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L'accesso Alle Aree Metropolitane Bocconi Luigi Università Commerciale L’accesso alle aree metropolitane Aree di intervento e prospettive di soluzione A cura di Angela Airoldi e Tatiana Cini Milano, dicembre 2014 INDICE Introduzione ............................................................................................................................... 3 1 Accessibilità e mobilità urbana ............................................................................................ 5 1.1 I trend dello sviluppo urbano ................................................................................................... 5 1.2 La domanda di mobilità verso le aree metropolitane ................................................................ 6 1.3 Una risposta alla congestione: la congestion charge ................................................................. 7 L’Electronic Road Pricing di Singapore ............................................................................................................... 8 La Central London Congestion Charging Zone ................................................................................................... 9 La Congestion Tax di Stoccolma ....................................................................................................................... 10 La Congestion tax di Göteborg ......................................................................................................................... 10 Il Bergen Toll Ring ............................................................................................................................................ 11 L’Oslo Toll Ring ................................................................................................................................................. 11 Il Trondheim Toll Scheme ................................................................................................................................ 11 Il Controlled Vehicular Access di La Valletta .................................................................................................... 12 L’Area C di Milano ............................................................................................................................................ 12 Le ipotesi per San Francisco ............................................................................................................................. 13 Il caso di New York ........................................................................................................................................... 14 Lezioni e raccomandazioni dalle esperienze di congestion charge ................................................................. 14 2 Le risposte attuali e di prospettiva per il sistema dei trasporti ............................................ 20 2.1 Le autostrade urbane ..................................................................................................... 20 2.2 Un nuovo ruolo per le tangenziali ................................................................................... 25 2.2.1 Nuove infrastrutture per aumentare l’offerta di mobilità .......................................................................... 26 2.2.2 Corsie veloci a pagamento .......................................................................................................................... 27 2.2.3 Le strutture di Park & Ride .......................................................................................................................... 29 2.3 L’intermodalità per l’accesso alle aree metropolitane ..................................................... 30 2.4 Le tecnologie per migliorare l’efficienza dei trasporti ...................................................... 34 2.4.1 Il Traffic Management Centre ..................................................................................................................... 37 2.4.2 L’Integrated Corridor Management ............................................................................................................ 38 2.4.3 Le autostrade per veicoli elettrici e l’autostrada ‘elettrica’ ........................................................................ 40 Bibliografia .............................................................................................................................. 42 2 INTRODUZIONE Lo sviluppo del tessuto urbano, il cambiamento dei modi di vita della popolazione e la flessibilità del mezzo privato, oltre a un’offerta di trasporto pubblico spesso deficitaria, sono all’origine dell’aumento, negli ultimi decenni, del traffico automobilistico verso le aree metropolitane e al loro interno. In effetti, lo sviluppo delle infrastrutture e dei servizi di trasporto pubblico ha solo parzialmente accompagnato il decentramento delle funzioni urbane e, in particolare, dei quartieri residenziali nelle periferie; in conseguenza di ciò e, in particolare, in assenza di un approccio integrato tra le politiche urbanistiche e dei trasporti, l’automobile si è affermata in Italia e, in ampia parte dei Paesi esteri, quale modalità privilegiata nei collegamenti di breve e medio raggio con le aree metropolitane. L’incremento della domanda di mobilità privata ha interessato i centri città e, ancor più, le zone periurbane, in ragione della localizzazione in esse di funzioni (commerciali e per il tempo libero, ad esempio) che costituiscono i catalizzatori di flussi multidirezionali: sia dall’esterno delle aree metropolitane, sia dallo stesso centro città, sia con origine e destinazione al proprio interno. Nei quartieri periurbani, inoltre, i trasporti collettivi, come sono attualmente definiti, non riescono a competere con il trasporto privato. Negli ultimi decenni le metropoli hanno progressivamente assunto un ruolo primario nella competizione tra Stati; al centro di tale sfida, si colloca certamente la qualità dei servizi offerti e dell’ambiente di vita. In tale scenario, è evidente che la mobilità riveste attualmente un ruolo strategico, al punto che la capacità di un’area metropolitana di soddisfare le esigenze di trasporto, sia delle persone sia delle merci, costituisce una leva strategica cruciale in ogni policy di marketing territoriale1. L’intenso uso degli autoveicoli privati, la conseguente congestione e l’inquinamento che ne deriva rappresentano alcuni dei fattori più negativamente incidenti sulla qualità della vita in città. Da qui l’esigenza, sempre più espressa dalle amministrazioni locali, di definire interventi che sviluppino soluzioni di trasporto alternative all’automobile in termini infrastrutturali (metropolitane, tram, piste ciclabili, corsie prioritarie per i trasporti pubblici) e di servizio, favorendo il miglioramento dei collegamenti pubblici in termini di qualità delle prestazioni, di informazione agli utenti, di comfort, di capillarità e di frequenza, in linea con i bisogni della collettività. Il tram leggero in corsia dedicata2, le disposizioni urbanistiche che limitano la costruzione di parcheggi per ogni nuovo edificio adibito ad uffici, l’assegnazione di corsie preferenziali non solo ai mezzi di trasporto collettivi (autobus-taxi), ma anche ai veicoli privati in car sharing, l’adozione di sistemi di tariffazione delle infrastrutture urbane (parchimetri) e dell’uso stesso delle strade (congestion charge) sono tra le misure sinora adottate dalle città per contrastare la congestione nei centri urbani. In particolare, è interessante sottolineare che l’introduzione di sistemi di pedaggiamento urbano richiede, per la loro accettazione da parte della popolazione locale, che le alternative offerte in termini di servizi e di infrastrutture di trasporto pubblico siano competitive: a tale fine, una soluzione di successo potrebbe coincidere con la destinazione di parte degli introiti ricavati al finanziamento di nuove infrastrutture e al miglioramento dell’offerta del trasporto urbano complessivo. 1 Eurispes (2014) 2 Adottando questo mezzo di trasporto città come Stoccarda, Friburgo, Strasburgo e Nantes hanno dimostrato fin dai primi anni 2000 che è possibile diminuire la quota di uso delle autovetture dell’1% all’anno. 3 A fronte delle difficoltà registrate dalle reti stradali e autostradali nel soddisfacimento della domanda di trasporto, sempre più utenti, soprattutto di giovane età3, adottano modalità di viaggio alternative o complementari all’automobile. A tale riguardo l’economia della condivisione, ormai centrale nel consumo di beni e di servizi, ricopre un ruolo sempre più interessante per le stesse funzioni di trasporto, favorendo forme di mobilità comune e collettiva che coinvolgono le diverse modalità di spostamento (ad esempio, mediante il car e lo scooter sharing, il car e il vanpooling, il bikesharing, le navette private e i servizi on-demand). Alla luce di quanto esposto, il presente documento intende analizzare le principali soluzioni adottate in Italia e all’estero a supporto dell’accessibilità alle proprie aree metropolitane. Nel dettaglio, il paper declina quattro tematiche di rilevanza attuale e geograficamente ampia, soffermandosi sulla loro applicabilità in ambito italiano: . le autostrade urbane, che attualmente rivestono un ruolo distinto in America, in Europa e in Asia nella pianificazione della mobilità verso le aree metropolitane, cui corrispondono specifiche dinamiche di implementazione, di adattamento o di abbandono; . le tangenziali, intese come infrastrutture dove oggi convivono il traffico che bypassa la città, i flussi di adduzione di media-lunga distanza, il traffico di relazione con
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