plans (FEPC), and calculation results of the amount of greenhouse gas emissions in Japan (Ministry of the Environment).

Energy Situations in Other Countries

Germany: Even though renewable energy is expanding, the pace of CO₂ reduction is slow. Accompanying the expansion of renewable energy, electric power rates are increasing and the national burden is also expanding. In addition, even though the nuclear power ratio is decreasing, due to an increase of coal-fired power generation and operating rate of thermal power plants, the pace of CO₂ reduction is slow. UK: Renewable energy and nuclear power are being expanded. Renewable energy is being expanded together with the new establishment of nuclear power. Moreover, electricity rates also tend to be rising due to the influence of levies for renewable energy, etc. USA: Due to expanding the utilization of natural gas, etc., CO₂ emissions is decreasing. In addition to expansion of renewable energy and utilization of nuclear power, as a result of the shale revolution, utilization of natural gas including the electric power generation sector was expanded, which results in promoting CO₂ reduction. China/India: Accompanying economic growth, it is necessary to expand power supply capability. Currently, coal-fired power generation is the main power source, but they are trying to expand renewable energy and nuclear power in the future. Moreover, regarding coal-fired power generation, the policy of China is to suppress it, whereas that of India is to utilize it while improving efficiency. In addition, the amount of CO₂ emissions of both countries has been significantly increasing. 5 Japan's Energy 2016 http://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/ Future Energy Are there advancements in research and Q6 development of domestic resources?

A6 Japan is proceeding with research and development of non-conventional resources such as methane hydrate, in addition to oil and natural gas.

Along with research for grasping the amount of resources, techniques for recovery of methane hydrate Research Results MH are being developed for Surface type methane hydrate commercial projects. （existing on the surface of the sea bottom or in the vicinity thereof） Sand stratum type methane hydrate Oki Islands （existing in the stratum several hundred meters under the seabed and mixed with sand）

Research results of oil and natural gas

* The ﬁgure indicates approximate locations, not the Ogasawara research areas. Islands

Methane Hydrate An ice-like substance in which methane gas and water are combined under low Okinawa Minamitori Island temperature and high pressure conditions. It's called "burning ice."

Yonaguni Island Okinotori Island

Q7 Will hydrogen energy become popular in the future?

A7 From now, hydrogen energy is expected to be used for various purposes and to play a central role in replacing oil and other resources.

Now Future Full-scale Various energy usages Hydrogen is expected to contribute to utilization a low environmental burden, energy savings, and energy security by not emitting CO₂ when used, implementing higher energy eﬃciency by utilization of Portable FC Hydrogen power generation/ fuel cells, and being possible to be FC for business and indutry produced from various energy sources. For this, R&D and technological demonstration are moving forward. FC Bus FC railroad vehicle Residential fuel cell Fuel cell vehicle (ENE-FARM) (FCV) Sales began in Sales began in Hydrogen jet aircraft 2009 2014 Japan's Energy 2016 http://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/ 6 Thorough Energy Eﬃciency Measures

Q8 Why are energy eﬃciency measures necessary?

A8 The reason is to effectively utilize limited resources. In addition, energy efficiency measures can suppress CO₂ emissions, which leads to solving global warming issues. Continuous efforts for energy efficiency measures are essential.

How far have eﬀorts for energy eﬃciency measures in Q9 Japan progressed?

A9 Japan has excellent energy consumption efficiency and advanced energy efficiency measures. Improvement of consumption efficiency has been sluggish in recent years, so it is required to further advance energy efficiency measures.

Improvement of Energy Consumption Efficiency From 1970 to 1990, Japan largely 1990 -2010 improved energy consumption 100 efficiency. With 2030 as a goal, Japan is aiming to achieve an 1970 -1990 energy consumption efficiency improvement of 35%, the same Improved by ％ level after the oil crisis. 80 35 2012-2030 Energy consumption efficiency： The final energy consumption amount/Real GDP

60 5 10 15 20 (Elapsed years)

The Change Ratio of Final Energy Consumption Amount of Japan (Comparison by Sector) Efforts in each sector Office - Energy efficiency of buildings, Compared to during the oil crisis, X - ＢＥＭＳ : Energy visualization/ while the real GDP was increasing 2.4 management by 2.4 times, the increase in energy consumption remained at 1.2 times, Residential - Energy efficiency of housing, which indicates that energy X - HＥＭＳ : Energy visualization/ efficiency were promoted. management 2.0 However, the energy consumption amounts of the office sector and Transport - Next-generation vehicles, the residential sector are increasing, X1.7 - Fuel consumption improvement, so it is required to promote energy - Efficiency of traffic systems, efficiency measures. - Automatic driving

The Whole of Energy Consumption X1.2

1973

Industrial - Commitment to a Low Carbon X0.8 Society, - Energy management in H E M S：Home Energy Management System FY 1973 FY 2014 factories B E M S：Building Energy Management System 7 Japan's Energy 2016 http://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/ Introduction of Renewable Energy

Q10 Why does renewable energy need to be introduced?

A10 Renewable energy is an important energy that emits low CO₂ during electricity generation and contributes to energy self-suﬃciency ratio.

Q11 Is renewable energy progressed in Japan?

A11 As of 2014, the renewable energy ratio in the generated electric power amount of Japan is 12.2% (3.2% if hydroelectric power is excluded). It seems low compared to major countries, so expanding further is required.

Comparison of the Renewable Energy Ratio in the Generated Electric Power Amount

100％ Coal2.2 Oil, others 0.3 Natural gas3.5 Coal Coal 22.9 19.7 Coal Coal 34.3 Coal 31.0 80％ Oil, others Oil, others 0.5 43.7 5.5

Oil, others 0.9 Natural gas Oil, others 18.5 Nuclear 10.6 60％ Natural gas 29.8 power 77.7 Oil, others 0.9 Natural gas Natural gas Nuclear 9.4 32.0 power 20.7 Nuclear 40％ Nuclear power Natural gas power 14.2 46.2 21.0 Hydroelectric Hydroelectric 10.1 Nuclear 2.9 power Hydroelectric 19.3 1.9 20％ Renewable Nuclear Energy Ratio power 0 of Japan Hydroelectric Hydroelectric Renewable Renewable Renewable （2014） Hydroelectric 5.9 energy energy 9.7 energy 23.9 25.6 28.9 9.0 ％ Renewable Renewable Renewable 12.2 energy 7.5 energy 6.5 energy 0％ 3.2 USA UK Spain France Germany Japan

Source: [Other than Japan] Data of estimated ﬁgures in 2015, IEA Energy Balance of OECD Countries (2016 edition), [Japan] FEPC "Composition ratio of generated electric power amount by power source” * Renewable Energy = Hydroelectric power is excluded

Japan's Energy 2016 http://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/ 8 Introduction of Renewable Energy What kind of eﬀorts are being made for Q12 expanding the introduction of renewable energy?

The Feed-in Tariﬀ Scheme(FIT) expands the introduction of renewable A12 energy. Additionally, in order to reduce the cost of renewable energy, we are trying to accelerate R&D for renewable energy, such as oﬀshore wind power generation and solar power generation.

Trends in the Installed Capacity by Trends in Levy after Introducing the FIT Renewable Energy, etc. (Excluding large scale hydroelectric power) Levy unit ■Solar ■Wind ■Biomass ■Geothermal ￥2.25 ■Small and medium scale hydroelectric Power per kWh Thanks to the introduction FIT Average （monthly） in 2012, the installed capacity （10,000kW） annual growth /m of renewable energy is growing 4000 ￥675 ％ (aprx. $6.1） rapidly. 33 Meanwhile, the purchase costs Average 3000 annual growth Levy unit FIT costs reached 2.3 trillion yen (aprx. Average ％￥0.75 aprx. ¥2.3T $20.9 billion)*, and the levy annual growth 9 per kWh (aprx. $20.9B） burden to average households Levy unit 2000 ％（monthly） amounts up to 675 yen/month 5 ￥0.22 /m per kWh ￥225 (aprx. $6.1)*. (aprx. $2.1）（monthly） In order to maximize introduction 1000 Levy /m of renewable energy while ￥62 aprx. B aprx. ¥1.8T aprx. ¥900 ( $0.8） (aprx. $8.4B） minimizing national burden, it is required to increase the 2003 2009 2012 2013 2014 aprx. B （FY） ¥250 aprx. ¥650B introduction of renewable (aprx. $3.1B） Source: JPEA shipment statistics, NEDO wind power generation system energy cost efficiently. aprx. introduction statistics, survey for potential water power, current status and 130B￥ trends of geothermal power generation, certified results of the RPS system/FIT FY 2012 FY 2014 FY 2016 Feed-in Tariff Scheme (FIT): This is a system in which the electricity generated by renewable energy is purchased by electric power companies at a certain price. Funding the costs as a levy from electricity users supports the introduction of renewable energy which is a high cost now. This system expanded the outlook for the possibility of funding expensive construction costs, and further spreading of renewable energy is expected. * Culcurated by Yearly-Average exchange rate.

Q13 Can we provide energy only by renewable energy?

A13 Renewable energy varies signiﬁcantly depending on the condition of weather or season, and many kinds of renewable energy are not stable. Power sources that can adjust output such as thermal power need to be prepared as backup.

In order to keep stable use of Electricity demand electricity, the amount of Solar supply needs to be the same Supply Increased Increased as demand. Suppression generation generation The power generation amount Suppression and consumption風力発電 need to be Output adjustment by thermal power generation (LNG/Oil, etc.) balanced（発電量変動） by thermal power, etc. that can respond to the Base load power sources (hydroelectric power, nuclear power, geothermal power, coal-ﬁred power, etc.) ﬂuctuation of renewable energy.

Morning Day Night 9 Japan's Energy 2016 http://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/ Decommissioning of a plant in the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Is there progress in the decommissioning and Q14 contaminated water management at Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant?

A14 Although it’s a diﬃcult task, continuous eﬀorts are being implemented safely and steadily based on the Roadmap regarding the removal of spent fuel and fuel debris of Units 1 to 3, and countermeasures for contaminated water.

Mid-and-Long-Term Roadmap (revised in June 2015) Dec. 2014 Decommissioning Measures （Fuel removal Dec. Nov. from Unit 4 Dec. 30 - 40 2011 2013 was completed） 2021 years later In Unit 4, fuel removal of all 1,533 fuel assemblies from the pool was safely completed in December 2014. Regarding Units 1 to 3, preparations including Eﬀorts for 1st term 2nd term 3rd term stabilization removal of debris and decontamination are being steadily made. Additionally, concerning fuel debris removal, by Achievement of The term until The term until The term until cold shutdown commencement of commencement of completion of gathering wisdom from throughout the - A state of cold fuel removal in the fuel debris removal decommissioning world, R&D for investigation inside the shutdown spent fuel pool (within 10 years) measures reactor containment vessel and - Signiﬁcant (within 2 years) (Fuel removal from (30 - 40 years later) development of fuel debris removal suppression of Unit 4 commenced) methods are being pursued. emission

Groundwater bypass Frozen soil walls Sea-side impermeable wall Prevent underground water Prevent underground water Prevent contaminated underground water Countermeasures for from flowing into buildings. from flowing into buildings. from flowing out into the ocean. Contaminated Water Reactor buildings Completion of sea-side impermeable walls further reduced the radioactive material concentration in surrounding ocean areas. The countermeasures are making steady progress. Frozen soil walls, started in March 2016 have been completed for the sea-side underground section in October 2016. Ocean In order to solve contaminated water Ground water problems, preventative and multilevel countermeasures, such as enhancing the Subdrain capability of groundwater pumping from Prevent underground water the subdrain, continue to be implemented. from flowing into buildings and flowing out into the ocean.

Improvement in the Radioactive Material Concentration and Radiation Doses

Radioactive material concentration in surrounding ocean Change in radiation doses in areas of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant surrounding municipalities March 2011 March 2016 March 2016 (Just after the accident) (5 years after the accident) May 2011 (5 years after the accident) 10-4 or less aprx.10,000Bq/L Too low to be detected (Less than 0.7Bq/L) Okuma aprx. aprx. * Value of Cesium 137 190mSv/y 14mSv/y Evaluation by IAEA Futaba aprx.74mSv/y aprx.11mSv/y (Regarding radioactive material concentration) There is no rise Naraha aprx.16mSv/y aprx.1.1mSv/y in surrounding ocean areas or the open ocean, and it is within the range of the guidelines for drinking-water quality of the Tamura aprx.7mSv/y aprx.1.6mSv/y WHO. In addition, public safety is secured (December 2013) Just after the accident, the national government issued evacuation orders to the areas The level of radioactive materials in the marine environment is that were at risk of reaching or exceeding 20 mSv/year. low and relatively stable (November 2016) Source: Created from data in the websites of the Nuclear Regulation Authority

Japan's Energy 2016 http://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/ 10 Toward Reconstruction of Fukushima

Q15 Is there progress in the Fukushima Reconstruction?

A15 Concerning the lifting of evacuation orders, decontamination and development of infrastructure/service are accelerating. Eﬀorts toward revitalization are being taken through new technologies/industries.

Lifting of Evacuation Orders Fukushima Innovation Cost Scheme Regarding restricted residence areas and areas in preparation Gathering wisdom from both within and outside for the lifting of the evacuation order, in order to lift the Japan creates new technologies/industries from evacuation orders by March of next year, the environment is Hamadori which are proudly presented to the world. quickly being developed.

Regarding diﬃcult-to-return areas, systems for developing Establishment of robot reconstruction bases are established. testing ﬁeld for developing/demonstrating robots and the international industry-academia-government collaboration facility. Robot development and demonstration center (Haramachi Ward in Minamisoma City, Namie Town)

Iitate Implementing technology development regarding processing and disposal Kawamata Minamisoma of fuel debris and radioactive waste.

Okuma Analysis and Research Center (Okuma Town)

Universities, research institutes and companies within and outside Katsurao Japan implement research on Namie decommissioning plants.

Futaba Fukushima Daiichi International Joint Research Center for Nuclear Decommissioning Nuclear Power International Joint research building (Tomioka Town) Okuma Plant Implementing full-scale experimental Difficult-to-return areas research of the offshore floating wind power generation system by the Tomioka Restricted residence areas world's first plural wind turbines (3 turbines of 2MW, 5MW, 7MW). Areas in preparation for the lifting of the evacuation order Fukushima Daini Nuclear Power Plant Offshore floating wind power generation (off the coast of Fukushima) Implementing investigation of reactor containment vessels/development and demonstration tests of repair robots/training for workers using virtual reality systems. The Fukushima Plan for a

New Energy Society Naraha Remote Technology Development Center (Naraha Town) Creating a future model for a “new energy society” and promoting the ”Fukushima Model” Safety Measures for Food in Fukushima Prefecture to the world. - Monitor inspections before shipping and publish the results of agriculture, forestry and fishery products. - The products exceeded standard are shipping restricted, the products distributed in the market are safe. - In recent years, the products that exceeded the standard limits have greatly decreased, and the restriction Expansion of introduction of of distribution was lifted based on strict standards. renewable energy - As the world's first effort since 2012, inspection for all rice bags have been implemented. ● Supports for installation of transmission lines in the Abukuma The situations in monitoring inspections of and Futaba areas for building new wind farms. (Apr. 1, 2016 - Jun. 30, 2016) agricultural, forestry and fishery products * Aug. 20, 2015 - Mar. 31, 2016 only for "brown rice" Development of a model for realizing a Exceeded the Standard “Hydrogen Society” Classification N/Inspections Number Ratio ● Producing green hydrogen from renewable energy (power-to- Brown rice (produced in 2015) aprx.10.48 M 0 0.00％ gas) on the largest scale in the world(10,000kW-class). No products exceeded Vegetables/fruits 1,200 0 0.00％ the standard limits ● Demonstration for transporting and storing hydrogen derived from renewable energy (utilizing hydrogen produced in Animal products 1,060 0 0.00％ - Safely shipped Fukushima during 2020 Olympics and Paralympics in Tokyo). - Continue to investigate Cultivated mushrooms 111 0 0.00％ for lifting Creation of Smart Communities Marine products 2,316 0 0.00％ ● Demonstration projects of construction of a Smart Community Edible wild plants/ Items that exceed the wild mushrooms 987 2 0.20％ standard limits are subject in some regions across Fukushima, including Shinchi town, to shipment restrictions for Naraha town, Namie town and Soma city. Source: Reconstruction Agency each production area

11 Japan's Energy 2016 http://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/ Regarding Nuclear Power Plants

Q16 Is nuclear power generation necessary?

A16 Nuclear power generation is indispensable power, in order to implement the below within poor resources ; ① securing a stable supply, ② reducing electric power costs, ③ suppressing CO₂ emissions. When restarting nuclear power plants, conforming to new regulatory standards that prioritize safety is required.

Hokkaido Aomori ● Reactors in operation...... 3 (Hokkaido EPC) Tomari ❶❷❸ (Electric Power Development Co., Ltd.) Niigata ● Reactors approved for installment Ooma ● license amendment...... 5 (TEPCO) Kashiwazalo-Kariwa ❶❷❸❹❺❻❼ ● Reactors under assessment for Ishikawa new regulatory standards ....18 (Hokuriku EPC) Shika ❶❷ ● Reactors not applied for assessment ...... 19 Aomori (JAPC) Tsuruga ❶❷ ● Reactors be decommission...15 (Tohoku EPC) Higashidori ❶ The numbers in the circles are the (KEPCO) Mihama ❶❷❸ (TEPCO) Higashidori ❶ Reactor Numbers. Fukui Miyagi (KEPCO) Ooi ❶❷❸❹ (Tohoku EPC) Onagawa ❶❷❸ (KEPCO) Takahama ❶❷❸❹ Fukushima Shimane (TEPCO) Fukushima Daiichi ❶❷❸❹❺❻ (Chugoku EPC) Shimane ❶❷❸ Fukushima Saga (TEPCO) Fukushima Daini ❶❷❸❹ (Kyushu EPC) Genkai ❶❷❸❹ Ibaraki JAPC Tokai/Tokai No.2 Power Station ●● Kagoshima Shizuoka (Kyushu EPC) Sendai ❶❷ Ehime (Chubu EPC) Hamaoka ❶❷❸❹❺ (Shikoku EPC) Ikata ❶❷❸ (As of Dec. 15, 2016)

How is radioactive waste produced by the operation of Q17 nuclear power plants disposed?

A17 Along with recycling fuel, raw glass material is melted into the remaining waste water to become a solidiﬁed glass mass. The mass is disposed by burying it deep underground to be isolated (stratum disposal).

Aboveground facility Nuclear Spent fuel power plant Final disposal Separating/extracting (stratum uranium/plutonium Solidified glass mass disposal) 300m Recycling as fuel Retained by metallic containers Reprocessing with a thickness of 20 cm and buffer materials (clay) with a * Turning waste water thickness of 70 cm into solidified glass mass Reprocessing plant Radioactive materials are confined in the mesh structure of glass Underground facility High-level radioactive waste：After separating/recovering uranium/plutonium from spent fuel, liquid waste is generated. This waste is called "high-level radioactive waste" because its radioactivity level is high, and is solidified after being mixed with glass (other radioactive waste is called "Low-level radioactive waste"). Japan's Energy 2016 http://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/ 12 Regarding Nuclear Power Plants

Q18 Is the safety of nuclear power plants secured?

A18 Restarting nuclear power plants is required to conform to new regulatory standards by the Nuclear Regulation Authority, and enhancement of measures to prevent accidents and emergencies are performed.

Response to the New Regulatory Standards New regulatory standards (July 2013) Response to intentional airplane crash Anti-terrorism measures (new establishment) Measures to suppress diffusion of radioactive materials Countermeasures for Measure to prevent breakage of containment vessels severe accidents (new establishment) Measure to prevent core damage (assuming failure of plural devices) Conventional Regulatory Standards Consideration for water overflow inside a reactor For preventing severe accidents (new establishment) (so-called design criteria) Consideration for natural phenomena (volcanoes/tornadoes/forest fires are newly established) Consideration for natural phenomena Consideration for fire Enhancement or Consideration for fire new establishment Reliability of power sources Reliability of power sources Performance of other facilities Performance of other facilities

Aseismatic/tsunami-resistant performance Aseismatic/tsunami-resistant performance Enhancement

Source: Documents of the Nuclear Regulation Authority

Examples of Measures Based on the New Regulatory Standards Never cutting oﬀ Suppressing diﬀusion of power sources radioactive materials

Gas turbine chargers Tsunami Air cooled protection heat Deploying equipment for Installed on high AC/DC power source exchangers operation of main steam ground Water cannons cars relief safety valves

Prevention of Continuing water intrusion Safety cooling the core Fresh water storage tank into building Heat valves for emergencies Waterproof Installed on high ground Breakwater walls removal structure doors Sea water intake facilities for emergencies Containment vessel Portable water pumps Strengthening the function of Countermeasures instrument monitoring to the for water overﬂow environment of serious accidents

Water Portable nitrogen gas generator (countermeasures for hydrogen Ground reinforcement intake tanks in ﬁlter vent facilities) ←Ocean

Filter vent facilities

Suppressing diﬀusion of radioactive materials Emergency countermeasure Recovery training organization Photos courtesy of Chubu Electric Power Co., Inc.

13 Japan's Energy 2016 http://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/ Basic Policies 2016 EDITION

Q19 What are the basic policies of energy policies like? JAPAN'S ENERGY 20 Questions to understand the current energy situation

INDEX A19 Keeping in mind that Safety always comes ﬁrst, in order to simultaneously achieve improvement of Energy Security, Economic Eﬃciency, and Q1. How much energy can be self-supplied by domestic resources in Japan?

Environment Suitability (3E+S), continuous efforts are being implemented. Q2. What resources does Japan depend on? It is indispensable to implement the multi-layered energy supply structure Q3. What countries does Japan import resources from? where each power source exhibits maximum performance and offsets weakness. Q4. How are electric power costs changing? 3E+S Energy Security Self Further exceeds before the earthquake (approximately 20%) Sufficiency Q5. How much greenhouse gas is emitted in Japan? Approximately 25% (currently 6%) Q6. Are there advancements in research and development of domestic resources? Electric Economic Efficiency Safety Power Reducing more than present costs Cost (FY 2013 9.7 trillion yen => FY 2030 9.5 trillion yen) Q7. Will hydrogen energy become popular in the future?

Safety always comes first CO₂ Environment Emission Achieving reduction targets of greenhouse gas that are Q8. Why are energy HIILFLHQF\PHDVXUHV necessary? comparable to Western countries (In fiscal 2030, achieving -26% compared to fiscal 2013) JAPAN'S Q9. How far have efforts for energy savings in Japan progressed?

Q10. Why does renewable energy need to be introduced? Q20 What will be the composition of power sources? Q11. Is renewable energy progressed in Japan?ENERGY 20 Questions to understand Q12. What kind of efforts are being made for expanding the introduction of renewable energy? A20 The ﬁgure below shows the ideal compositions of power sources in the the current energy situation future (FY 2030) that will be realized when implementing policies in order to Q13. Can we provide energy only by renewable energy?

achieve 3E+S based on basic policies of energy. Q14. Is there progress in the decommissioning and contaminated water management at Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant?

Electricity Demand Composition of Power Sources Q15. Is there progress in the Fukushima Reconstruction? While promoting thorough Thorough Energy Savings Approx. 196.1 billion kWh energy savings, maximum (-17% compared to before measures) Geothermal 1.0～1.1％ introduction of renewable (Total amount) Biomass 3.7～4.6％ Q16. Is nuclear power generation necessary? Economic growth Approx. 1,065 billion kWh energy, and eﬃciency 1.7%/year Wind 1.7％ improvement of thermal Renewable 22～24％ Solar 7.0％ Q17. How is radioactive waste produced by the operation of nuclear power plants disposed? power generation, we will Nuclear 22～20％ Electric Electric Hydroelectric 8.8～9.2％ reduce dependence on Power Power LNG 27％ nuclear power generation 966.6 980.8 Q18. Is the safety of nuclear power plants secured? to the extent possible. billion kWh billion kWh Coal 26％ Oil 3％ Q19. What are the basic policies of energy policies like? FY 2013 FY 2030 FY 2030 （Results）

Contact ; Research and Public Relations Oﬃce, General Policy Division, Director- General’ s Secretariat, Q20. What will be the composition of power sources? Agency for Natural Resources and Energy, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry 1-3-1 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8931 TEL: +81-(0)3-3501-1511(main) http://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/ Please go to the below URL to see the electronic edition (pdf) of this brochure. http://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/about/pamphlet/ Produced by p2company 2-2-1 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021 * For eﬀective utilization of resources, recycled paper with an 80% compounding rate of used paper and VEGETABLE OIL INK are used for this brochure. Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry Japan's Energy 2016 Edition Issued: December 2016 Agency for Natural Resources and Energy