For other people named Basil, see Saint Basil (disambiguation).

Basil of Caesarea, also called Saint Basil the Great (Greek: Ἅγιος Βασίλειος ὁ Μέγας, Hágios Basíleios ho Mégas; 329 or 330[6] – January 1 or 2, 379), was the Greek of Caesarea Mazaca in , Asia Minor (modern-day Turkey). He was an influen- tial theologian who supported the and op- posed the heresies of the early Christian , fighting against both Arianism and the followers of Apollinaris of Laodicea. His ability to balance his theological convic- tions with his political connections made Basil a powerful advocate for the Nicene position. In addition to his work as a theologian, Basil was known for his care of the poor and underprivileged. Basil estab- lished guidelines for monastic life which focus on com- munity life, liturgical prayer, and manual labour. To- gether with Pachomius, he is remembered as a father of communal monasticism in Eastern . He is considered a saint by the traditions of both Eastern and Western Christianity. Basil, , and are collectively referred to as the . The and Eastern Churches have given him, together with Gregory of Nazianzus and , the title of Great Hierarch. He is recognised as a in the Church. He is sometimes referred to by the epithet "Ουρανοφαντωρ" (Ouranofantor), “revealer of The theology of , a student of Origen, in- fluenced Basil through his grandmother . heavenly mysteries”.[7]

Basil received more formal education in Caesarea 1 Life Mazaca in Cappadocia (modern-day , Turkey) around 350-51.[14] There he met Gregory of Nazianzus, [15] 1.1 Early life and education who would become a lifetime friend. Together, Basil and Gregory went to for further studies, Basil was born into the wealthy family of Basil the El- including the lectures of Libanius. The two also spent der, a famous rhetor,[8] and Emmelia of Caesarea, in almost six years in Athens starting around 349, where [9] they met a fellow student who would become the em- Pontus, around 330. His parents were renowned for [16][17] their piety.[10] His maternal grandfather was a Christian peror Julian the Apostate. Basil left Athens in 356, , executed in the years to Constantine I's and after travels in and Syria, he returned to Cae- [11][12] sarea, where for around a year he practiced law and taught conversion. His pious widow, Macrina, herself a [18] follower of Gregory Thaumaturgus (who had founded rhetoric. the nearby church of Neocaesarea),[13] raised Basil and Basil’s life changed radically after he encountered his four siblings (who also can be venerated as ): Eustathius of Sebaste, a charismatic bishop and , Naucratius, and ascetic.[19] Abandoning his legal and teaching career, Gregory of Nyssa. Basil devoted his life to God. A letter described his

1 2 1 LIFE spiritual awakening: Gregory eventually arrived, they collaborated on Origen’s Philocalia, a collection of Origen's works .[30] Gregory then decided to return to his family in Nazianzus. 1.2 Annesi Basil attended the Council of Constantinople in 360. He at first sided with Eustathius and the Homoiousians, a semi-Arian faction who taught that the Son was of like substance with the Father, neither the same (one sub- stance) nor different from him.[31] The Homoiousians opposed the Arianism of Eunomius but refused to join with the supporters of the Nicene Creed, who professed that the members of the were of one substance ("homoousios"). However, Basil’s bishop, Dianius of Caesarea, had subscribed only to the earlier Nicene form of agreement. Basil eventually abandoned the Homoiou- sians, and emerged instead as a strong supporter of the Nicene Creed.[31]

1.3 Caesarea

Russian of Basil of Caesarea

After his , Basil traveled in 357 to Palestine, Egypt, Syria and Mesopotamia to study ascetics and monasticism.[21][22] He distributed his fortunes among the poor, then went briefly into solitude near Neocae- sarea of Pontus (mod. day Niksar, Turkey) on the Iris.[21] Basil eventually realized that while he respected the as- cetics’ piety and prayerfulness, the solitary life did not call him.[23] Eustathius of Sebaste, a prominent anchorite Icon of the : Basil the Great (left), John near Pontus, had mentored Basil. However, they also Chrysostom (center) and Gregory the Theologian (right)—from [24] eventually differed over dogma. Lipie, Historic Museum in Sanok, Poland. Basil instead felt drawn toward communal religious life, and by 358 he was gathering around him a group of like- In 362, Bishop ordained Basil as a minded disciples, including his Peter. Together . Eusebius then summoned Basil to Caesarea and they founded a monastic settlement on his family’s es- ordained him as presbyter of the Church there in 365. tate near Annesi [25] (modern Sonusa or Uluköy, near the Ecclesiastical entreaties rather than Basil’s desires thus al- confluence of the Iris and Lycos Rivers[26]). His wid- tered his career path.[21] owed mother Emmelia, sister Macrina and several other Basil and Gregory Nazianzus spent the next few years women, joined Basil and devoted themselves to pious combating the Arian heresy, which threatened to divide lives of prayer and charitable works (some claim Macrina [27] Cappadocia’s Christians. In close fraternal cooperation, founded this community). they agreed to a great rhetorical contest with accom- Here Basil wrote about monastic communal life. His plished Arian theologians and rhetors.[32] In the subse- writings became pivotal in developing monastic traditions quent public debates, presided over by agents of Valens, of the Eastern Church.[28] In 358, Basil invited his friend Gregory and Basil emerged triumphant. This success Gregory of Nazianzus to join him in Annesi.[29] When confirmed for both Gregory and Basil that their futures 3

lay in administration of the Church.[32] Basil next took ents and was seen by many, particularly those in Alexan- on functional administration of the city of Caesarea.[28] dria most familiar with it, as posing a threat to the unity Eusebius is reported as becoming jealous of the reputa- of the church.[37] Basil entered into connections with the tion and influence which Basil quickly developed, and al- West, and with the help of Athanasius, he tried to over- lowed Basil to return to his earlier solitude. Later, how- come its distrustful attitude toward the Homoiousians. ever, Gregory persuaded Basil to return. Basil did so, The difficulties had been enhanced by bringing in the and became the effective manager of the city for several question as to the essence of the Holy Spirit. Although years, while giving all the credit to Eusebius. Basil advocated objectively the consubstantiality of the Holy Spirit with the Father and the Son, he belonged to In 370, Eusebius died, and Basil was chosen to succeed him, and was consecrated bishop on June 14, 370.[33] His those, who, faithful to Eastern tradition, would not allow the predicate homoousios to the former; for this he was re- new post as bishop of Caesarea also gave him the pow- ers of exarch of Pontus and metropolitan of five suffragan proached as early as 371 by the Orthodox zealots among the , and Athanasius defended him. He maintained , many of whom had opposed him in the election for Eusebius’s successor. It was then that his great pow- a relationship with Eustathius despite dogmatic differ- ers were called into action. Hot-blooded and somewhat ences. imperious, Basil was also generous and sympathetic. He Basil corresponded with Damasus in the hope of personally organized a soup kitchen and distributed food having the Roman bishop condemn heresy wherever to the poor during a famine following a drought. He gave found, both East and West. The pope's apparent in- away his personal family inheritance to benefit the poor difference upset Basil’s zeal and he turned around in of his diocese. distress and sadness. It is still a point of controversy His letters show that he actively worked to reform thieves over how much he believed the Roman See could do for the Churches in the East, as many Roman Catholic and prostitutes. They also show him encouraging his [38] not to be tempted by wealth or the comparatively theologians claim the primacy of the Roman bishopric easy life of a , and that he personally took care over the rest of the Churches, both in doctrine and in au- in selecting worthy candidates for . He also thoritative strength. had the courage to criticize public officials who failed in their duty of administering justice. At the same time, he preached every morning and evening in his own church 2 Death and legacy to large congregations. In addition to all the above, he built a large complex just outside Caesarea, called the Basil died before the factional disturbances ended. He Basiliad,[34] which included a poorhouse, hospice, and suffered from liver disease; excessive ascetic practices hospital, and was described by Gregory of Nazianzus as also contributed to his early demise. Historians disagree one of the wonders of the world.[35] about the exact date Basil died.[39] The great institute His zeal for did not blind him to what was good before the gates of Caesarea, which was used as poor- in an opponent; and for the sake of peace and charity house, hospital, and hospice became a lasting monument he was content to waive the use of orthodox terminology of Basil’s episcopal care for the poor. when it could be surrendered without a sacrifice of truth. The Emperor Valens, who was an adherent of the Arian philosophy, sent his prefect Modestus to at least agree to a compromise with the Arian faction. Basil’s adamant 3 Writings negative response prompted Modestus to say that no one had ever spoken to him in that way before. Basil replied, The principal theological writings of Basil are his On the “Perhaps you have never yet had to deal with a bishop.” Holy Spirit, a lucid and edifying appeal to Scripture and Modestus reported back to Valens that he believed noth- early Christian tradition (to prove the divinity of the Holy ing short of violence would avail against Basil. Valens Spirit), and his Refutation of the Apology of the Impi- was apparently unwilling to engage in violence. He did ous Eunomius, written in 363 or 364, three books against however issue orders banishing Basil repeatedly, none of Eunomius of Cyzicus, the chief exponent of Anomoian which succeeded. Valens came himself to attend when Arianism. The first three books of the Refutation are his Basil celebrated the on the Feast of the work; the fourth and fifth books that are usually included Theophany (), and at that time was so impressed do not belong to Basil, or to Apollinaris of Laodicea. by Basil that he donated to him some land for the build- He was a famous preacher, and many of his homilies, in- ing of the Basiliad. This interaction helped to define the cluding a series of Lenten lectures on the Hexaëmeron [36] limits of governmental power over the church. (also Hexaëmeros, “Six Days of Creation"; Latin: He- Basil then had to face the growing spread of Arianism. xameron), and an exposition of the psalter, have been This belief system, which denied that Christ was preserved. Some, like that against usury and that on the consubstantial with the Father, was quickly gaining adher- famine in 368, are valuable for the history of morals; oth- ers illustrate the honor paid to and ; the 4 4 LITURGICAL CONTRIBUTIONS

Greater Asketikon and the Lesser Asketikon.[42] It is in the ethical manuals and moral sermons that the practical aspects of his theoretical theology are illus- trated. So, for example, it is in his Sermon to the Lazicans that we find St. Basil explaining how it is our common na- ture that obliges us to treat our neighbor’s natural needs (e.g., hunger, thirst) as our own, even though he is a sep- arate individual. Later theologians explicitly explain this as an example of how the saints become an image of the one common nature of the persons of the Trinity. His three hundred letters reveal a rich and observant na- ture, which, despite the troubles of ill-health and ecclesi- astical unrest, remained optimistic, tender and even play- ful. His principal efforts as a reformer were directed to- wards the improvement of the liturgy, and the reforma- tion of the monastic institutions of the East. Most of his extant works, and a few spuriously attributed to him, are available in the Patrologia Graeca, which in- cludes Latin translations of varying quality. Several of St. Basil’s works have appeared in the late twentieth century in the Sources Chrétiennes collection.

Fresco of Basil the Great in the cathedral of Ohrid. The saint is shown consecrating the Gifts during the Divine Liturgy which bears his name. address to young men on the study of classical literature shows that Basil was lastingly influenced by his own ed- ucation, which taught him to appreciate the propaedeutic importance of the classics.[40] In his exegesis Basil was a great admirer of Origen and the need for the spiritual interpretation of Scripture. In his work on the Holy Spirit, he asserts that “to take the literal sense and stop there, is to have the heart covered by the of Jewish literalism. Lamps are useless when the sun is shining.” He frequently stresses the need for Reserve in doctrinal and sacramental matters. At the same time he was against the wild allegories of some contemporaries. Concerning this, he wrote:

“I know the laws of allegory, though less by myself than from the works of others. There are those, truly, who do not admit the com- mon sense of the Scriptures, for whom water is not water, but some other nature, who see in a plant, in a fish, what their fancy wishes, who Statue of Saint Basil, depicting him in Western , in the change the nature of reptiles and of wild beasts Church of St. Nicholas, Mala Strana, Prague, Czech Republic. to suit their allegories, like the interpreters of dreams who explain visions in sleep to make them serve their own end.”[41] 4 Liturgical contributions His ascetic tendencies are exhibited in the Moralia and Asketika (sometimes mistranslated as Rules of St. Basil), Saint Basil of Caesarea holds a very important place in the ethical manuals for use in the world and the cloister, re- history of Christian liturgy, coming as he did at the end spectively. There has been a good deal of discussion con- of the age of persecution. Basil’s liturgical influence is cerning the authenticity of the two works known as the well attested in early sources. Though it is difficult at this 5 time to know exactly which parts of the Divine Liturgies ted to the west via Rufinus during the last 4th century.[48] which bear his name are actually his work, a vast corpus As a result of his influence, numerous religious orders of prayers attributed to him has survived in the various in bear his name. In the Roman Eastern Christian churches. Tradition also credits Basil , the Basilian Fathers, also known as with the of the iconostasis to its present height. The Congregation of St. Basil, an international order of Most of the liturgies bearing the name of Basil are not and students studying for the priesthood, is named entirely his work in their present form, but they neverthe- after him. less preserve a recollection of Basil’s activity in this field in formularizing liturgical prayers and promoting church- song. Patristics scholars conclude that the Liturgy of 6 Commemorations of Basil Saint Basil “bears, unmistakably, the personal hand, pen, mind and heart of St. Basil the Great.”[43] St Basil was given the title Doctor of the Church in the One liturgy that can be attributed to him is The Divine Western Church for his contributions to the debate ini- the Great, a liturgy that is some- tiated by the Arian controversy regarding the nature of what longer than the more commonly used Divine Liturgy the Trinity, and especially the question of the divinity of of St. John Chrysostom. The difference between the the Holy Spirit. Basil was responsible for defining the two is primarily in the silent prayers said by the priest, terms "" (essence/substance) and "hypostasis" (per- and in the use of the hymn to the , All of Cre- son/reality), and for defining the classic formulation of ation, instead of the Axion Estin of Saint John Chrysos- three Persons in one Nature. His single greatest contri- tom’s Liturgy. Chrysostom’s Liturgy has come to replace bution was his insistence on the divinity and consubstan- Saint Basil’s on most days in the Eastern Orthodox and tiality of the Holy Spirit with the Father and the Son. Byzantine Catholic liturgical traditions. However, they still use Saint Basil’s Liturgy on certain feast days: the In Greek tradition, he brings gifts to children every Jan- first five Sundays of , the Eves of Nativity and uary 1 (St Basil’s Day). It is traditional on St Basil’s Theophany, on Great and Holy Thursday and Holy Satur- Day to serve vasilopita, a rich bread baked with a coin day and on the Feast of Saint Basil, January 1 (for those inside. It is customary on his feast day to visit the homes churches which follow the Julian Calendar, their January of friends and relatives, to sing New Year’s carols, and 1 falls on January 14 of the Gregorian Calendar). to set an extra place at the table for Saint Basil. Basil, being born into a wealthy family, gave away all his pos- The Eastern Churches preserve numerous other prayers sessions to the poor, the underprivileged, those in need, attributed to Saint Basil, including three Prayers of and children.[49] Exorcism, several Morning and Evening Prayers, the “Prayer of the Hours” which is read at each service According to some sources, Saint Basil died on January of the Daily Office, and the “Kneeling Prayers” which 1, and the Eastern Orthodox Church celebrates his feast are recited by the priest at on Pentecost in the day together with that of the Feast of the Circumcision on . that day. This was also the day on which the General Ro- man Calendar celebrated it at first; but in the 13th century it was moved to June 14, a date believed to be that of his ordination as bishop, and it remained on that date until the 5 Influence on monasticism 1969 revision of the calendar, which moved it to January 2, rather than January 1, because the latter date is occu- Through his examples and teachings Basil effected a note- pied by the Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God. On Jan- worthy moderation in the austere practices which were uary 2 Saint Basil is celebrated together with Saint Gre- [50] previously characteristic of monastic life.[44] He is also gory Nazianzen. Some traditionalist Catholics con- credited with coordinating the duties of work and prayer tinue to observe pre-1970 calendars. to ensure a proper balance between the two.[45] The Lutheran Church Missouri Synod commemorates Basil is remembered as one of the most influential fig- Basil, along with Gregory of Nazianzus and Gregory of ures in the development of . Not Nyssa on January 10. only is Basil recognised as the father of Eastern monas- The Church of celebrates Saint Basil’s feast on ticism; historians recognize that his legacy extends also January 2, but the Episcopal Church and the Anglican to the Western church, largely due to his influence on Church of Canada celebrate it on June 14.[51] Saint Benedict.[46] Patristic scholars such as Meredith as- sert that Benedict himself recognized this when he wrote In the Byzantine Rite, January 30 is the Synaxis of the in the epilogue to his Rule that his monks, in addition to Three Holy Hierarchs, in honor of Saint Basil, Saint Gre- the Bible, should read “the confessions of the Fathers and gory the Theologian and Saint John Chrysostom. their institutes and their lives and the Rule of our Holy The Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria celebrates Father, Basil.[47] Basil’s teachings on monasticism, as en- the feast day of Saint Basil on the 6th of Tobi (6th of coded in works such as his Small Asketikon, was transmit- Terr on the of the Ethiopian Ortho- 6 8 REFERENCES dox Tewahedo Church). At present, this corresponds to [15] Norris, Frederick (1997). “Basil of Caesarea”. In Fergu- January 14, January 15 during leap year. son, Everett. The Encyclopedia of Early Christianity (sec- ond edition). New York: Garland Press. There are numerous relics of Saint Basil throughout the world. One of the most important is his head, which is [16] Ruether (1969), pp. 19, 25. preserved to this day at the of the Great Lavra on Mount Athos in Greece. The mythical sword Durandal [17] Rousseau (1994), pp. 32–40. [52] is said to contain some of Basil’s blood. [18] Rousseau (1994), p. 1.

[19] Hildebrand (2007), pp. 19–20.

7 See also [20] Basil, Ep. 223, 2, as quoted in Quasten (1986), p. 205.

• [21] Quasten (1986), p. 205. • Cappadocian Fathers [22] Encyclopædia Britannica (15th ed.) vol. 1, p. 938. • Gregory of Nyssa [23] Merredith (1995), p. 21. • Gregory Nazianzus [24] St. Basil the Great in Catholic Encyclopedia: “In 373 ... Eustathius of Sebaste (became) a traitor to the Faith and • John Chrysostom a personal foe” • Basilian [25] Encyclopædia Britannica (15th ed.) vol. 1, p. 938. • Vasilopita [26] mod. Yeşilırmak and Kelkit Çayi rivers, see Rousseau (1994), p. 62. • Christian mystics [27] The New Westminster Dictionary of Church History: The Early, Medieval, and Eras, vol.1, Westmin- 8 References ster John Knox Press, 2008, ISBN 0-664-22416-4, p. 75. [28] Attwater, Donald and Catherine Rachel John. The Pen- [1] Great Synaxaristes: (Greek) Ὁ Ἅγιος Βασίλειος ὁ guin Dictionary of Saints. 3rd edition. New York: Pen- Μέγας ὁ Καππαδόκης. 1 Ιανουαρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ guin Books, 1993. ISBN 0-14-051312-4. ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ. [29] Rousseau (1994), p. 66. [2] St Basil the Great the of Caesarea, in Cappado- cia. OCA - Feasts and Saints. [30] Merredith (1995), pp. 21–22.

[3] Great Synaxaristes: (Greek) Οἱ Ἅγιοι Τρεῖς Ἱεράρχες. [31] Meredith (1995), p. 22. 30 Ιανουαρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ. [32] McGuckin (2001), p. 143. [4] Synaxis of the Ecumenical Teachers and Hierarchs: Basil [33] Meredith (1995), p. 23 the Great, Gregory the Theologian, and John Chrysostom. OCA - Feasts and Saints. [34] The Living Age 48. Littell, Son and Company. 1856. p. 326. [5] 101, CPH, St. Louis, 2010, p.277

[6] Fedwick (1981), p. 5 [35] Gregory of Nazianzus. Oration 43: Funeral Oration on the Great S. Basil, Bishop of Cæsarea in Cappadocia. p. [7] “St Basil the Great the Archbishop of Caesarea, in Cap- 63. Retrieved 22 April 2015. padocia”. Orthodox Church in America Website. Re- trieved 2007-12-15. [36] Alban Butler, Paul Burns (1995). Butler’s Lives of the Saints 1. A&C Black,. p. 14. [8] Quasten (1986), p. 204. [37] Foley, O.F.M., Leonard (2003). “St. Basil the Great [9] Bowersock et al. (1999), p.336 (329-379)". In McCloskey, O.F.M., Pat (rev.). Saint of the Day: Lives, Lessons and Feasts (5th Revised Edition). [10] Oratio 43.4, PG 36. 500B, tr. p.30, as presented in Cincinnati, Ohio: St. Anthony Messenger Press. ISBN Rousseau (1994), p.4. 0-86716-535-9. Archived from the original on 23 De- [11] Davies (1991), p. 12. cember 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-15.

[12] Rousseau (1994), p. 4. [38] Catholic encyclopedia article on Saint Basil makes such a claim: . [13] Rousseau (1994), p. 12 & p. 4 respectively [39] Rousseau (1994), pp. 360–363, Appendix III: The Date of [14] Hildebrand (2007), p. 19. Basil’s Death and of the Hexaemeron 7

[40] Deferrari, Roy J. "The Classics and the Greek Writers of • Paul Jonathan Fedwick, ed. (1981). Basil of the Early Church: Saint Basil." The Classical Journal Vol. Caesarea, christian, humanist, ascetic: a sixteen- 13, No. 8 (May, 1918). 579–91. hundredth anniversary symposium, Part 1. Pontif- ical Institute of Mediaeval Studies. ISBN 978-0- [41] Basil. "Hexameron, 9.1”. In Schaff, Philip. Nicene and 88844-412-7. Post-Nicene Fathers (2nd Series). 8 Basil: Letters and Se- lect Works. Edinburgh: T&T Clark (1895). p. 102. Re- • Bibliotheca Basiliana Universalis, A Study of the trieved 2007-12-15.. Cf. Hexameron, 3.9 (Ibid., pp. 70- Manuscript Tradition of the Works of Basil of 71). Caesarea Part 1 year=1981 Part II,1 year=1996 [42] McSorley, . “St. Basil the Great.” The Catholic PartII,2 year=1996 Part III year=1997 Part IV,1 Encyclopedia. Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Com- year=1999 Part IV,2 year=1999 publisher= Brepols pany, 1907. 2 Dec. 2014 editor=Paul Jonathan Fedwick

[43] Bebis (1997), p. 283 • Bowersock, Glen Warren, Brown, Peter & Grabar, Oleg, ed. (1999). with alphabetical guide Late An- [44] Murphy (1930), p. 94. tiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World Check |url= value (help). Harvard University Press. ISBN [45] Murphy (1930), p. 95. 978-0-67451-173-6. [46] See K. E. Kirk, The Vision of God: The Christian Docu- • ment of the summum bonum (London, 1931), 9.118, (as The New Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th edition, v. quoted in Meredith) 1. London: Encyclopædia Britannica.

[47] Meredith (1995), p.24 • Hildebrand, Stephen M. (2007). The Trinitarian Theology of Basil of Caesarea. Washington, D.C.: [48] Silvas (2002), pp. 247-259, in Vigliae Christanae Catholic University of America Press. ISBN 978-0- 8132-1473-3. [49] “Santa Claus”. Eastern-Orthodoxy.com. Archived from the original on 18 January 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-02. • Keary, Charles Francis (1882). Outline of Primitive Belief Among the Indo-European Races. New York: [50] Calendarium Romanum, Libreria Editrice Vaticana 1969, C. Scribner’s Sons. p. 84 • [51] http://prayerbook.ca/the-prayer-book-online/ Meredith, Anthony (1995). The Cappadocians. 57-the-calendar-ix Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir’s Seminar Press. ISBN 0-88141-112-4. [52] Keary (1882), p. 512 • Migne, Jacques Paul (ed.) (1857–1866). Cursus Completus Patrologiae Graecae. Paris: Imprimerie 9 Bibliography Catholique. • Murphy, Margaret Gertrude (1930). St. Basil and • Basil of Caesarea, Hexaemeron, London, 2013. Monasticism: Catholic University of America Series limovia.net ISBN 9781783362110 (digital version on Patristic Studies, Vol. XXV. New York: AMS – ebook) Press. ISBN 0-404-04543-X.

• Basil the Great, On the Holy Spirit, trans. • Rousseau, Phillip (1994). Basil of Caesarea. Berke- Anderson (Crestwood, NY: St Vladimir’s Seminary ley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520- Press, 1980) 08238-9.

• Basil the Great, On Social Justice, trans. C. Paul • Quasten, Johannes (1986). Patrology, v.3. Christian Schroeder (Crestwood, NY: St Vladimir’s Seminary Classics. ISBN 0-87061-086-4. Press, 2009) • Ruether, Rosemary Radford (1969). Gregory of • Basil the Great, Address to Young Men On Greek Nazianzus. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Literature, trans. Edward R. Maloney (New York: American Book Company, 1901) • Silvas, Anna M. (September 2002). “Edessa to Cassino: The Passage of Basil’s Asketikon to the • Bebis, George (Fall–Winter 1997). “Introduction West”. Vigliae Christianae (Brill Academic) 56 to the Liturgical Theology of St Basil the Great”. (3): 247–259. doi:10.1163/157007202760235382. Greek Orthodox Theological Review 42 (3-4): 273– ISSN 0042-6032. horizontal tab character in |id= at 285. ISSN 0017-3894. position 6 (help) 8 11 EXTERNAL LINKS

• Corona, Gabriella, ed. (2006). Aelfric’s Life of Saint Basil the Great: Background and Content. Anglo- Saxon Texts 5. Cambridge: D.S. Brewer. ISBN 978- 1-84384-095-4. External link in |title= (help) • This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Jackson, Macauley, ed. (1914). "article name needed". New Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge (third ed.). London and New York: Funk and Wagnalls.

10 Further reading

• St. Basil the Great, On the Holy Spirit, London, 2012. limovia.net ISBN 978-1-78336-002-4. • Karahan, Anne. “Beauty in the Eyes of God. Byzan- tine Aesthetics and Basil of Caesarea”, in: Byzan- tion. Revue Internationale des Études Byzantines 82 (2012): 165-212.

11 External links

• Christian Classics Ethereal Library, Early , Series II, Vol. VIII contains the treatise On the Holy Spirit, the Hexaemeron, some of the homi- lies and the letters • St. Basil the Great in English and Greek, Select Re- sources • Basil the Great article from Orthodox Wikipedia has a slightly longer article on St. Basil

• The Heritage of the Holy Fathers has a more com- plete collection of his homilies (and some other works, but only a few of his letters)—in Russian • "St. Basil the Great". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913. • American Catholic: St. Basil the Great

• St. Basil the Great the Archbishop of Caesarea, in Cappadocia Orthodox icon and synaxarion

• St. Basil’s Sermons About Fasting, translated by Kent Berghuis

• St. Basil at the Christian Iconography web site. • Works by or about Basil of Caesarea at Internet Archive • Works by Basil of Caesarea at LibriVox (public do- main audiobooks) 9

12 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

12.1 Text

• Basil of Caesarea Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea?oldid=700162945 Contributors: AxelBoldt, Panair- jdde~enwiki, Edward, Hardy, Llywrch, Kevinbasil, Irmgard, Bishop, Dysprosia, Wik, Zoicon5, Eugene van der Pijll, Dimadick, Chuunen Baka, Gentgeen, Robbot, ChrisO~enwiki, Altenmann, Arseni, Wikibot, JackofOz, GreatWhiteNortherner, DocWat- son42, Aphaia, Everyking, Michael Devore, Duncharris, Andycjp, Jonel, Quadell, Vanished user 1234567890, D6, Bender235, Djordjes, Lima, Wareh, Polylerus, Caeruleancentaur, Alansohn, Ricky81682, Little muddy funkster, Garzo, Dismas, Spartacus007, Woohookitty, FeanorStar7, Rocastelo, Haller, Commander Keane, Tabletop, Isnow, SDC, Graham87, Cuchullain, Rjwilmsi, Angusmclellan, Tokind, Sphen603, Janothird, Nimur, Jaraalbe, Bgwhite, WriterHound, YurikBot, Nighm, RussBot, Rapomon, Pvasiliadis, Gaius Cor- nelius, Gripp, K.C. Tang, Toredid, Nirvana2013, Grafen, Tomisti, Wknight94, Crisco 1492, Donbert, Homagetocatalonia, Ar- gos’Dad, DearPrudence, SmackBot, Aivazovsky, Gilliam, Carl.bunderson, Ludi, Chris the speller, A. B., Mladifilozof, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Cplakidas, Sumahoy, TedE, LoveMonkey, Andrew c, Suryoyo, SashatoBot, Lambiam, Nishkid64, Mathiasrex, Lu- dahai, Sailko, Slakr, TheologyJohn, Mallaccaos, Hectorian, Wjejskenewr, Angeldeb82, InfernoXV, Joostvandeputte~enwiki, Peter1c, CmdrObot, ShelfSkewed, Firstthes, Cydebot, Aristophanes68, Pirate pete, BetacommandBot, Thijs!bot, Epbr123, Bear475, Igorwind- sor~enwiki, Freddiem, Luna Santin, Bigdog95351, Eddyspeeder, BeNNoulA, Cristianispir, JAnDbot, XyBot, CyberAnth, Arturo 7, Snesfm~enwiki, Magioladitis, Antur, Ling.Nut, Hiplibrarianship, Alekjds, Clive sweeting, DerHexer, STBot, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Skier Dude, Belovedfreak, NewEnglandYankee, Robertgreer, Karl Fletcher, MennoMan, DorganBot, Pastordavid, MishaPan, VolkovBot, Margacst, Majoreditor, Fano Ksenaki, Dickstracke, Rei-bot, Emmo827, Yksin, John Carter, Broadbot, Infogoddess54, AlleborgoBot, Limeyhaqr, Pare Mo, SieBot, Mimihitam, Shakko, GaryColemanFan, Steven Crossin, Lightmouse, Poindexter Propellerhead, Vanished user ewfisn2348tui2f8n2fio2utjfeoi210r39jf, Philly jawn, Dipa1965, Randy Kryn, Gr8opinionater, Benkenobi18, ClueBot, Yangula, Otole- mur crassicaudatus, Puchiko, Excirial, Jusdafax, Drobezisi, Estirabot, Elizium23, Catalographer, AMC0712, Schinleber, Ambrosius007, AidanP02, Toynbeehall, Addbot, Willking1979, DOI bot, Fyrael, Radubogoevici, ShepBot, LinkFA-Bot, Konstantinos~enwiki, Lightbot, MamaGeri, Arbitrarily0, Rojypala, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Amirobot, Roltz, Alexandre8, AnomieBOT, IRP, Ambrosiaster, Citation bot, Bob Burkhardt, LilHelpa, FreeRangeFrog, Xqbot, 4twenty42o, Jsmith1000, Almabot, Omnipaedista, Princeoftenniscool, Green Cardamom, DenisKrivosheev, FrescoBot, Citation bot 1, I dream of horses, Rachathena, RedBot, ΙΣΧΣΝΙΚΑ−888, Aphotdog95, Orenburg1, Sensan- tius, Trappist the monk, Dinamik-bot, Tstormcandy, Newpost1, MovieOutcast, Onel5969, Ripchip Bot, DASHBot, Esoglou, EmausBot, Dolescum, Syncategoremata, ZXASQWMNLKPO, Wikipelli, IJKL, Jbribeiro1, Turkeybound16, ChuispastonBot, Jace3349, Spicemix, ClueBot NG, Classical Reader, Rezabot, Mannanan51, Widr, Helpful Pixie Bot, Kberghuis, BG19bot, Jweaver28, Marcocapelle, Re- formedArsenal, CitationCleanerBot, BattyBot, He to Hecuba, Mediran, Terp05, Dexbot, VIAFbot, Limovia, JaconaFrere, Library Guy, Monkbot, KasparBot, Jason Scott Hughes, Nicklnickl8, Gallium the VII and Anonymous: 151

12.2 Images

• File:00058_christ_pantocrator_mosaic_hagia_sophia_656x800.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/ 00058_christ_pantocrator_mosaic_hagia_sophia_656x800.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Unknown Original artist: Byzantinis- cher Mosaizist des 12. Jahrhunderts • File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: MarkusMark • File:Basil_of_Caesarea_icon.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Basil_of_Caesarea_icon.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.bg-gallery.ru/image.php?img_id=1839 Original artist: anonimous • File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Gloriole_blur.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg License: Public domain Con- tributors: Own work Original artist: Eubulides • File:Grigorii_chudotvoretz.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Grigorii_chudotvoretz.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ru.wiki Original artist: Anonimous • File:Kirchenfenster_Böckweiler.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Kirchenfenster_B%C3% B6ckweiler.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: http://www.flickr.com/photos/11596438@N00/2435169073/sizes/o/in/ photostream/ Original artist: tiegeltuf • File:MHS_ojcowie_ks_Bazyli_Wlk_Jan_Chryzostom_Grzeg_Wlk_XVII_Lipie_p.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/ wikipedia/commons/8/82/MHS_ojcowie_ks_Bazyli_Wlk_Jan_Chryzostom_Grzeg_Wlk_XVII_Lipie_p.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Przykuta Original artist: Przykuta • File:Meister_der_Sophien-Kathedrale_von_Ohrid_001.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Meister_ der_Sophien-Kathedrale_von_Ohrid_001.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: The Yorck Project: 10.000 Meisterwerke der Malerei. DVD-ROM, 2002. ISBN 3936122202. Distributed by DIRECTMEDIA Publishing GmbH. Original artist: Meister der Sophien-Kathedrale von Ohrid • File:Speaker_Icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg License: Public domain Con- tributors: No machine-readable source provided. Own work assumed (based on copyright claims). Original artist: No machine-readable author provided. Mobius assumed (based on copyright claims). • File:StBasilGreat.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/StBasilGreat.JPG License: Public domain Con- tributors: Own work Original artist: Kostisl • File:Wikiquote-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Wikisource-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Rei-artur Original artist: Nicholas Moreau 10 12 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

12.3 Content license

• Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0