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TCRP Report 27 T RANSIT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM SPONSORED BY The Federal Transit Administration TCRP Report 27 Building Transit Ridership An Exploration of Transit’s Market Share and the Public Policies That Influence It Transportation Research Board National Research Council TCRP OVERSIGHT AND PROJECT TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 1997 SELECTION COMMITTEE CHAIR MICHAEL S. TOWNES OFFICERS Peninsula Transportation Dist. Comm. Chair: David N. Wormley, Dean of Engineering, Pennsylvania State University Vice Chair: Sharon D. Banks, General Manager, AC Transit MEMBERS Executive Director: Robert E. Skinner, Jr., Transportation Research Board GORDON AOYAGI Montgomery County Government SHARON D. BANKS AC Transit MEMBERS LEE BARNES Barwood, Inc. BRIAN J. L. BERRY, Lloyd Viel Berkner Regental Professor, Bruton Center for Development Studies, GERALD L. BLAIR University of Texas at Dallas Indiana County Community Transit Authority LILLIAN C. BORRONE, Director, Port Commerce, The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (Past SHIRLEY A. DeLIBERO Chair, 1995) New Jersey Transit Corporation DAVID G. BURWELL, President, Rails-to-Trails Conservancy, Washington, DC ROD J. DIRIDON E. DEAN CARLSON, Secretary, Kansas Department of Transportation IISTPS JAMES N. DENN, Commissioner, Minnesota Department of Transportation SANDRA DRAGGOO JOHN W. FISHER, Director, ATLSS Engineering Research Center, Lehigh University CATA DENNIS J. FITZGERALD, Executive Director, Capital District Transportation Authority, Albany, NY CONSTANCE GARBER DAVID R. GOODE, Chair, President and CEO, Norfolk Southern Corporation York County Community Action Corp. DELON HAMPTON, Chair and CEO, Delon Hampton & Associates ALAN J. GIBBS LESTER A. HOEL, Hamilton Professor, Civil Engineering, University of Virginia Rutgers, The State Univ. of New Jersey JAMES L. LAMMIE, Director, Parsons Brinckerhoff, Inc., New York, NY DELON HAMPTON BRADLEY L. MALLORY, Secretary of Transportation, Pennsylvania Department of Transportation Delon Hampton & Associates ROBERT E. MARTINEZ, Secretary of Transportation, Commonwealth of Virginia KATHARINE HUNTER-ZAWORSKI JEFFREY J. MCCAIG, President and CEO, Trimac Corporation, Calgary, Alberta, Canada Oregon State University MARSHALL W. MOORE, Director, North Dakota Department of Transportation ALAN F. KIEPPER CRAIG E. PHILIP, President, Ingram Barge Co., Nashville, TN Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade and Douglas ANDREA RINIKER, Executive Director, Port of Tacoma PAUL LARROUSSE JOHN M. SAMUELS, Vice President—Operating Assets, Consolidated Rail Corporation Madison Metro Transit System WAYNE SHACKELFORD, Commissioner, Georgia Department of Transportation ROBERT G. LINGWOOD LESLIE STERMAN, Executive Director, East-West Gateway Coordinating Council, St. Louis, MO BC Transit JOSEPH M. SUSSMAN, JR East Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering, MIT GORDON J. LINTON JAMES W. VAN LOBEN SELS, Director, California Department of Transportation (Past Chair, 1996) Federal Transit Administration MARTIN WACHS, Director, University of California Transportation Center, Berkeley DON S. MONROE DAVID L. WINSTEAD, Secretary, Maryland Department of Transportation Pierce Transit PATRICIA S. NETTLESHIP The Nettleship Group, Inc. ROBERT E. PAASWELL EX OFFICIO MEMBERS The City College of New York JAMES P. REICHERT MIKE ACOTT, President, National Asphalt Pavement Association Reichert Management Services ROY A. ALLEN, Vice President, Research and Test Department, Association of American Railroads RICHARD J. SIMONETTA JOE N. BALLARD, Chief of Engineers and Commander, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers MARTA ANDREW H. CARD, JR., President and CEO, American Automobile Manufacturers Association PAUL P. SKOUTELAS KELLEY S. COYNER, Research and Special Programs Acting Administrator, U.S. Department of Transportation Port Authority of Allegheny County MORTIMER L. DOWNEY, Deputy Secretary, Office of the Secretary, U.S. Department of Transportation PAUL TOLIVER THOMAS M. DOWNS, Chair and President, National Railroad Passenger Corporation King County DOT/Metro FRANCIS B. FRANCOIS, Executive Director, American Association of State Highway and Transportation LINDA S. WATSON Officials Corpus Christi RTA DAVID GARDINER, Administrator, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EDWARD WYTKIND JANE F. GARVEY, Administrator, Federal Aviation Administration AFL-CIO JOHN E. GRAYKOWSKI, Acting Maritime Administrator, U.S. Department of Transportation T. R. LAKSHMANAN, Director, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, U.S. Department of Transportation GORDON J. LINTON, Federal Transit Administrator, U.S. Department of Transportation EX OFFICIO MEMBERS RICARDO MARTINEZ, National Highway Traffic Safety Administrator, U.S. Department of Transportation WILLIAM W. MILLAR WALTER B. McCORMICK, President and CEO, American Trucking Associations, Inc. APTA WILLIAM W. MILLAR, President, American Public Transit Association KENNETH R. WYKLE JOLENE M. MOLITORIS, Federal Railroad Administrator, U.S. Department of Transportation FHWA KENNETH R. WYKLE, Federal Highway Administrator, U.S. Department of Transportation FRANCIS B. FRANCOIS AASHTO ROBERT E. SKINNER, JR. TRANSIT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM TRB Transportation Research Board Executive Committee Subcommittee for TCRP TDC EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR DAVID N. WORMLEY, Pennsylvania State University (Chair) LOUIS F. SANDERS SHARON D. BANKS, AC Transit APTA DENNIS J. FITZGERALD, Capital Dist. Transportation Authority, Albany, NY LESTER A. HOEL, University of Virginia SECRETARY GORDON J. LINTON, U.S. Department of Transportation ROBERT J. REILLY ROBERT E. SKINNER, JR., Transportation Research Board TRB JAMES W. VAN LOBEN SELS, California Department of Transportation T RANSIT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM Report 27 Building Transit Ridership An Exploration of Transit’s Market Share and the Public Policies That Influence It CHARLES RIVER ASSOCIATES INCORPORATED Boston, MA Subject Areas Planning and Administration Public Transit Research Sponsored by the Federal Transit Administration in Cooperation with the Transit Development Corporation T RANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS Washington, D.C. 1997 TRANSIT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM TCRP REPORT 27 The nation’s growth and the need to meet mobility, Project H-4A FY’93 environmental, and energy objectives place demands on public ISSN 1073-4872 transit systems. Current systems, some of which are old and in need ISBN 0-309-06252-7 of upgrading, must expand service area, increase service frequency, Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 97-62202 and improve efficiency to serve these demands. Research is necessary to solve operating problems, to adapt appropriate new © 1997 Transportation Research Board technologies from other industries, and to introduce innovations into Price $41.00 the transit industry. The Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) serves as one of the principal means by which the transit industry can develop innovative near-term solutions to meet demands placed on it. The need for TCRP was originally identified in TRB Special Report 213—Research for Public Transit: New Directions, published in 1987 and based on a study sponsored by the Urban Mass Transportation Administration—now the Federal Transit Administration (FTA). A report by the American Public Transit NOTICE Association (APTA), Transportation 2000, also recognized the need The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the Transit Cooperative for local, problem-solving research. TCRP, modeled after the Research Program conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the longstanding and successful National Cooperative Highway approval of the Governing Board of the National Research Council. Such Research Program, undertakes research and other technical activities approval reflects the Governing Board’s judgment that the project concerned is in response to the needs of transit service providers. The scope of appropriate with respect to both the purposes and resources of the National TCRP includes a variety of transit research fields including plan- Research Council. ning, service configuration, equipment, facilities, operations, human The members of the technical advisory panel selected to monitor this project and resources, maintenance, policy, and administrative practices. to review this report were chosen for recognized scholarly competence and with TCRP was established under FTA sponsorship in July 1992. due consideration for the balance of disciplines appropriate to the project. The Proposed by the U.S. Department of Transportation, TCRP was opinions and conclusions expressed or implied are those of the research agency authorized as part of the Intermodal Surface Transportation that performed the research, and while they have been accepted as appropriate Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA). On May 13, 1992, a memorandum by the technical panel, they are not necessarily those of the Transportation agreement outlining TCRP operating procedures was executed by Research Board, the National Research Council, the Transit Development the three cooperating organizations: FTA;FTA, the National Academy of Corporation, or the Federal Transit Administration of the U.S. Department of Sciences, acting through the Transportation Research Board (TRB);(TRB), Transportation. and the Transit Development Corporation, Inc. (TDC), a nonprofit Each report is reviewed and accepted for publication by the technical panel educational and research organization established by APTA. TDC is according to procedures established and monitored
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