FAMILY Melanotaeniidae Gill, 1894 - rainbowfishes [=Zanteclidae, Neoatherinidae, Rhombatractidae, Iriatherininae] Notes: Name in prevailing usage Zanteclidae Castelnau, 1873:88 [ref. 758] (family) Zantecla [never used as valid after 1899, Article 23.9.1.1] Neoatherinidae Castelnau, 1875:32 [ref. 768] (family) Neoatherina [never used as valid after 1899, Article 23.9.1.1] Melanotaeniinae Gill, 1894a:708 [ref. 1738] (subfamily) Melanotaenia [family name sometimes seen as Melanotaenidae; Melanotaeniidae used as valid by: Jordan 1923 [ref. 2421], Duncker & Mohr 1926 [ref. 15585], McAllister 1968 [ref. 26854], Lindberg 1971 [ref. 27211], Nelson 1976 [ref. 32838], Shiino 1976, Allen 1978 [ref. 8855], Allen & Kailola 1979 [ref. 8854], Allen 1980 [ref. 99], Allen & Cross 1980 [ref. 8761], Allen & Moore 1981 [ref. 8633], Allen & Ivantsoff 1982 [ref. 8519], Allen & Sarti 1983 [ref. 5354], Nelson 1984 [ref. 13596], Derijst 1989 [ref. 12460], Paxton et al. 1989 [ref. 12442], Sterba 1990, Crowley & Ivantsoff 1991 [ref. 19166], Aarn & Ivantsoff 1996 [ref. 22302], Allen & Renyaan 1996 [ref. 22190], Price 1997 [ref. 23466], Eschmeyer 1998 [ref. 23416], McGuigan 2001 [ref. 25582], Allen, Midgley & Allen 2002 [ref. 25930], Page, Sharma & Hughes 2004 [ref. 27702], Hoese et al. 2006, Nelson 2006 [ref. 32486], Allen & Unmack 2008 [ref. 29477], Allen & Hadiaty 2013 [ref. 32792], Martin & Barclay 2013 [ref. 32819]; so the family-group name Melanotaeniinae Gill, 1894 is valid according to Article 23.9.1 Rhombatractidae Ogilby, 1896:119 [ref. 32616] (family) Rhombatractus [name dismissed op page 131–133, not available] Iriatherininae Aarn & Ivantsoff, 1997:144 [ref. 23322] (subfamily) Iriatherina

GENUS Cairnsichthys Allen, 1980 - Cairns rainbowfishes [=Cairnsichthys Allen [G. R.], 1980:471] Notes: [ref. 99]. Masc. Rhadinocentrus rhombosomoides Nichols & Raven, 1928. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Cairnsichthys Allen, 1980 -- (Allen & Cross 1982:104 [ref. 6251], White et al. 1984:360 [ref. 13655], Paxton et al. 1989:349 [ref. 12442], Aarn & Ivantsoff 1997:112 [ref. 23322], Ivantsoff et al. 1997:63 [ref. 23794], Allen et al. 2006:689 [ref. 29066], Allen & Unmack 2008:110 [ref. 29477], Allen & Unmack 2012:227 [ref. 32261], Martin & Barclay 2013:155 [ref. 32819], Campanella et al. 2015:16 [ref. 33711]). Current status: Valid as Cairnsichthys Allen, 1980. Melanotaeniidae.

Species Cairnsichthys bitaeniatus Allen et al., in Hammer et al., 2018 – Allen's cairnsichthys [=Cairnsichthys bitaeniatus Allen [G. R.], Hammer [M. P.] & Raadik [T. A.], in Hammer Allen, Martin, Adams, Ebner, Raadik & Unmack, 2018:279, Figs. 4-5, 6A-D, 7A-D Notes: [Zootaxa 4413 (no. 2); ref. 35906] Little Cooper Creek, north Queensland, Australia, 16°10.20'S, 145°24.84'E. Current status: Valid as Cairnsichthys bitaeniatus Allen, Hammer & Raadik, 2018. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Cooper Creek and Hutchinson Creek systems, north-eastern Queensland, Australia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cairnsichthys rhombosomoides (Nichols & Raven, 1928) – Cairns rainbowfish [=Rhadinocentrus rhombosomoides Nichols [J. T.] & Raven [H. C.], 1928:1, Fig. 1] Notes: [American Museum Novitates No. 296; ref. 15864] Babinda Creek drainage, northeastern Queensland, Australia. Current status: Valid as Cairnsichthys rhombosomoides (Nichols & Raven, 1928). Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Queensland, Australia. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Chilatherina Regan, 1914 - rainbowfishes [=Chilatherina Regan [C. T.], 1914:282, Centratherina Regan [C. T.], 1914:283] Notes: [ref. 3660]. Fem. Rhombatractus fasciatus Weber, 1913. Type by subsequent designation. Type designated by Jordan & Hubbs 1919:22 [ref. 2485]. •Valid as Chilatherina Regan, 1914 -- (Allen 1981 [ref. 5515], Allen & Cross 1982:85 [ref. 6251], White et al. 1984:360 [ref. 13655], Allen 1985:54 [ref. 6245], Allen 1991:74 [ref. 21090], Allen & Renyaan 1996:5 [ref. 22217], Price 1997:79 [ref. 23466], Ivantsoff et al. 1997:63 [ref. 23794], Allen & Unmack 2008:110 [ref. 29477], Allen & Unmack 2012:227 [ref. 32261], Allen & Unmack 2012:227 [ref. 32261], Campanella et al. 2015:16 [ref. 33711]). Current status: Valid as Chilatherina Regan, 1914. Melanotaeniidae. (Centratherina) [ref. 3660]. Fem. Rhombatractus crassispinosus Weber, 1913. Type by monotypy. •Synonym of Chilatherina Regan, 1914 -- (Allen 1981:283 [ref. 5515], Allen & Cross 1982:85 [ref. 6251]). Current status: Synonym of Chilatherina Regan, 1914. Melanotaeniidae.

Species Chilatherina alleni Price, 1997 – Price's chilatherina [=Chilatherina alleni Price [D. S.], 1997:79, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 24 (no. 3-4); ref. 23466] Tributary of the Aiborei River of the Siriwo drainage, Irian Jaya, 3°38'S, 136°05'E. Current status: Valid as Chilatherina alleni Price, 1997. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Irian Jaya. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Chilatherina axelrodi Allen, 1979 – Axelrod's rainbowfish [=Chilatherina axelrodi Allen [G. R.], 1979:49, Fig.] Notes: [Tropical Fish Hobbyist v. 28 (no. 5); ref. 8763] Yungkiri stream (Pual or Nemayer River system), about 6 kilometers north of Bewani on Vanimo Rd, Papua New Guinea, 2°58'S, 141°8'E. Current status: Valid as Chilatherina axelrodi Allen, 1979. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Yungkiri Stream, Papua New Guinea. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Chilatherina bleheri Allen, 1985 – Bleher's rainbowfish [=Chilatherina bleheri Allen [G. R.], 1985:54, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 12 (no. 2); ref. 6245] Small creek next to landing strip on southern shore of Lake Holmes [Danau Biru], Irian Jaya, Indonesia, about 2°29'S, 138°00'E. Current status: Valid as Chilatherina bleheri Allen, 1985. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Irian Jaya. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Chilatherina bulolo (Whitley, 1938) – Bulolo rainbowfish [=Centratherina bulolo Whitley [G. P.], 1938:227] Notes: [Records of the Australian Museum v. 20 (no. 3); ref. 4693] Bulolo Valley, Papua New Guinea. Current status: Valid as Chilatherina bulolo (Whitley, 1938). Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Papua New Guinea. Habitat: freshwater. Species Chilatherina campsi (Whitley, 1957) – highlands rainbowfish [=Anisocentrus campsi Whitley [G. P.], 1957:26, Fig. 1, Centratherina tenuis Nichols [J. T.], 1956:1, Fig. 1] Notes: [Records of the Australian Museum v. 24 (no. 3); ref. 12124] Creek flowing to middle Jimmi River, east-northeast of Mt. Hagen airstrip, New Guinea. Current status: Valid as Chilatherina campsi (Whitley, 1957). Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Upper Purari River system, Papua New Guinea. Habitat: freshwater. (tenuis) [American Museum Novitates No. 1802; ref. 12216] Kondigu, Wahgi Valley, Papua New Guinea. Current status: Synonym of Chilatherina campsi (Whitley, 1957). Melanotaeniidae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Chilatherina crassispinosa (Weber, 1913) – silver rainbowfish [=Rhombatractus crassispinosus Weber [M.], 1913:567] Notes: [Süsswasserfische aus Niederländisch Süd- und Nord-Neu-Guinea v. 9 (livr. 4); ref. 4603] Kaiserin Augusta River, upstream in mountains, New Guinea. Current status: Valid as Chilatherina crassispinosa (Weber, 1913). Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: New Guinea. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Chilatherina fasciata (Weber, 1913) – barred rainbowfish [=Rhombatractus fasciatus Weber [M.], 1913:565] Notes: [Süsswasserfische aus Niederländisch Süd- und Nord-Neu-Guinea v. 9 (livr. 4); ref. 4603] Mouth of Sermowai River, northern New Guinea. Current status: Valid as Chilatherina fasciata (Weber, 1913). Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: New Guinea. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Chilatherina lorentzii (Weber, 1907) – Lorentz's rainbowfish [=Rhombatractus lorentzii Weber [M.], 1907:236, Pl. 11 (fig. 2)] Notes: [Süsswasserfische von Neu-Guinea v. 5 (Zool.) pt 2; ref. 4599] Tawarin River, Irian Jaya. Current status: Valid as Chilatherina lorentzii (Weber, 1907). Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Irian Jaya and Papua New Guinea. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Chilatherina pagwiensis Allen & Unmack, 2012 – pagwiensis rainbowfish [=Chilatherina pagwiensis Allen [G. R.] & Unmack [P. J.], 2012:230, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 18 (no. 4); ref. 32261] Upper Kuins Creek, 03.87436°S, 143.02377°E, on Maprik-Pagwi road, East Sepik Province, Papua Province, Papua New Guinea. Current status: Valid as Chilatherina pagwiensis Allen & Unmack, 2012. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Sepik River System, Papua New Guinea. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Chilatherina pricei Allen & Renyaan, 1996 – Price's rainbowfish [=Chilatherina pricei Allen [G. R.] & Renyaan [S. J.], 1996:5, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 23 (nos 1-2); ref. 22217] Reifafeif River, about 4 kilometers upstream from Warironi Village, Yapen Island, Irian Jaya, 1°51'S, 136°33'E, depth 0.5-1.5 meters. Current status: Valid as Chilatherina pricei Allen & Renyaan, 1996. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Irian Jaya. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Chilatherina sentaniensis (Weber, 1907) – Sentani rainbowfish [=Rhombatractus sentaniensis Weber [M.], 1907:235, Pl. 11 (fig. 3)] Notes: [Süsswasserfische von Neu-Guinea v. 5 (Zool.) pt 2; ref. 4599] Lake Sentani, Irian Jaya, Indonesia, elevation 75 meters. Current status: Valid as Chilatherina sentaniensis (Weber, 1907). Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Lake Sentani, Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater. GENUS Glossolepis Weber, 1907 - rainbowfishes [=Glossolepis Weber [M.], 1907:241, Lomanetia Whitley [G. P.], 1936:25] Notes: [ref. 4599]. Fem. Glossolepis incisus Weber, 1907. Type by monotypy. •Valid as Glossolpeis Weber, 1907 -- (Allen 1981:301 [ref. 5514], Allen & Cross 1982:96 [ref. 6251], White et al. 1984:360 [ref. 13655], Allen 1985:56 [ref. 6245], Allen 1991:79 [ref. 21090], Ivantsoff et al. 1997:63 [ref. 23794], Allen & Unmack 2008:110 [ref. 29477], Graf & Ohee 2009:502 [ref. 30719], Allen & Unmack 2012:227 [ref. 32261], Campanella et al. 2015:16 [ref. 33711]). Current status: Valid as Glossolepis Weber, 1907. Melanotaeniidae. (Lomanetia) [ref. 4687]. Fem. Melanotaenia multisquamata Weber & de Beaufort, 1922. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Glossolepis Weber, 1907 -- (Allen 1980:488 and 476 [ref. 99] based on placement of the type species). Current status: Synonym of Glossolepis Weber, 1907. Melanotaeniidae.

Species Glossolepis dorityi Allen, 2001 – Dority's rainbowfish [=Glossolepis dorityi Allen [G. R.], 2001:767, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Journal of the Australia New Guinea Fishes Association v. 15 (no. 3); ref. 25760] Lake Nenggwambu or Kali Biru Lake, 2°30.153'S, 140°09.009'E, Grime River system, Irian Jaya Province, Indonesia, depth 0-1 meters. Current status: Valid as Glossolepis dorityi Allen, 2001. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Irian Jaya. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Glossolepis incisus Weber, 1907 – red rainbowfish [=Glossolepis incisus Weber [M.], 1907:241, Pl. 11 (figs. 7a-c)] Notes: [Süsswasserfische von Neu-Guinea v. 5 (Zool.) pt 2; ref. 4599] Lake Sentani, Irian Jaya, Indonesia, elevation 75 meters. Current status: Valid as Glossolepis incisus Weber, 1907. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Lake Sentani, Irian Jaya. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Glossolepis kabia (Herre, 1935) – kabia rainbowfish [=Melanotaenia kabia Herre [A. W. C. T.], 1935:397, Melanotaenia rosacea Herre [A. W. C. T.], 1935:398] Notes: [Field Museum of Natural History, Publications, Zoölogical Series v. 18 (no. 12); ref. 2109] Sepic River at Nyaurangai, New Guinea. Current status: Valid as Glossolepis kabia (Herre, 1935). Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Sepic and Ramu rivers, northern New Guinea. Habitat: freshwater. (rosacea) [Field Museum of Natural History, Publications, Zoölogical Series v. 18 (no. 12); ref. 2109] Sepik River at Koragu, New Guinea. Current status: Synonym of Glossolepis kabia (Herre, 1935). Melanotaeniidae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Glossolepis leggetti Allen & Renyaan, 1998 – Leggett's rainbowfish [=Glossolepis leggetti Allen [G. R.] & Renyaan [S. J.], 1998:72, Figs. 2-3] Notes: [aqua, Journal of Ichthyology and Aquatic Biology v. 3 (no. 2); ref. 23585] Tiawiwa River, northern Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Glossolepis leggetti Allen & Renyaan, 1998. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Irian Jaya. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Glossolepis maculosus Allen, 1981 – spotted rainbowfish [=Glossolepis maculosus Allen [G. R.], 1981:302, Fig. 1] Notes: [Records of the Western Australian Museum v. 9 (pt 3); ref. 5514] Small tributary of Omsis River, about 22 kilometers west of Lae, Markham River system, Papua New Guinea, about 6°42'S, 146°47'30"E. Current status: Valid as Glossolepis maculosus Allen, 1981. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Omsis River basin, Papua New Guinea. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Glossolepis multisquamata (Weber & de Beaufort, 1922) – Sepik rainbowfish [=Melanotaenia multisquamata Weber [M.] & de Beaufort [L. F.], 1922:290] Notes: [Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago v. 4; ref. 4598] Idenburg River, northern New Guinea. Current status: Valid as Glossolepis multisquamata (Weber & de Beaufort, 1922). Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Lower Sepik River basin, northern New Guinea. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Glossolepis pseudoincisus Allen & Cross, 1980 – Tami River rainbowfish [=Glossolepis pseudoincisus Allen [G. R.] & Cross [N. J.], 1980:392, Fig. 5] Notes: [Records of the Western Australian Museum v. 8 (pt 3); ref. 8761] Ox-bow Lake next to Tami River, 23 kilometers southeast of Jayapura, Irian Jaya, Indonesia, about 2°42'S, 140°55'E. Current status: Valid as Glossolepis pseudoincisus Allen & Cross, 1980. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Ox-bow lake off Tami River, Irian Jaya. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Glossolepis ramuensis Allen, 1985 – Ramu rainbowfish [=Glossolepis ramuensis Allen [G. R.], 1985:56, Fig. 4] Notes: [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 12 (no. 2); ref. 6245] Tributary of Ramu River about 3 kilometers south of Walium Village, Papua New Guinea, about 5°37'S, 145°28'E. Current status: Valid as Glossolepis ramuensis Allen, 1985. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Papua New Guinea. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Glossolepis wanamensis Allen & Kailola, 1979 – Lake Wanam rainbowfish [=Glossolepis wanamensis Allen [G. R.] & Kailola [P. J.], 1979:40, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 6 (no. 2); ref. 8854] Lake Wanam, Papua New Guinea, about 6°39'S, 146°46'E, depth 10 meters. Current status: Valid as Glossolepis wanamensis Allen & Kailola, 1979. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Lake Wanam, Papua New Guinea. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Iriatherina Meinken, 1974 - threadfin rainbowfishes, featherfin rainbowfishes [=Iriatherina Meinken [H.], 1974:9] Notes: [ref. 2973]. Fem. Iriatherina werneri Meinken, 1974. Type by original designation (also monotypic). Also appeared in Meinken 1975:60 [ref. 2974]. •Valid as Iriatherina Meinken, 1974 -- (Allen 1980:472 [ref. 99], Allen & Hoese 1980:55 [ref. 5517], Allen & Cross 1982:112 [ref. 6251], White et al. 1984:360 [ref. 13655], Paxton et al. 1989:349 [ref. 12442], Allen 1991:82 [ref. 21090], Aarn & Ivantsoff 1997:124 [ref. 23322], Ivantsoff et al. 1997:63 [ref. 23794], Allen et al. 2006:690 [ref. 29066], Allen & Unmack 2008:110 [ref. 29477], Allen & Unmack 2012:227 [ref. 32261], Campanella et al. 2015:16 [ref. 33711]). Current status: Valid as Iriatherina Meinken, 1974. Melanotaeniidae.

Species Iriatherina werneri Meinken, 1974 – threadfin rainbowfish [=Iriatherina werneri Meinken [H.], 1974:9, Figs.] Notes: [Aquarium Aqua Terra v. 8 (no. 55); ref. 2973] Merauke, Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Iriatherina werneri Meinken, 1974. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Central-southern New Guinea (Papua Province, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea) and northern Australia. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Melanotaenia Gill, 1862 - rainbowfishes [=Melanotaenia Gill [T. N.], 1862:280, Aida Castelnau [F. L.], 1875:10, Aidaprora Whitley [G. P.], 1935:224, Amneris Whitley [G. P.], 1935:37, Anisocentrus Regan [C. T.], 1914:281, Aristeus Castelnau [F. L.], 1878:141, Charisella Fowler [H. W.], 1939:90, Jerrina Blandowski [W.], 1855:132, Nematocentris Peters [W. (C. H.)], 1866:516, Neoatherina Castelnau [F. L.], 1875:31, Rhombatractus Gill [T. N.], 1894:709, Rhombosoma Regan [C. T.], 1914:283, Strabo Kner [R.] & Steindachner [F.], 1867:372, Zantecla Castelnau [F. L.], 1873:88] Notes: [ref. 1666]. Fem. Atherina nigrans Richardson, 1843. Type by original designation (also monotypic). See Derijst 1989:67 [ref. 12460] with comments on date of original description, and on p. 70 on family status. •Valid as Melanotaenia Gill, 1862 -- (Allen & Cross 1982:44 [ref. 6251], White et al. 1984:360 [ref. 13655], Allen 1985:58 [ref. 6245], Derijst 1989:66 [ref. 12460], Paxton et al. 1989:349 [ref. 12442], Allen 1990 [ref. 15707], Allen 1991:82 [ref. 21090], Allen 1996:9 [ref. 22218], Ivantsoff et al. 1997:63 [ref. 23794], McGuigan 2001:647 [ref. 25582], Allen et al. 2006:690 [ref. 29066], Allen & Unmack 2008:110 [ref. 29477], Allen et al. 2008:209 [ref. 29963], Morgan 2011:13 [ref. 31262], Kadarusman et al. 2011:223 [ref. 31665], Allen & Unmack 2012:227 [ref. 32261], Allen & Hadiaty 2013:137 [ref. 32792], Allen et al. 2014:35 [ref. 33145], Allen et al. 2014:139 [ref. 33452], Allen et al. 2015:846 [ref. 33735], Allen et al. 2015:66 [ref. 33750], Graf et al. 2015:870 [ref. 33836], Nugraha et al. 2015:99 [ref. 33872], Allen et al. 2016:1 [ref. 34164]). Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia Gill, 1862. Melanotaeniidae. (Aida) [ref. 768]. Fem. Aida inornata Castelnau, 1875. Type by monotypy. •Synonym of Melanotaenia Gill 1862 -- (Allen 1980:474 [ref. 99], Allen & Cross 1982:44 [ref. 6251]). Current status: Synonym of Melanotaenia Gill, 1862. Melanotaeniidae. (Aidaprora) [ref. 4683]. Fem. Aidaprora carteri Whitley, 1935. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Melanotaenia Gill, 1862 -- (Allen 1980:474 [ref. 99], Allen & Cross 1982:44 [ref. 6251] as Aidapora). Current status: Synonym of Melanotaenia Gill, 1862. Melanotaeniidae. (Amneris) [ref. 4685]. Fem. Nematocentris rubrostriatus Ramsay & Ogilby, 1886. Type by monotypy. •Synonym of Melanotaenia Gill, 1862 -- (Allen 1980:474 [ref. 99], Allen & Cross 1982:44 [ref. 6251]). Current status: Synonym of Melanotaenia Gill, 1862. Melanotaeniidae. (Anisocentrus) [ref. 3660]. Masc. Nematocentris rubrostriatus Ramsay & Ogilby, 1886. Type by monotypy. •Synonym of Melanotaenia Gill, 1862 -- (Allen 1980:474 [ref. 99], Allen & Cross 1982:44 [ref. 6251]). Current status: Synonym of Melanotaenia Gill, 1862. Melanotaeniidae. (Aristeus) [ref. 763]. Masc. Aristeus fitzroyensis Castelnau, 1878. Type by subsequent designation. Type designated by Jordan & Hubbs 1919:24 [ref. 2485]. Objectively invalid; preoccupied by Aristeus Duvernoy, 1840 in Crustacea, replaced by Rhombatractus Gill, 1894. •Synonym of Melanotaenia Gill, 1862 -- (Allen 1980:474 [ref. 99], Allen & Cross 1982:44 [ref. 6251]). Current status: Synonym of Melanotaenia Gill, 1862. Melanotaeniidae. (Charisella) [ref. 1429]. Fem. Charisella fredericki Fowler, 1939. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Melanotaenia Gill, 1862 -- (Allen 1980:474 [ref. 99], Allen & Cross 1982:44 [ref. 6251]). Current status: Synonym of Melanotaenia Gill, 1862. Melanotaeniidae. (Jerrina) [Transactions of the Philosophical Institute of Victoria v. 2 (art. 15); ref. 34539] Fem. Jerrina dobreensis Blandowski, 1855. Type by monotypy. Name not available, as p. 132 was omitted from distributed journal copies and reprints by order of the Council, of 7 Apr. 1858, therefore not meeting criteria of publication according to ICZN Art. 8.1.1.; publication disclaimed according to ICZN Art. 8.2. See remarks under ref. 34539; see also Iredale & Whitley 1932 [ref. 2299]. •Synonym of Melanotaenia Gill, 1862. Current status: Synonym of Melanotaenia Gill, 1862. Melanotaeniidae. (Nematocentris) [ref. 3439]. Fem. Nematocentris splendida Peters, 1866. Type by monotypy. •Synonym of Melanotaenia Gill, 1862 -- (Allen 1980:473 [ref. 99], Allen & Cross 1982:44 [ref. 6251]). Current status: Synonym of Melanotaenia Gill, 1862. Melanotaeniidae. (Neoatherina) [ref. 768]. Fem. Neoatherina australis Castelnau, 1875. Type by monotypy. •Synonym of Melanotaenia Gill, 1862 – (Allen 1980:474 [ref. 99], Allen & Cross 1982:44 [ref. 6251]). Current status: Synonym of Melanotaenia Gill, 1862. Melanotaeniidae. (Rhombatractus) [ref. 1738]. Masc. Aristeus fitzroyensis Castelnau, 1878. Type by being a replacement name. Replacement for Aristeus Castelnau, 1878, preoccupied by Aristeus Duvernoy, 1840 in Crustacea. •Synonym of Melanotaenia Gill, 1862 -- (Allen 1980:474 [ref. 99], Allen & Cross 1982:44 [ref. 6251]). Current status: Synonym of Melanotaenia Gill, 1862. Melanotaeniidae. (Rhombosoma) [ref. 3660]. Neut. Nematocentris novaeguineae Ramsay & Ogilby, 1886. Type by subsequent designation. Type apparently designated first by Jordan 1920:554 [ref. 4905]. •Synonym of Melanotaenia Gill, 1862 -- (Allen 1980:474 [ref. 99], Allen & Cross 1982:44 [ref. 6251]). Current status: Synonym of Melanotaenia Gill, 1862. Melanotaeniidae. (Strabo) [ref. 2640]. Masc. Strabo nigrofasciatus Kner & Steindachner, 1867. Type by monotypy. •Synonym of Melanotaenia Gill, 1862 -- (Allen 1980:473 [ref. 99], Allen & Cross 1982:44 [ref. 6251]). Current status: Synonym of Melanotaenia Gill, 1862. Melanotaeniidae. (Zantecla) [ref. 758]. Fem. Zantecla pusilla Castelnau, 1873. Type by monotypy. •Synonym of Melanotaenia Gill, 1862 -- (Allen 1980:473 [ref. 99], Allen & Cross 1982:44 [ref. 6251]). Current status: Synonym of Melanotaenia Gill, 1862. Melanotaeniidae.

Species Melanotaenia affinis (Weber, 1907) – New Guinea rainbowfish [=Rhombatractus affinis Weber [M.], 1907:234, Pl. 11 (fig. 5), Rhombosoma sepikensis Herre [A. W. C. T.], 1935:400] Notes: [Süsswasserfische von Neu-Guinea v. 5 (Zool.) pt 2; ref. 4599] Timena rivlet, Sentani Lake, Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia affinis (Weber, 1907). Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Northern Papua, Indonesia and northern Papua New Guines. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (sepikensis) [Field Museum of Natural History, Publications, Zoölogical Series v. 18 (no. 12); ref. 2109] Sepik River at Marienberg, New Guinea. Current status: Synonym of Melanotaenia affinis (Weber, 1907). Melanotaeniidae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia ajamaruensis (Allen & Cross, 1980) – Ajamaru rainbowfish [=Melanotaenia ajamaruensis Allen [G. R.] & Cross [N. J.], 1980:384, Fig. 2] Notes: [Records of the Western Australian Museum v. 8 (pt 3); ref. 8761] Ajamaru Lakes, Vogelkop Peninsula, Irian Jaya, Indonesia, about 1°21'S, 132°16'E. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia ajamaruensis Allen & Cross, 1980. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia albimarginata Allen et al., 2015 – whitetip rainbowfish [=Melanotaenia albimarginata Allen [G. R.], Hadiaty [R. K.], Unmack [P. J.] & Erdmann [M. V.], 2015:73, Figs. 3-5] Notes: [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 21 (no. 2); ref. 33750] Alur Warnafa, tributary to Sungai Unmar, near Algadang village, 6°11.200'S, 134°28.845'E, Kobroor Island, Aru Islands, Maluku Province, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia albimarginata Allen, Hadiaty, Unmack & Erdmann, 2015. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Aru Islands, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia ammeri Allen et al., 2008 – Ammer's rainbowfish [=Melanotaenia ammeri Allen [G. R.], Unmack [P. J.] & Hadiaty [R. K.], 2008:212, Figs. 2-3] Notes: [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 14 (no. 4); ref. 29963] Small creek near Gusimawa Village, 3°02.438'S, 133°52.844'E, Arguni Bay, southwestern Birds Head region, Papua Barat Provice, Indonesia (western New Guinea), depth 0-0.5 meters. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia ammeri Allen, Unmack & Hadiaty, 2008. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: West Papua, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia angfa Allen, 1990 – Angfa rainbowfish [=Melanotaenia angfa Allen [G. R.], 1990:103, Fig. 3] Notes: [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 16 (no. 4) (1989); ref. 15707] Kurumoi Creek, about 12 kilometers north of Yakati Village, about 2°12'S, 134°04'E, Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia angfa Allen, 1990. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia arfakensis Allen, 1990 – Arfak rainbowfish [=Melanotaenia arfakensis Allen [G. R.], 1990:105, Fig. 4] Notes: [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 16 (no. 4) (1989); ref. 15707] Sub River, about 0°52'S, 133°53'E, Irian Jaya, New Guinea. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia arfakensis Allen, 1990. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia arguni Kadarusman et al., in Kadarusman et al., 2012 – Arguni rainbowfish [=Melanotaenia arguni Kadarusman [no initial], Hadiaty [R. K.] & Pouyaud [L.], in Kadarusman, Hadiaty, Segura, Setiawibawa, Caruso & Pouyaud, 2012:372, Figs. 2-3] Notes: [Cybium v. 36 (no. 2); ref. 32099] 3°5.292'S, 133°37.879'E, Egerwara village, Jasu Creek, 61 km north of Kaimana, District Aguni Bawat, Papua Barat, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia arguni Kadarusman, Hadiaty & Pouyaud, 2012. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Arguni region, West Papua, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia aruensis Allen et al., 2015 – Aru rainbowfish [=Melanotaenia aruensis Allen [G. R.], Hadiaty [R. K.], Unmack [P. J.] & Erdmann [M. V.], 2015:77, Figs. 7-9] Notes: [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 21 (no. 2); ref. 33750] Sungai Sin, 6°30.125'S, 134°20.227'E, Trangan Island, Aru Islands, Maluku Province, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia aruensis Allen, Hadiaty, Unmack & Erdmann, 2015. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Aru Islands, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater. Species Melanotaenia australis (Castelnau, 1875) – Western rainbowfish [=Neoatherina australis Castelnau [F. L.], 1875:32 Notes: [Researches on the fishes of Australia No. 2; ref. 768] Coast of Swan River Colony, Western Australia. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia australis (Castelnau, 1875). Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Northern Australia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia batanta Allen & Renyaan, 1998 – Batanta rainbowfish [=Melanotaenia batanta Allen [G. R.] & Renyaan [S. J.], 1998:75, Fig. 6] Notes: [aqua, Journal of Ichthyology and Aquatic Biology v. 3 (no. 2); ref. 23585] Warmon Stream, Batanta Island, Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia batanta Allen & Renyaan, 1998. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: West Papua, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia boesemani Allen & Cross, 1980 – Boeseman's rainbowfish [=Melanotaenia boesemani Allen [G. R.] & Cross [N. J.], 1980:379, Fig. 1] Notes: [Records of the Western Australian Museum v. 8 (pt 3); ref. 8761] Ajamaru Lakes, Vogelkop Peninsula, Irian Jaya, Indonesia, about 1°21'S, 132°16'E. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia boesemani Allen & Cross, 1980. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Ajamaru Lakes, West Papua, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia bowmani Allen et al., 2016 – Bowman's rainbowfish [=Melanotaenia bowmani Allen [G. R.], Unmack [P. J.] & Hadiaty [R. K.], 2016:6, Figs. 3-4] Notes: [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 22 (no. 1); ref. 34164] Small creek at junction with Siriwo River, Papua Province, Indonesia, 3°30.705'S, 135°52.271'E. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia bowmani Allen, Unmack & Hadiaty, 2016. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Siriwo River, Papua Province, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia caerulea Allen, 1996 – blue rainbowfish [=Melanotaenia caerulea Allen [G. R.], 1996:10, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 23 (nos 1-2); ref. 22218] Tributary of Mubi River near Wasi Falls Lodge, Kikori River system, Papua New Guinea. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia caerulea Allen, 1996. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Papua New Guinea. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia catherinae (de Beaufort, 1910) – Waigeo rainbowfish [=Rhombatractus catherinae de Beaufort [L. F.], 1910:250] Notes: [Zoologischer Anzeiger v. 36 (nos 12/13); ref. 14428] Rivulet entering Rabiai River, Waigeu. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia catherinae (de Beaufort, 1910). Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Waigeo Island, Raja Ampat Islands, West Papua, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia corona Allen, 1982 – Corona rainbowfish [=Melanotaenia corona Allen [G. R.], 1982:174, Fig. 1] Notes: [Bulletin Zoölogisch Museum, Universiteit van Amsterdam v. 8 (no. 21); ref. 8522] Sermowai River, near Walckenaer Bay, northern New Guinea, about 2°47'S, 140°00'E. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia corona Allen, 1982. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia duboulayi (Castelnau, 1878) – crimson spotted rainbowfish [=Atherinichthys duboulayi Castelnau [F. L.], 1878:143, Aristeus lineatus Macleay [W.], 1881:626, Aristeus perporosus De Vis [C. W.], 1884:694] Notes: [Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales v. 3 (pt 2); ref. 763] Lagoon connected with the Richmond River, New South Wales, Australia. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia duboulayi (Castelnau, 1878). Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Australia. Habitat: freshwater. (lineatus) [Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales v. 5 (pt 4); ref. 2869] Richmond River, New South Wales, Australia. Current status: Synonym of Melanotaenia duboulayi (Castelnau, 1878). Melanotaeniidae. Habitat: freshwater. (perporosus) [Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales v. 9 (pt 3); ref. 17383] Maryborough, Queensland, Australia. Current status: Synonym of Melanotaenia duboulayi (Castelnau, 1878). Melanotaeniidae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia dumasi Weber, 1907 – Omba rainbowfish [=Melanotaenia dumasi Weber [M.], 1907:240, Pl. 11 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Süsswasserfische von Neu-Guinea v. 5 (Zool.) pt 2; ref. 4599] Wagani River and Wa Udu River near Urama, west Papua, New Guinea. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia dumasi Weber, 1907. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Omba (Urama) river system, west Papua Province, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia eachamensis Allen & Cross, 1982 – Lake Eacham rainbowfish [=Melanotaenia eachamensis Allen [G. R.] & Cross [N. J.], 1982:45, Figs.] Notes: [Rainbowfishes of Australia and Papua New Guinea.; ref. 6251] Lake Eacham, Atherton Tableland, northern Queensland, Australia, about 17°17'S, 145°38'E. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia eachamensis Allen & Cross, 1982. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Queensland, Australia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia ericrobertsi Allen et al., 2014 – Suswa rainbowfish [=Melanotaenia ericrobertsi Allen [G. R.], Unmack [P. J.] & Hadiaty [R. K.], 2014:142, Figs. 2-4] Notes: [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 20 (no. 3); ref. 33452] Auk River, near Suswa Village, 0°56.472’S, 132°17.729’E, about 120 km east of Sorong, Birds Head Peninsula, Papua Barat Province, Indonesia, depth 0-1.5 meters. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia ericrobertsi Allen, Unmack & Hadiaty, 2014. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Birds Head Peninsula, Papua Barat Province, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia etnaensis Allen et al., 2016 – Etna Bay rainbowfish [=Melanotaenia etnaensis Allen [G. R.], Unmack [P. J.] & Hadiaty [R. K.], 2016:12, Figs. 9-10] Notes: [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 22 (no. 1); ref. 34164] Ambalanga River, West Papua Province, Indonesia, 3°59.686'S, 134°34.464'E. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia etnaensis Allen, Unmack & Hadiaty, 2016. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Streams mainly flowing into Etna Bay, West Papua, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia exquisita Allen, 1978 – exquisite rainbowfish [=Melanotaenia exquisita Allen [G. R.], 1978:97, Fig.] Notes: [Tropical Fish Hobbyist v. 26 (no. 10); ref. 8855] Edith River, about 1 kilometer upstream from Lake Malkyullumbo, Northern Territory, Australia, 14°10'S, 132°10'E. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia exquisita Allen, 1978. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Australia: Northern Territory and Western Australia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia fasinensis Kadarusman et al., 2010 – Fasin rainbowfish [=Melanotaenia fasinensis Kadarusman, Sudarto, Paradis [E.] & Pouyaud [L.], 2010:208, Figs. 2-3] Notes: [Cybium v. 34 (no. 2); ref. 30904] Fasin Creek, vicinity of Ween village, 1°13.856'S, 131°58.186'E, 25 kilometers west of Lake Ayamaru, Bird's Head Peninsula, West Papua, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia fasinensis Kadarusman, Sudarto, Paradis & Pouyaud, 2010. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: West Papua, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia flavipinnis Allen et al., 2014 – Misool yellowfin rainbowfish [=Melanotaenia flavipinnis Allen [G. R.], Hadiaty [R. K.] & Unmack [P. J.], 2014:38, Figs. 2-5, and Appendix 1] Notes: [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 20 (no. 1); ref. 33145] Ifaupan Creek, 2°00.653'S, 130°14.124'E, Misool, Raja Ampat Islands, Papua Barat Province, Indonesia, depth 0-1.5 meters. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia flavipinnis Allen, Hadiaty & Unmack, 2014. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Raja Ampat Islands, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia fluviatilis (Castelnau, 1878) – Murray River rainbowfish [=Aristeus fluviatilis Castelnau [F. L.], 1878:141, Jerrina dobreensis Blandowski [W.], 1855:132, Pl. 2 (fig. 10), Melanotaenia neglecta Rendahl [H.], 1922:179] Notes: [Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales v. 3 (pt 2); ref. 763] Ropes Creek, near Sydney, and Murrumbidgee River, New South Wales, Australia. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia fluviatilis (Castelnau, 1878). Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Australia. Habitat: freshwater. (dobreensis) [Transactions of the Philosophical Institute of Victoria v. 2 (art. 15); ref. 34539] Lower Murray River, South Australia, Australia. Current status: Synonym of Melanotaenia fluviatilis (Castelnau, 1878). Melanotaeniidae. Habitat: freshwater. (neglecta) [Nyt Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne v. 60; ref. 3701] Cudgegong River at Ryleston, New South Wales, Australia. Current status: Synonym of Melanotaenia fluviatilis (Castelnau, 1878). Melanotaeniidae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia fredericki (Fowler, 1939) – Sorong rainbowfish [=Charisella fredericki Fowler [H. W.], 1939:91, Fig.] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 91; ref. 1429] Sainkedoek, Irian Jaya. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia fredericki (Fowler, 1939). Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: West Papua, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia garylangei Graf et al., 2015 – Gary Lange's rainbowfish [=Melanotaenia garylangei Graf [J. A.], Herder [F.] & Hadiaty [R. K.], 2015:873, Figs. 2-5] Notes: [v. 29 (no. 2) (for June 2015); ref. 33836] Vicinity of Dekai, tributary of Brazza River, Eilanden River system, West Papua Province, Indonesia, 4°47.790'S, 139°30.515'E. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia garylangei Graf, Herder & Hadiaty, 2015. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: West Papua Province, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia goldiei (Macleay, 1883) – Goldie River rainbowfish [=Ariteus goldiei Macleay [W.], 1883:269, Rhombatractus archboldi Nichols [J. T.] & Raven [H. C.], 1934:1, Figs. 1-2, Rhombatractus kochii Weber [M.], 1907:237, Pl. 11 (fig. 6)] Nematocentris novaeguineae Ramsay [E. P.] & Ogilby [J. D.], 1886:13, Rhombatractus weberi Regan [C. T.], 1908:155] Notes: [Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales v. 8 (pt 2); ref. 17587] Goldie River, Papua New Guinea. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia goldiei (Macleay, 1883). Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: South-central New Guinea: Papua New Guinea and Papua, Indonesia and Aru Islands. Habitat: freshwater. (archboldi) [American Museum Novitates No. 755; ref. 16442] Wuroi, Oriomo River, Papua New Guinea. Current status: Synonym of Melanotaenia goldiei (Macleay, 1883). Melanotaeniidae. Habitat: freshwater. (kochii) [Süsswasserfische von Neu-Guinea v. 5 (Zool.) pt 2; ref. 4599] Merauke River mouth, Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Current status: Synonym of Melanotaenia goldiei (Macleay, 1883). Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Irian Jaya, Indonesia [if valid]. Habitat: freshwater. (novaeguineae) [Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales (Series 2) v. 1 (pt 1); ref. 14464] Strickland River, New Guinea. Current status: Synonym of Melanotaenia goldiei (Macleay, 1883). Melanotaeniidae. Habitat: freshwater. (weberi) [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 8) v. 1 (no. 2); ref. 14340] Sogeri, New Guinea. Current status: Synonym of Melanotaenia goldiei (Macleay, 1883). Melanotaeniidae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia gracilis Allen, 1978 – slender rainbowfish [=Melanotaenia gracilis Allen [G. R.], 1978:98, Fig.] Notes: [Tropical Fish Hobbyist v. 26 (no. 10); ref. 8855] Drysdale River, Kimberley region, 15°00'S, 126°54'E, Western Australia. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia gracilis Allen, 1978. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Australia: Western Australia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia grunwaldi Allen et al., 2016 – Grunwald's rainbowfish [=Melanotaenia grunwaldi Allen [G. R.], Unmack [P. J.] & Hadiaty [R. K.], 2016:16, Figs. 12-13] Notes: [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 22 (no. 1); ref. 34164] Topo River, Papua Province, Indonesia, 3°26.914'S, 135°32.974'E. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia grunwaldi Allen, Unmack & Hadiaty, 2016. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Upper Wami River system, Papua Province, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia herbertaxelrodi Allen, 1981 – Lake Tebera rainbowfish [=Melanotaenia herbertaxelrodi Allen [G. R.], 1981:31, 2 figs.] Notes: [Tropical Fish Hobbyist v. 29 (no. 5); ref. 8634] Small creek about 4 kilometers east of Lake Tebera, Purari River system, Papua New Guinea, about 6°45'S, 144°39'E. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia herbertaxelrodi Allen, 1981. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Lake Tebera basin, Papua New Guinea. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia irianjaya Allen, 1985 – Irian Jaya rainbowfish [=Melanotaenia irianjaya Allen [G. R.], 1985:58, Figs. 7-8] Notes: [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 12 (no. 2); ref. 6245] Stream at Fruata Village, Irian Jaya, Indonesia, about 2°59'S, 133°32'E. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia irianjaya Allen, 1985. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: West Papua, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia iris Allen, 1987 – Strickland rainbowfish [=Melanotaenia iris Allen [G. R.], 1987:15, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Japanese Journal of Ichthyology v. 34 (no. 1); ref. 9178] Logatyu River, near Wankipe, Papua New Guinea, about 5°11'S, 142°23'E. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia iris Allen, 1987. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Strickland River system, Papua New Guinea. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia japenensis Allen & Cross, 1980 – Japen rainbowfish [=Melanotaenia japenensis Allen [G. R.] & Cross [N. J.], 1980:387, Fig. 3] Notes: [Records of the Western Australian Museum v. 8 (pt 3); ref. 8761] Near Serui, Japen Island, Irian Jaya, Indonesia, about 1°54'S, 136°14'E. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia japenensis Allen & Cross, 1980. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia kamaka Allen & Renyaan, 1996 – Kamaka rainbowfish [=Melanotaenia kamaka Allen [G. R.] & Renyaan [S. J.], 1996:15, Figs. 2-3, 14-15] Notes: [aqua, Journal of Ichthyology and Aquatic Biology v. 2 (no. 2); ref. 22190] Southeastern side of Lake Kamakawair, 3°47'S, 134°14'E, Irian Jaya, New Guinea, depth 0.5-1.5 meters. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia kamaka Allen & Renyaan, 1996. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia klasioensis Kadarusman et al., in Nugraha et al., 2015 – Klasio Creek rainbowfish [=Melanotaenia klasioensis Kadarusman, Hadiaty [R. K.] & Pouyaud [L.], in Nugraha et al., 2015:110, Figs. 9-10] Notes: [Cybium v. 39 (no. 2) (for 30 June); ref. 33872] Bridge on Klasio Creek near Malabolo village and on the road from Sorong to Ajamaru (km 110), at the frontier post between Sorong and Sorong Selatan Regencies, Papua Barat Province, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia klasioensis Kadarusman, Hadiaty & Pouyaud, 2015. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: West Papua, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia kokasensis Allen et al., 2008 – Kokas rainbowfish [=Melanotaenia kokasensis Allen [G. R.], Unmack [P. J.] & Hadiaty [R. K.], 2008:219, Figs. 7-8] Notes: [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 14 (no. 4); ref. 29963] Small creek above waterfall (at edge of sea), near Kokas Village, 2°.185'S, 132°25.697'E, northern Fakfak Peninsula, southwestern Birds Head region, Papua Barat Province, Indonesia (western New Guinea). Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia kokasensis Allen, Unmack & Hadiaty, 2008. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: West Papua, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia kolaensis Allen et al., 2015 – Kola rainbowfish [=Melanotaenia kolaensis Allen [G. R.], Hadiaty [R. K.], Unmack [P. J.] & Erdmann [M. V.], 2015:84, Figs. 14-16] Notes: [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 21 (no. 2); ref. 33750] Sungai Marjina, 5°30.745'S, 134°37.250'E, tributary of Sundai Tasinwalas, Kola Island, Aru Islands, Maluku Province, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia kolaensis Allen, Hadiaty, Unmack & Erdmann, 2015. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Aru Islands, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia lacunosa Allen et al., 2016 – Mbuta rainbowfish [=Melanotaenia lacunosa Allen [G. R.], Unmack [P. J.] & Hadiaty [R. K.], 2016:20, Figs. 15-16] Notes: [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 22 (no. 1); ref. 34164] Lake Mbuta Basin, about 12 km northwest of Etna Bay, West Papua, Indonesia, 3°53.077'S, 134°32.403'E, to depth of 1.5 meters. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia lacunosa Allen, Unmack & Hadiaty, 2016. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Lake Mbuta Basin, West Papua, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia lacustris Munro, 1964 – Lake Kutubu rainbowfish [=Melanotaenia lacustris Munro [I. S. R.], 1964:159, Fig. 6] Notes: [Papua New Guinea Agricultural Journal v. 16 (no. 4); ref. 3058] Lake Kutubu, Kikori River drainage, Papua New Guinea. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia lacustris Munro, 1964. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Lake Kutubu, Papua New Guinea. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia lakamora Allen & Renyaan, 1996 – Lakamora rainbowfish [=Melanotaenia lakamora Allen [G. R.] & Renyaan [S. J.], 1996:17, Figs. 6-8, 16-17] Notes: [aqua, Journal of Ichthyology and Aquatic Biology v. 2 (no. 2); ref. 22190] Northern side of Lake Lakamora, 3°41'S, 134°17'E, Irian Jaya, New Guinea, elevation 210 meters. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia lakamora Allen & Renyaan, 1996. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia laticlavia Allen et al., 2014 – Aifuf rainbowfish [=Melanotaenia laticlavia Allen [G. R.], Unmack [P. J.] & Hadiaty [R. K.], 2014:147, Figs. 7-8, 9D, 1A.] Notes: [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 20 (no. 3); ref. 33452] Aifuf Creek, 1°19.613’S, 132°35.415’E, about 43 km east of Lake Ayamaru, Birds Head Peninsula, Papua Barat Province, Indonesia, depth 0-1.0 meters. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia laticlavia Allen, Unmack & Hadiaty, 2014. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Birds Head Peninsula, Papua Barat Province, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia longispina Kadarusman et al., in Nugraha et al., 2015 – longspine rainbowfish [=Melanotaenia longispina Kadarusman, Avarre [J. C.] & Pouyaud [L.], in Nugraha et al., 2015:111, Figs. 12-13] Notes: [Cybium v. 39 (no. 2) (for 30 June); ref. 33872] Bridge on Klahfot River, near Saluk village, km 92 on road from Sorong to Teminabuan, Sorong Regency, Papua Barat Province, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia longispina Kadarusman, Avarre & Pouyaud, 2015. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: West Papua, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia maccullochi Ogilby, 1915 – McCulloch's rainbowfish [=Melanotaenia maccullochi Ogilby [J. D.], 1915:118, Pl. 29 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Memoirs of the Queensland Museum v. 3; ref. 3293] Barron River, northern Queensland, Australia. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia maccullochi Ogilby, 1915. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Papua New Guinea and northern Australia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia mairasi Allen & Hadiaty, 2011 – Lake Furnusu rainbowfish [=Melanotaenia mairasi Allen [G. R.] & Hadiaty [R. K.], 2011:604, cover + 2-3] Notes: [Fishes of Sahul v. 25 (no. 1); ref. 31351] Southeastern corner of Lake Furnusu, 3°33.988'S, 133°51.933'E, 15 km northeast of Kaimana, West Papua Province, Indonesia, depth 2-3 meters, lake elevation 15 meters. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia mairasi Allen & Hadiaty, 2011. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Lake Furnusu, West Papua, Indonesia, New Guinea. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia mamahensis Allen et al., 2016 – Mamah rainbowfish [=Melanotaenia mamahensis Allen [G. R.], Unmack [P. J.] & Hadiaty [R. K.], 2016:24, Figs. 19-20] Notes: [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 22 (no. 1); ref. 34164] Sungai Mamah, West Papua Province, Indonesia, 3°20.489'S, 134°59.971'E. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia mamahensis Allen, Unmack & Hadiaty, 2016. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Sungai Mamah, West Papua Province, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia manibuii Kadarusman et al., in Nugraha et al., 2015 – Manibui rainbowfish [=Melanotaenia manibuii Kadarusman, Slembrouck [J.] & Pouyaud [F.], in Nugraha et al., 2015:118, Fig. 20] Notes: [Cybium v. 39 (no. 2) (for 30 June); ref. 33872] Tisbo River near Bintuni, Papua Barat Province, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia manibuii Kadarusman, Slembrouck & Pouyaud, 2015. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: West Papua, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia maylandi Allen, 1983 – Mayland's rainbowfish [=Melanotaenia maylandi Allen [G. R.], 1983:84, Figs. 1-2.] Notes: [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 10 (no. 3); ref. 8382] Danau Biru [Lake Holmes], Irian Jaya, Indonesia, about 2°29'S, 138°00'E. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia maylandi Allen, 1983. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia misoolensis Allen, 1982 – Misool rainbowfish [=Melanotaenia misoolensis Allen [G. R.], 1982:107, Fig. 1] Notes: [Records of the Western Australian Museum v. 10 (pt 2); ref. 8521] Tributary of Wai Tama at Fakal, Misool [Misol] Island, Indonesia, about 2°00'S, 130°00'E. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia misoolensis Allen, 1982. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: West Papua, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia monticola Allen, 1980 – mountain rainbowfish [=Melanotaenia monticola Allen [G. R.], 1980:45, Fig. 5] Notes: [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 7 (no. 2); ref. 8762] Omei Creek, about 200 meters on Mendi side of Ka River bridge on Mendi-Nipa road, Ka or Lai River draingae, Papua New Guinea, about 6°14'S, 143°38'E, elevation about 1600 meters. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia monticola Allen, 1980. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Omei Creek and Kagua River, Papua New Guinea. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia mubiensis Allen, 1996 – Mubi rainbowfish [=Melanotaenia mubiensis Allen [G. R.], 1996:13, Fig. 5] Notes: [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 23 (nos 1-2); ref. 22218] Side channel of Mubi River, Kikori River system, Papua New Guinea. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia mubiensis Allen, 1996. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Papua New Guinea. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia multiradiata Allen et al., 2014 – Moswaren rainbowfish [=Melanotaenia multiradiata Allen [G. R.], Unmack [P. J.] & Hadiaty [R. K.], 2014:151, Figs. 9E, 12-14] Notes: [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 20 (no. 3); ref. 33452] Sisiah Creek, 1°27.784’S, 132°14.546’E, about 25 km east of Teminabuan, Birds Head Peninsula, Papua Barat Province, Indonesia, depth 0-1.5 meters. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia multiradiata Allen, Unmack & Hadiaty, 2014. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Birds Head Peninsula, West Papua, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia naramasae Kadarusman et al., in Nugraha et al., 2015 – Naramasa rainbowfish [=Melanotaenia naramasae Kadarusman, Nugraha. [M. F. I.] & Pouyaud [L.], in Nugraha et al., 2015:120, Figs. 21-22] Notes: [Cybium v. 39 (no. 2) (for 30 June); ref. 33872] Naramasa River, Birds Neck Isthmus, Papua Barat Province, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia naramasae Kadarusman, Nugraha & Pouyaud, 2015. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: West Papua, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater. Species Melanotaenia nigrans (Richardson, 1843) – blackbanded rainbowfish [=Atherina nigrans Richardson [J.], 1843:180, Nematocentris nigra Günther [A.], 1867:65, Nematocentris nigricans Steindachner [F.], 1867:316 [10], Zantecla pusilla Castelnau [F. L.], 1873:88] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (New Series) v. 11 (nos 67-8, 71-2); ref. 13395] Port Essington, Northern Territory, Australia. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia nigrans (Richardson, 1843). Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Australia: New Guinea (?), Northern Territory and Western Australia. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (nigra) [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 3) v. 20 (no. 115); ref. 1988] Kings River, Port Essington, Northern Territory, Australia. Current status: Synonym of Melanotaenia nigrans (Richardson, 1843). Melanotaeniidae. (nigricans) [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 56 (1. Abth.); ref. 14188] Cape York, Queensland, Australia. Current status: Synonym of Melanotaenia nigrans (Richardson, 1843). Melanotaeniidae. Habitat: freshwater. (pusilla) [Proceedings of the Zoological and Acclimatisation Society of Victoria, Melbourne v. 2; ref. 758] Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia. Current status: Synonym of Melanotaenia nigrans (Richardson, 1843). Melanotaeniidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

Species Melanotaenia ogilbyi Weber, 1910 – Ogilby's rainbowfish [=Melanotaenia ogilbyi Weber [M.], 1910:230] Notes: [Notes from the Leyden Museum v. 32 (pt. 4) (no. 28); ref. 14597] Pool at Lorentz River, southern New Guinea. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia ogilbyi Weber, 1910. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Lowere Lorentz River, Irian Jaya. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia oktediensis Allen & Cross, 1980 – Oktedi rainbowfish [=Melanotaenia oktediensis Allen [G. R.] & Cross [N. J.], 1980:389, Fig. 4] Notes: [Records of the Western Australian Museum v. 8 (pt 3); ref. 8761] Karamonge Creek, tributary of Ok Tedi, Fly River system, 32 kilometers north-northeast of Ningerum, Papua New Guinea, about 5°26.6'S, 141°17.4'E. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia oktediensis Allen & Cross, 1980. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Upper Fly River system, Papua New Guinea. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia papuae Allen, 1981 – Papuan rainbowfish [=Melanotaenia papuae Allen [G. R.], 1981:50, Figs. 1, 3] Notes: [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 8 (no. 2); ref. 8635] Small rainforest stream at Mt. Diamond, about 23 kilometers east of Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea, about 9°27'S, 147°17'E. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia papuae Allen, 1981. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Vicinity of Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia parkinsoni Allen, 1980 - Parkinson's rainbowfish [=Melanotaenia parkinsoni Allen [G. R.], 1980:43, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 7 (no. 2); ref. 8762] Small tributary of Kemp Welsh River near Matairuka, Central Province, Papua New Guinea, about 9°53'S, 147°48'E. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia parkinsoni Allen, 1980. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Kemp Welsh River basin, Papua New Guinea. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia parva Allen, 1990 – Lake Kurumoi rainbowfish [=Melanotaenia parva Allen [G. R.], 1990:109, Figs. 9-10] Notes: [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 16 (no. 4) (1989); ref. 15707] Danau Kurumoi, about 2°10'S, 134°05'E, Irian Jaya, New Guinea. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia parva Allen, 1990. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: West Papua, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia patoti (Weber, 1907) – Patoti's rainbowfish [=Rhombatractus patoti Weber [M.], 1907:403] Notes: [Zoologischer Anzeiger v. 32 (no. 14); ref. 15181] Rivlet at Nigri Lama, west coast Terangan [now spelled Trangan] Island, Aru Islands, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia patoti (Weber, 1907). Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Aru Islands, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia picta Allen et al., 2015 – painted rainbowfish [=Melanotaenia picta Allen [G. R.], Hadiaty [R. K.], Unmack [P. J.] & Erdmann [M. V.], 2015:90, Figs. 18-22] Notes: [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 21 (no. 2); ref. 33750] Sungai Gora, 6°03.058'S, 134°24.032'E, tributary of Sungai Mareremar, Kobroor Island, Aru Islands, Maluku Province, Indonesia., Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia picta Allen, Hadiaty, Unmack & Erdmann, 2015. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Aru Islands, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia pierucciae Allen & Renyaan, 1996 – Pierucci's rainbowfish [=Melanotaenia pierucciae Allen [G. R.] & Renyaan [S. J.], 1996:19, Figs. 11-12, 18-19] Notes: [aqua, Journal of Ichthyology and Aquatic Biology v. 2 (no. 2); ref. 22190] Tributary of Werfyang Creek, 1 kilometer northeast of Lake Kamakawaiar, 3°42.6'S, 134°11.7'E, Irian Jaya, New Guinea, elevation 110 meters. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia pierucciae Allen & Renyaan, 1996. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia pimaensis Allen, 1981 – Pima River rainbowfish [=Melanotaenia pimaensis Allen [G. R.], 1981:74, 2 figs.] Notes: [Tropical Fish Hobbyist v. 29 (no. 5); ref. 8634] Small side channel of Pima [Oima] River at junction with Tua River, Papua New Guinea, about 6°25'S, 144°49'30"E. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia pimaensis Allen, 1981. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Pima River, Papua New Guinea. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia praecox (Weber & de Beaufort, 1922) – neon rainbowfish [=Rhombatractus praecox Weber [M.] & de Beaufort [L. F.], 1922:298] Notes: [Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago v. 4; ref. 4598] Pionierbivak, Mamberamo River, northern New Guinea. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia praecox (Weber & de Beaufort, 1922). Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Mamberamo River system, Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia pygmaea Allen, 1978 – pygmy rainbowfish [=Melanotaenia pygmaea Allen [G. R.], 1978:99, Fig.] Notes: [Tropical Fish Hobbyist v. 26 (no. 10); ref. 8855] Cascade Creek, West Kimberley, 15°38'S, 125°18'E, Western Australia. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia pygmaea Allen, 1978. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Australia: Western Australia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia rubripinnis Allen & Renyaan, 1998 – redfinned rainbowfish [=Melanotaenia rubripinnis Allen [G. R.] & Renyaan [S. J.], 1998:77, Figs. 10-11 + cover] Notes: [aqua, Journal of Ichthyology and Aquatic Biology v. 3 (no. 2); ref. 23585] Tributary of Tiawiwa River, Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia rubripinnis Allen & Renyaan, 1998. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia rubrivittata Allen et al., 2015 – laser-red rainbowfish [=Melanotaenia rubrivittata Allen [G. R.], Unmack [P. J.] & Hadiaty [R. K.], 2015:851, Figs. 1-4] Notes: [Fishes of Sahul, Journal of the Australia New Guinea Fisheries Association v. 29 (no. 1); ref. 33735] Small pond, beside Tirawiwa River, 3°01.970'S, 136°22.231'E, Wapoga River system, Papua Province, Indonesia, depth 0.3 meters. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia rubrivittata Allen, Unmack & Hadiaty, 2015. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Papua Province, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia rubrostriata (Ramsay & Ogilby, 1886) – redstriped rainbowfish [=Nematocentris rubrostriatus Ramsay [E. P.] & Ogilby [J. D.], 1886:14] Notes: [Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales (Series 2) v. 1 (pt 1); ref. 14464] Strickland River, New Guinea. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia rubrostriata (Ramsay & Ogilby, 1886). Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: South-central New Guinea and Arafura Sea and Torres Strait. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia rumberponensis Kadarusman et al., in Nugraha et al., 2015 – Rumberpon rainbowfish [=Melanotaenia rumberponensis Kadarusman, Ogistira [R.] & Pouyaud [L.], in Nugraha et al., 2015:121, Fig. 24] Notes: [Cybium v. 39 (no. 2) (for 30 June); ref. 33872] Rumberpon Island, Cendrawasih Bay, Birds Neck Isthmus, Papua Barat Province, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia rumberponensis Kadarusman, Ogistira & Pouyaud, 2015. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: West Papua, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia salawati Kadarusman et al., 2011 – Salawati rainbowfish [=Melanotaenia salawati Kadarusman [no initial], Sudarto [no initial], Slembrouck [J.] & Pouyaud [L.], 2011:226, Figs. 2-3] Notes: [Cybium v. 35 (no. 3); ref. 31665] Near Waipule village, 1°1.128'S, 130°41.407'E, Doktor Creek, Salawati Island, Raja Ampat Group, just west of Bird's Head Peninsula, West Papua, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia salawati Kadarusman, Sudarto, Slembrouck & Pouyaud, 2011. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Salawati Island, West Papua, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater. Species Melanotaenia sembrae Kadarusman et al., in Nugraha et al., 2015 – Sembra rainbowfish [=Melanotaenia sembrae Kadarusman, Carman [O.] & Pouyaud [L.], in Nugraha et al., 2015:116, Figs. 18-19] Notes: [Cybium v. 39 (no. 2) (for 30 June); ref. 33872] Sembra River near Teminabuan, Sorong Selatan Regency, Papua Barat Province, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia sembrae Kadarusman, Carman & Pouyaud, 2015. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: West Papua, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia senckenbergianus (Weber, 1911) – Senckenberg rainbowfish [=Rhombatractus senckenbergianus Weber [M.], 1911:25, Pl. 1 (fig. 2)] Notes: [Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Frankfurt-a.-M. v. 34 (no. 1); ref. 14827] Terangan [Trangan] and Kobroor, Aru Island, Aru Islands, Maluku Province, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia senckenbergianus (Weber, 1911). Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Aru Islands, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia sexlineatus (Munro, 1964) – Fly River rainbowfish [=Nematocentris sexlineatus Munro [I. S. R.], 1964:162, Fig. 7] Notes: [Papua New Guinea Agricultural Journal v. 16 (no. 4); ref. 3058] Upper Fly River, Papua New Guinea. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia sexlineata (Munro, 1964). Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Papua New Guinea. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia sikuensis Kadarusman et al., in Nugraha et al., 2015 – Siku Creek rainbowfish [=Melanotaenia sikuensis Kadarusman, Sudarto & Pouyaud [L.], in Nugraha et al., 2015:123, Figs. 25-26] Notes: [Cybium v. 39 (no. 2) (for 30 June); ref. 33872] Siku Creek, Birds Neck Isthmus, Papua Barat Province, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia sikuensis Kadarusman, Sudarto & Pouyaud, 2015. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: West Papua, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia sneideri Allen & Hadiaty, 2013 – Kumawa rainbowfish [=Melanotaenia sneideri Allen [G. R.] & Hadiaty [R. K.], 2013:139, Figs. 2-4] Notes: [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 19 (no. 3); ref. 32792] Small creek in Kumawa Mountains, 3°55.14’S, 133°02.873’E, Bomberai Peninsula, West Papua, Indonesia, depth 1050 meters. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia sneideri Allen & Hadiaty, 2013. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Bomberai Peninsula, West Papua Province, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia splendida (Peters, 1866) – Eastern rainbowfish [=Nematocentris splendida Peters [W. (C. H.)], 1866:516, Aidaprora carteri Whitley [G. P.], 1935:224, Aristeus cavifrons Macleay [W.], 1882:70, Aristeus fitzroyensis Castelnau [F. L.], 1878:141, Aida inornata Castelnau [F. L.], 1875:11, Strabo nigrofasciatus Kner [R.] & Steindachner [F.], 1867:373 [18], Pl. 3 (fig. 10), Aristeus rufescens Macleay [W.], 1881:625, Melanotaenia solata Taylor [W. R.], 1964:129, Pl. 21, Nematocentris tatei Zietz [A. H. C.], 1896:178, Pl. 16 (fig. 2), Nematocentris winneckei Zietz [A. H. C.], 1896:179, Pl. 16 (fig. 3)] Notes: [Monatsberichte der Königlichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1866; ref. 3439] Fitzroy River, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia splendida (Peters, 1866). Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Queensland, Australia [subspecies splendida]. Habitat: freshwater. (carteri) [Records of the Australian Museum v. 19 (no. 4); ref. 4683] Flinders River, near Hughenden and Richmond, central Queensland, Australia. Current status: Synonym of Melanotaenia splendida (Peters, 1866). Melanotaeniidae. Habitat: marine. (cavifrons) [Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales v. 7 (pt 1); ref. 14344] Palmer River, Queensland, Australia. Current status: Synonym of Melanotaenia splendida (Peters, 1866). Melanotaeniidae. Habitat: marine. (fitzroyensis) [Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales v. 3 (pt 2); ref. 763] Fitzroy River, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia. Current status: Synonym of Melanotaenia splendida (Peters, 1866). Melanotaeniidae. Habitat: marine. (inornata) [Researches on the fishes of Australia No. 2; ref. 768] Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia. Current status: Synonym of Melanotaenia splendida (Peters, 1866). Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Northern Australia [this subspecies]. Habitat: marine. (nigrofasciatus) [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 54 (pt 3); ref. 2640] Fitzroy River, Queensland, Australia. Current status: Synonym of Melanotaenia splendida (Peters, 1866). Melanotaeniidae. Habitat: marine. (rufescens) [Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales v. 5 (pt 4); ref. 2869] Cairns, Queensland, Australia. Current status: Synonym of Melanotaenia splendida (Peters, 1866). Melanotaeniidae. Habitat: marine. (solata) [Fishes of Arnhem Land v. 4; ref. 3498] Emerald River, station M48-14, about 3.5 miles above river mouth, Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia. Current status: Synonym of Melanotaenia splendida (Peters, 1866). Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Northern Australia (if valid). Habitat: freshwater. (tatei) [Report on the work of the Horn Expedition to Central Australia. Part 2; ref. 14621] Horseshoe Bend and Idracowar, Finke River; Ellerys Creek; Red Bank Creek, Australia. Current status: Synonym of Melanotaenia splendida (Peters, 1866). Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Australia. Habitat: freshwater. (winneckei) [Report on the work of the Horn Expedition to Central Australia. Part 2; ref. 14621] Near Horseshoe Bend, Finke River, South Australia. Current status: Synonym of Melanotaenia splendida (Peters, 1866). Melanotaeniidae. Habitat: marine.

Species Melanotaenia susii Kadarusman et al., in Nugraha et al., 2015 – Susi Creek rainbowfish [=Melanotaenia susii Kadarusman, Hubert [N.] & Pouyaud [L.], in Nugraha et al., 2015:114, Figs. 15-16] Notes: [Cybium v. 39 (no. 2) (for 30 June); ref. 33872] Bridge on Susi Creek, on the road from Sorong to Ajamaru, 12 km after the frontier post between Sorong and Sorong Selatan Regencies, Papua Barat Province, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia susii Kadarusman, Hubert & Pouyaud, 2015. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: West Papua, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater. Species Melanotaenia sylvatica Allen, 1997 – forest rainbowfish [=Melanotaenia sylvatica Allen [G. R.], 1997:38, Fig. 1] Notes: [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 24 (nos 1-2); ref. 22929] Sapoi River, small side channel, about 4.5 kilometers south of Ivimka Camp, 7°45.9'S, 146°29.0'E, Papua New Guinea, elevation 40 meters. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia sylvatica Allen, 1997. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Papua New Guinea. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia synergos Allen & Unmack, 2008 – Batanta Island rainbowfish [=Melanotaenia synergos Allen [G. R.] & Unmack [P. J.], 2008:112, Figs. 2-7] Notes: [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 13 (nos 3-4); ref. 29477] Wei Bin Stream, 0°49.774'S, 130°45.874'E, northeastern end of Palau Batanta, Raja Ampat Islands, Papua Barat Province, Indonesia, depth 0-2 meters. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia synergos Allen & Unmack, 2008. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Batanta Island, Raja Ampat Islands, West Papua, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia trifasciata (Rendahl, 1922) – regal rainbowfish [=Rhombosoma trifasciata Rendahl [H.], 1922:182] Notes: [Nyt Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne v. 60; ref. 3701] Mary River, Northern Territory, Australia. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia trifasciata (Rendahl, 1922). Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Northern Australia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia urisa Kadarusman et al., in Kadarusman et al., 2012 – Urisa rainbowfish [=Melanotaenia urisa Kadarusman [no initials], Setiawibawa [G.] & Pouyaud [L.], in Kadarusman, Hadiaty, Segura, Setiawibawa, Caruso & Pouyaud, 2012:373, Figs. 5-6] Notes: [Cybium v. 36 (no. 2); ref. 32099] 3°15.061'S, 133°47.735"E, a karst spring emerging from Berari Anticline at the altitudinal level of Sewiki Lake, 6 km SE from Urisa village, 44 km north of Kaimana, District Arguni Bawah, Papua Barat, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia urisa Kadarusman, Setiawibawa & Pouyard, 2012. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Arguni region, West Papua, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia utcheensis McGuigan, 2001 – Utchee Creek rainbowfish [=Melanotaenia utcheensis McGuigan [K. L.], 2001:648, Fig. 3] Notes: [Memoirs of the Queensland Museum v. 46 (pt 2); ref. 25582] Utchee Creek, North Johnstone River, Australia, 17°38'30"S, 145°56'20"E. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia utcheensis McGuigan, 2001. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Queensland, Australia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia vanheurni (Weber & de Beaufort, 1922) – Van Heurn's rainbowfish [=Rhombatractus vanheurni Weber [M.] & de Beaufort [L. F.], 1922:299] Notes: [Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago v. 4; ref. 4598] Prauwenbivak, Idenburg [now Taritatu] River, Papua New Guinea. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia vanheurni (Weber & de Beaufort, 1922). Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Papua New Guinea. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia veoliae Kadarusman et al., in Kadarusman et al., 2012 – Veolia rainbowfish [=Melanotaenia veoliae Kadarusman [no initials], Caruso [D.] & Pouyaud [L.], in Kadarusman, Hadiaty, Segura, Setiawibawa, Caruso & Pouyaud, 2012:377, Figs. 8-9] Notes: [Cybium v. 36 (no. 2); ref. 32099] 3°27.607'S, 133°41.071'E, Gebiasi Creek, 22 km north of Kaimana and 14 km south of Wanoma village, District Arguni Bawah, Papua Barat, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia veoliae Kadarusman, Caruso & Pouyaud, 2012. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Arguni region, West Papua, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater. Species Melanotaenia wanoma Kadarusman et al., in Kadarusman et al., 2012 – Wanoma rainbowfish [=Melanotaenia wanoma Kadarusman [no initials], Segura [G.] & Pouyaud [L.], in Kadarusman, Hadiaty, Segura, Setiawibawa, Caruso & Pouyaud, 2012:379, Figs. 11-12] Notes: [Cybium v. 36 (no. 2); ref. 32099] 3°28.261°S, 133°42.770°E, Wermura Creek, 20 km north of Kaimana and 16 km soith of Wanoma village, District Arguni Bawah, Papua Barat, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia wanoma Kadarusman, Segura & Pouyaud, 2012. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Arguni region, West Papua, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanotaenia wokamensis Allen et al., 2015 – Wokam rainbowfish [=Melanotaenia wokamensis Allen [G. R.], Hadiaty [R. K.], Unmack [P. J.] & Erdmann [M. V.], 2015:99, Figs. 29-30] Notes: [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 21 (no. 2); ref. 33750] Sungai Torbol, 5°47.945'S, 134°30.365'E, tributary of Sungai Tunguwatu, Wokam Island, Aru Islands, Maluku Province, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Melanotaenia wokamensis Allen, Hadiaty, Unmack & Erdmann, 2015. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Aru Islands, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Pelangia Allen, 1998 - rainbowfishes [=Pelangia Allen [G. R.] 1998:12] Notes: [ref. 23408]. Pelangia mbutaensis Allen, 1998. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Pelangia Allen, 1998 -- (Allen & Unmack 2008:110 [ref. 29477], Allen & Unmack 2012:227 [ref. 32261]). Current status: Valid as Pelangia Allen, 1998. Melanotaeniidae.

Species Pelangia mbutaensis Allen, 1998 – Allen's pelangia [=Pelangia mbutaensis Allen [G. R.], 1998:13, Figs. 4-5] Notes: [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 25 (nos 1-2); ref. 23408] Lake Mbuta Basin (3°58.1'S, 134°57.4'E), about 8 kilometers northwest of Etna Bay, Irian Jaya, depth to 1.5 meters. Current status: Valid as Pelangia mbutaensis Allen, 1998. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Rhadinocentrus Regan, 1914 - ornate rainbowfishes [=Rhadinocentrus Regan [C. T.], 1914:280] Notes: [ref. 3660]. Masc. Rhadinocentrus ornatus Regan, 1914. Type by monotypy. •Valid as Rhadinocentrus Regan, 1914 -- (Allen & Cross 1982:108 [ref. 6251], White et al. 1984:360 [ref. 13655], Paxton et al. 1989:353 [ref. 12442], Aarn & Ivantsoff 1996 [ref. 22302], Ivantsoff et al. 1997:63 [ref. 23794], Allen et al. 2006:695 [ref. 29066], Allen & Unmack 2008:110 [ref. 29477], Allen & Unmack 2012:227 [ref. 32261], Campanella et al. 2015:16 [ref. 33711]). Current status: Valid as Rhadinocentrus Regan, 1914. Melanotaeniidae.

Species Rhadinocentrus ornatus Regan, 1914 – ornate rainbowfish [=Rhadinocentrus ornatus Regan [C. T.], 1914:280, Pl. 31 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Transactions of the Zoological Society of London v. 20 (pt 6, no. 1) (art. 6); ref. 3660] Pond on Moreton Island, near Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Current status: Valid as Rhadinocentrus ornatus Regan, 1914. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Queensland and New South Wales, Australia. Habitat: freshwater

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Unavailable names, uncertain taxa maculata, Melanotaenia Weber [M.] 1907:239, Pl. 11 (fig. 4) [Süsswasserfische von Neu-Guinea v. 5 (Zool.) pt 2; ref. 4599] Merauke River mouth, Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Lectotype: ZMA 103067. Paralectotypes: (should be 12) AMNH 9586 (1); CSIRO B 1197 [ex ZMA 103067] (2); NMW 59599 (1); RMNH 23221 (1), ?CAS-SU (3, missing); WAM P.26783-001 [ex ZMA 110168] (1); ZMA 103067 (1), 110168 (now 6). Type catalog: Hoedeman 1960:213 [ref. 19258], Nijssen et al. 1982:74 [ref. 19236], Hutchins & Smith 1991:12 [ref. 19335], Moore et al. 2008:13 [ref. 30117]. Hoedeman 1960:213 [ref. 19258] regarded ZMA 103067 as holotype which does not establish a lectotype; lectotype established in Nijssen et al. 1993:227 [ref. 22808]. Melanotaeniidae. Distribution: Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.