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Sustainable Cultural Eco-Town Planning and Design for the Coastal Zone of the Red Sea State in Sudan

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Sustainable Cultural Eco-Town Planning and Design for the Coastal Zone of the Red Sea State in Sudan UNIVERSITY OF KHARTOUM, FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE SUSTAINABLE CULTURAL ECO-TOWN PLANNING AND DESIGN FOR THE COASTAL ZONE OF THE RED SEA STATE IN SUDAN Suakin as a Prototype Case Study A thesis submitted to the University of Khartoum in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of M.Sc. in Architecture By Fedaa Ibrahim El-Dosougi B.Sc. Architecture, 1984 University of Khartoum Supervisor Dr. Gamal Mahmoud Hamid Faculty of Architecture University of Khartoum July, 2011 DECLARATION This is to affirm to Khartoum University, Faculty of Architecture, that I Fedaa Ibrahim El-Dosougi; based on literature and research survey conducted, and to the best of my knowledge has not encountered this same research and title to thesis in any of my readings. Literature survey to related work is conducted by this research and an analysis to the related work is presented in Chapter one of this thesis. Signature:___________________________ Date: 07/26/2011 (Mrs. Fedaa Ibrahim El-Dosougi Mohammed El-Hassan) i DEDICATION To my late mother Mrs. Hyatt Mohammed Suleiman for her wisdom, perseverance and endless support, To my late father Mr. Ibrahim El- Dosougi Mohammed El-Hassan for his high values and dedication to country and family and for my sons Mr. Badr Aladdin Bolad and Mr. Rashad Aladdin Bolad for their encouragement, patience and support throughout this study. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Deep appreciation and gratitude to Dr. Gamal Mahmoud for his valuable professional advice, challenging discussions and genuine supervision throughout this research. Sincere thanks to the staff of the Faculty of Architecture at the University of Khartoum, to officials at the Ministries of Archaeology, Tourism and Environmental Affairs in Khartoum, particularly to Dr. Abdu-Alhai Al- Sawi for expediting tourism and photography permits without which the field work findings of this research would have been difficult to reach. Thanks to officials and staff at the Ministries of Planning and Survey in Port Sudan and Suakin especially to Dr. Osama El-Zain, Director of Suakin Planning and Building Department for his mentorship and dedicated work in resettlement programs in Suakin. Sincere thanks to Dr. Taha Bedawi Director of Sudan ICZM in Port Sudan for valuable information on the Red Sea State coastal environment and challenges. Gratefulness to scientists and researchers in civil societies, environmental and humanitarian agencies who paved the way for extended studies by providing valuable information and resources. Most appreciation to the local citizens of Eastern Sudan, in Kasala and the Red Sea State, individuals and families of different Bejah tribes, for their generosity and warm welcome into their homes and institutions in- spite of their harsh living circumstances, and for dedicating their valuable time to reflect on their dearest past and present. Most thanks and indebtedness to the Creator for guiding my steps throughout this research, for putting the right people on my way to help enrich this research, and for giving me patience, strength and encouragement to carry on this research through most interesting exposure to most humbling realities of a most rich region and most gracious nation – The Bejah of Eastern Sudan. iii Table of Content Article Page Number DECLARATION i DEDICATION ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii TABLE OF CONTENTS iv DEFENITIONS vii ENGLISH ABSTRACT x ARABIC ABSTRACT xii LIST OF FIGURES xiv LIST OF TABLES xxiii Chapters Page Number Chapter I. INTRODUCTION. 1.1 Research Problem 01 1.2 Objectives of the Study 06 1.3 Significance of the Study 07 1.4 Boundaries of the Study 09 1.5 Research Methodology 11 1.6 Difficulties Faced 15 1.7 Research Structure 16 Chapter II. REVIEW AND CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF LITERATURE AND RELATED STUDIES 2.1- SURVEY OF RELATED ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING RESEARCH: 2.1-1. The Coral Buildings of Suakin – Jean-Pierre Greenlaw 18 2.1-2. Field Report: Suakin on Reviving an Ancient Red Sea Port City 25 2.1-3. Vision Towards Environmental Peace in Sudan- Dr. Taj Alsir Basher 27 2.1-4. Proposed Suakin Town Development - Michael Mallinson Associates 28 2.1-5. Concerns Related to The Sustainability of A Comprehensive Eco-Town Re-Development Plan for The Red Sea State 38 2.2- REVIEW OF RELATED POPULAR CITY AND TOWN PLANNING CONCEPTS: 2.2-1. The Evolution of Planning and Design 43 2.2-2. Sustainable Eco-Planning and Design Concepts 45 2.2-3. Environmental factors Which Influence the Design of a Master Plan for a Sustainable Eco-Settlement 46 2.2-4. Urban Planning Concepts Which Influenced the Ecocity/ Ecotown Apparition 55 2.2-5. Contemporary Urban Planning Concepts Which Contributed to the Ecotown/ Ecocity Vision 69 2.2-6. Eco-Planning and Design Elements and Objectives 73 iv 2.2-7. Heritage, Ethics, Religion and Sustainability 81 2.2-8. Assessing Sustainability 86 Chapter III. ENVIRONMENTAL DATA AND CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE RED SEA STATE 3.0. Introduction 93 3.1. The Physical Environment of the Eastern Region 93 3.2. The Microclimate of the Eastern Region 99 3.3. The Red Sea Physical Environment 101 3.4. Eco-diversity of the Red Sea 103 3.5. The Red Sea Endangered Species 105 3.6. Economy of the Red Sea State 108 3.7. Summary 113 Chapter IV. SETTLEMENT PATTERNS AND HUMAN GROWTH ON THE RED SEA STATE – SUAKIN A MODEL SETTLEMENT 5.0 Introduction 114 5.1 Puntite Settlement on the West Coast of the Arid Red Sea Region 115 5.2 Types of Semitic Settlements and Their Influences on the East Coast of The Arid Red Sea Region in Sudan 118 5.3 Features of Semitic Settlements and Vernacular on the Arid Red Sea Coastal Area. 124 5.4 Major Post Islamic Settlement Patterns, Zoning and Building Types on the Red Sea Coast 134 5.5 Suakin Islamic Settlement Pattern and Building Design 147 5.6 The Decline of Suakin 158 5.7 Conclusion 160 Chapter V. EXISTING CHALLENGES TO HOLISTIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE ARID RED SEA STATE – Research field work and analysis 6.0 Introduction 161 6.1 Factors that Impacted Regional Growth of the Arid Red Sea Coastal Zone and the Development of Suakin Gaif 162 6.2 Natural Impact on the Environment and Socio-Economics of the Red Sea Region and Coastal Zone 162 6.3 Man-Made Phenomenon Impacts on the Environment and Socio- Economics of the Arid Red Sea Region. 168 6.4 Administrative Mismanagement 172 6.5 Socio Economic Factors that impacted the development of the Red Sea Region 184 6.6 Summary of Fieldwork Findings 190 v Chapter VI. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ARID RED SEA STATE – Suakin a Prototype Cultural Ecotown. Suggested solutions and recommendations 6.0 Introduction 191 6.1 Suakin Existing Zoning, Planning and Building Regulations 192 6.2 Standard Town Planning Procedure incorporated in this study 194 6.3 The Application of Integrated, Sustainable Eco-town planning on the Red Sea Coastal Zone in Sudan 197 6.4 Feasibility of Sustainable Town Planning on Suakin 199 6.5 Feasibility of Implementing Sustainable Cultural Integration and Diversity in Suakin 205 6.6 Feasibility of Implementing Sustainable Heritage Character in the Redevelopment of Suakin and on New Coastal Towns 210 6.7 Feasibility of Developing Sustainable Energy Services in Suakin 211 6.8 Feasibility of developing sustainable Water Supply System in Suakin 212 6.9 Conclusion 215 6.10 Suggested Guidelines for a Sustainable Master Plan Development for The Red Sea Coastal Zone 216 6.11 Recommendations for Future Studies 217 REFERANCES 219 APPENDIX I. GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE OF THE SUDAN – Summery 224 APPENDIX II. HISTORY OF THE SUDAN – Summery 241 vi DEFINITIONS The terminologies defined here may have been used in other context or circumstances to relate different meanings. The definitions provided in this section are related to the specific meanings communicated in this thesis, and are based on the understandings agreed on by the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), Leadership in energy and Environmental Design (LEED) as regulated by the United States Green Building Council (USGBC), the United Kingdom Green Building Council (UKGBC), Commission of the European Communities (CEC), The Regional Organization for the Conservation of the Environment of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden (PERSAGA), Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). A Agora: An open air meeting place for public congregation or the transaction of business. Amphitheater: A Roman invention of space that likened to two theaters set stage to stage, forming an oval auditorium around an oval arena. It accommodated large crowds who gathered to view spectacles of gladiatorial combat and Christian martyrdom. B Basilicas: A rectangle plan building with vaulted spaces divided by supporting columns, with galleries above and aisles, a tribunal opposite the entrance raised and projected externally in a semicircular form. It functioned as a meeting place for business transactions, and a court of law. Brownfield sites: Any land that has been used for some purpose but is no longer in use. C Cradle to Grave Neighborhood: Where individuals are born, raised, go through college and return to live in the neighborhood of their birth, implying sustainability, longevity and history. Coliseum: Roman amphitheater in Rome known as the Flavian Amphitheater. With an elliptical plan designed to seat 50,000 spectators. E Eco-City: Where urban pollution and congestion is reduced, and where safe accessible and Affordable mobility and alternatives to private cars are provided. Estate Lots: Defines the edge of a town. G Grayfield sites: A site that contains asphalt or structures no longer in use. Greenfield sites: Area of land that has not been used for any non-agriculture development.
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