The Rock Star As Contemporary Cowboy: Film Mythology and Ideology
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THE ROCK STAR AS CONTEMPORARY COWBOY: FILM MYTHOLOGY AND IDEOLOGY by THOMAS J. BARRY B.S., University of Kansas, 1989 M.A., California State University, Fullerton, 1992 M.S.W., University of Kansas, 1996 AN ABSTRACT OF A DISSERTATION submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Sociology College of Arts and Sciences KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY Manhattan, Kansas 2006 ABSTRACT This study examines the mythology of rock and roll stars in film. To accomplish this the narrative structures and ideological components of films about rock stars were identified and analyzed. There were two reasons for choosing this film genre. First, these films are specifically produced for a youth-oriented audience, an age demographic making the transition to adulthood. Because of this, these films provide commentary about social institutions and cultural values about finding a place in a market-based economy that is not as clearly transparent in other genres. Second, these films deal with society across historical time periods, starting with the inception of rock and roll in the 1950s through the present time. Because they cross multiple decades it is possible to analyze how the narrative structure and content of the films change across time and how these changes reflect changes in social conditions. The narrative structure of these films were identified and analyzed following the methodology laid out by Will Wright in Sixguns and Society (1975). The five narrative structures that were identified included, in chronological order, the reconciliation plot, the personal revival plot, the personal revival plot tragedy variation, the self-destruction plot, and the rejection plot. The journey the heroes in each plot take, along with the obstacles they face and how they find their place in society, coincide with historically situated cultural values and social conditions. Film content was analyzed through assessing how binary oppositions were resolved and the core themes represented. Both components, the narrative structures and binary oppositions, changed in ways reflective of the historical context in which the films were produced and reinforced particular ideological positions about cultural values, the youth, and the marketplace. While the hero's journey took different direction within each of the identified plots, they all contained a common thread – the rock star always finds a place in society by conforming to structural conditions instead of working to alter them. THE ROCK STAR AS CONTEMPORARY COWBOY: FILM MYTHOLOGY AND IDEOLOGY by THOMAS J. BARRY B.S., University of Kansas, 1989 M.A., California State University, Fullerton, 1992 M.S.W., University of Kansas, 1996 A DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Sociology College of Arts and Sciences KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY Manhattan, Kansas 2006 Approved by: Major Professor Patrick Akard Copyright THOMAS J. BARRY 2006 ABSTRACT This study examines the mythology of rock and roll stars in film. To accomplish this the narrative structures and ideological components of films about rock stars were identified and analyzed. There were two reasons for choosing this film genre. First, these films are specifically produced for a youth-oriented audience, an age demographic making the transition to adulthood. Because of this, these films provide commentary about social institutions and cultural values about finding a place in a market-based economy that is not as clearly transparent in other genres. Second, these films deal with society across historical time periods, starting with the inception of rock and roll in the 1950s through the present time. Because they cross multiple decades it is possible to analyze how the narrative structure and content of the films change across time and how these changes reflect changes in social conditions. The narrative structure of these films were identified and analyzed following the methodology laid out by Will Wright in Sixguns and Society (1975). The five narrative structures that were identified included, in chronological order, the reconciliation plot, the personal revival plot, the personal revival plot tragedy variation, the self-destruction plot, and the rejection plot. The journey the heroes in each plot take, along with the obstacles they face and how they find their place in society, coincide with historically situated cultural values and social conditions. Film content was analyzed through assessing how binary oppositions were resolved and the core themes represented. Both components, the narrative structures and binary oppositions, changed in ways reflective of the historical context in which the films were produced and reinforced particular ideological positions about cultural values, the youth, and the marketplace. While the hero's journey took different direction within each of the identified plots, they all contained a common thread – the rock star always finds a place in society by conforming to structural conditions instead of working to alter them. TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements…………………………………...…..………………. viii Dedication………………………………………………………………………………ix Chapter 1 Introduction: Rock and Roll Mythology and Ideology…………………………………… 1 The Mythic Struggle: Artist, Audience, and Industry……………………………………. 2 Research Questions and Procedures…………………………………………………….. 7 Narrative Analysis………………………………………………………….. 9 Historical Context and Ideological Content………………………………… 11 Data and Research Procedures…………………………………………………………... 15 Summary and Organization of the Remaining Chapters…………………………………22 Chapter 2 Approaches to the Study of Mass Culture………………………………………………. 24 Critical Theories of Ideology and Mass Culture……………………………….……..… 24 The Frankfurt School and the Gramscian Tradition………………………... 24 Cultural Studies…………………………………………………………….. 29 Text and Narrative Analysis……………………………………………………………. 31 Structuralism……………………………………………………………….. 31 Semiotics………………………………………………………………….… 32 Structuralism and Myths………………………………………………….… 33 Production of Culture Perspective…………………………………..….……………….. 36 Production of Culture Perspective & the Music Industry………………..… 36 Production of Culture Perspective & the Film Industry……………………. 43 Audience Reception………………………………………………..…………………… 44 Chapter 3 Application of Methods…………………………………………………………………. 47 Mapping Narrative Structure………………………………………………….………… 47 Binary Oppositions and Ideological Themes……………………………………………. 52 Chapter 4 The Reconciliation Plot: The Rock Star In a New Social Order…………………………55 The Reconciliation Plot Films…………………………………………….…………….. 57 Narrative Structure of the Reconciliation Plot…………………………………….…..… 62 Binary Oppositions: Reconciliation Plot…………………………………………………67 Reconciliation Plot: Historical Context and Ideological Content……………………..… 72 Summary………………………………………………………………………………… 80 Chapter 5 The Personal Revival Plot: The Rock Star Overcomes the Past………………………… 83 The Personal Revival Plot Films………………………………………………………… 87 vi The Personal Revival Plot Films: Tragedy Variation………………………………...… 95 Narrative Structure of the Personal Revival Plot and Its Tragedy Variation……..…… 99 Binary Oppositions: Personal Revival Plot……………………………………………. 104 Personal Revival Plot: Historical Context and Ideological Content………………….... 108 Summary………………………………………………………………………………. 119 Chapter 6 The Self-Destruction Plot: The Lost Hero…………………………………………….. 121 The Self-Destruction Plot Films………………………………………………………. 121 Narrative Structure of the Self-Destruction Plot……………………………………….. 124 Binary Oppositions: Self-Destruction Plot…………………………………………….. 128 Self-Destruction Plot: Historical Context and Ideological Content……………………. 130 Summary………………………………………………………………………………. 134 Chapter 7 The Rejection Plot: The Hero Hangs Up the Saddle……………………………………136 The Rejection Plot Films………………………………………………………………. 136 Narrative Structure of the Rejection Plot………………………………………………. 139 Binary Oppositions: Rejection Plot……………………………………………………. 144 Rejection Plot: Historical Context and Ideological Content…………………………… 144 Summary………………………………………………………………………………. 151 Chapter 8 Results and Conclusion………………………………………………………………… 152 Limitations and Future Directions……………………………..………………………..160 References…………………………………………………………………………… 163 vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Working on this project was far from an individual effort. I extend a special note of appreciation to my major advisor and Dissertation Chair, Dr. Pat Akard. Thank you for your patience, insights, and engagement in the research. For offering valuable feedback at different stages in the research and for encouraging future projects related to it, I want to thank the committee members: Robert Schaeffer, Gerald Middendorf, and Tim Dayton. Your ideas about the project and possibilities for it down the road were much appreciated. While not a member of the committee, I appreciate the time Frank Weyer's put into drafting an informative critique. Your comments provided valuable assistance in framing the initial chapters. Assisting in identifying both the merits of this study as well as how it could be approached was the late Dr. Len Bloomquist. I am indebted to the support and leadership he provided during the initial stages of the research. Thank you for your guidance. viii DEDICATION Completing this research required countless hours away from family. And even when together, I was often consumed by thoughts of the rock star in film. Always there for encouragement were my wife, Seana, and my two children, Zack and Matthew. Thanks