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UCE-FCQ-VALENZUELA JAZMIN.Pdf UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DEL ECUADOR FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS QUÍMICAS QUÍMICA FARMACÉUTICA Estudio Farmacognósico de las Especies Kalanchoe gastonis-bonnieri y Kalanchoe daigremontiana Trabajo de Titulación (modalidad Proyecto de Investigación) previo a la obtención del título profesional de Química Farmacéutica Autor: Valenzuela Mena Jazmín Carolina Tutor: Dr. Fernando Augusto Novillo Logroño PhD. Quito, 2020 DERECHOS DE AUTOR Yo, Valenzuela Mena Jazmín Carolina en calidad de autora y titular de los derechos morales y patrimoniales del trabajo de titulación: Estudio farmacognósico de las especies Kalanchoe gastonis-bonnieri y Kalanchoe daigremontiana, modalidad proyecto de investigación, de conformidad con el Art. 114 del CÓDIGO ORGÁNICO DE LA ECONOMÍA SOCIAL DE LOS CONOCIMIENTOS, CREATIVIDAD E INNOVACIÓN, concedo a favor de la Universidad Central del Ecuador una licencia gratuita , transferible y no inclusiva para el uso no comercial de la obra, con fines estrictamente académico. Conservamos a mi favor todos los derechos de autor sobre la obra, establecidos en la normativa citada. Así mismo autorizo a la Universidad Central del Ecuador para que realice la digitalización y publicación de este trabajo de titulación en el repositorio virtual, de conformidad a lo dispuesto en el Art. 144 de la Ley Orgánica de Educación Superior. El autor declara que la obra objeto de la presente autorización es original en su forma de expresión y no infringe el derecho de autor de terceros, asumiendo la responsabilidad por cualquier reclamación que pudiera presentarse por esta causa y liberando la Universidad de toda responsabilidad. Firma: __________________ Valenzuela Mena Jazmín Carolina C.C. 171860122-0 [email protected] ii APROBACIÓN DEL TUTOR En mi calidad de tutor del Trabajo de Titulación, presentado por la señorita Jazmín Carolina Valenzuela Mena, para optar por el Título Profesional en Química Farmacéutica; cuyo título es: “Estudio Farmacognósico de las Especies Kalanchoe gastonis-bonnieri y Kalanchoe daigremontiana, considero que dicho trabajo reúne los requisitos y méritos suficientes, incluido las páginas preliminares, para ser sometido a la publicación pública y evaluación por parte del tribunal examinador que se designe. En la ciudad de Quito, a los 02 días del mes de diciembre del 2020 Dr. Fernando Augusto Novillo Logroño PhD. DOCENTE TUTOR C.C. 1707216527 iii CONSTANCIA DE APROBACIÓN DEL TRABAJO FINAL POR EL TRIBUNAL El tribunal constituido por: MSc. Trosky Yánez, MSc. Dayana Borja y Dr. Fernando Novillo, luego de revisar el Trabajo de Investigación titulado “Estudio Farmacognósico de las Especies Kalanchoe gastonis-bonnieri y Kalanchoe daigremontiana” previo a la obtención del Título (o grado académico) de Química Farmacéutica presentado por la señorita Valenzuela Mena Jazmín Carolina, APRUEBA el trabajo presentado. Para constancia de lo actuado firman: MSc. Trosky Yánez D. MSc. Dayana Borja E. CC.1802537728 CC. 1710993849 -------------------------- Dr. Fernando Novillo L. CC. 1707216527 iv DEDICATORIA A Dios por ser quien ha iluminado mi camino, me ha dado fortaleza y ha permitido que llegue hasta donde estoy hoy, es él quien decidió que hoy esté por terminar mi carrera. A mis papis Aníbal y Anita, a mis hermanos Andrés y Nao, a quienes amo y agradezco por su ejemplo, apoyo incondicional, amor, regaños y consejos que han forjado mi camino. Gracias por ser mi pilar fundamental, mi guía y fuente de perseverancia e inspiración a lo largo de mi carrera profesional y de mi vida ¡Todos mis logros se los debo a ustedes! A toda mi familia en especial a mi tía Mylo y abuelita Hortencia, que con sus enseñanzas, apoyo y consejos han estado presentes siempre. A mi novio David, un hombre muy especial, que con su amor y entrega ha sido una persona incondicional en mi vida, ha sido mi soporte, mi mejor amigo y mi animador número uno en los momentos más difíciles, alentándome a seguir adelante y no abandonar mis metas y sueños. A mi pequeño primito Isaac quien, con su alegría, sencillez, ocurrencias y sus travesuras hicieron de estos últimos años los más alegres y divertidos. Es él, el más interesado en que terminara la tesis para poder jugar. v AGRADECIMIENTOS A la Universidad Central del Ecuador, a la Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y a sus profesores, por abrir sus puertas y proporcionarme las enseñanzas que hoy por hoy son mi esencia. A mi tutor, Dr. Fernando Novillo, por su apoyo, paciencia y voluntad para con el trabajo de titulación, así como por todos sus conocimientos impartidos A todos mis profesores que a lo largo de la Carrera impartieron todo su conocimiento, incentivándome a seguir aprendiendo A mis amigos y compañeros que formaron parte de este trayecto universitario y llenaron de experiencias esta etapa enriquecedora vi Índice de contenido DERECHOS DE AUTOR....................................................................................................................................ii APROBACIÓN DEL TUTOR.............................................................................................................................iii CONSTANCIA DE APROBACIÓN DEL TRABAJO FINAL POR EL TRIBUNAL......................................................iv DEDICATORIA.................................................................................................................................................v AGRADECIMIENTOS......................................................................................................................................vi Índice de contenido.....................................................................................................................................vii Lista de Tablas ..............................................................................................................................................xi Lista de Figuras ...........................................................................................................................................xiii Lista de Anexos............................................................................................................................................xv RESUMEN....................................................................................................................................................xvi ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................................................xvii Introducción ................................................................................................................................................. 1 Capítulo I....................................................................................................................................................... 2 El problema............................................................................................................................................... 2 1.1. Planteamiento del problema.................................................................................................... 2 1.2. Formulación del problema ....................................................................................................... 3 1.3. Preguntas directrices................................................................................................................ 3 1.4. Objetivos................................................................................................................................... 3 1.4.1. Objetivo general ............................................................................................................... 3 1.4.2. Objetivos específicos ........................................................................................................ 3 1.5. Justificación e importancia ....................................................................................................... 4 Capítulo II...................................................................................................................................................... 5 Marco teórico ........................................................................................................................................... 5 2.1. Antecedentes............................................................................................................................ 5 2.2. Fundamento teórico................................................................................................................. 5 2.2.1. Farmacognosia.................................................................................................................. 5 2.2.2. Etnobotánica y etnofarmacología. ................................................................................... 6 2.2.3. Generalidades de la familia Crassulaceae. ....................................................................... 6 2.2.4. Generalidades del género Kalanchoe............................................................................... 7 2.2.4.1. Generalidades Kalanchoe daigremontiana Raym.-Hamet & H.Perrier Ann................. 7 2.2.4.2. Generalidades de Kalanchoe gastonis-bonnieri ........................................................... 9 2.2.5. Técnicas de extracción.................................................................................................... 11 vii 2.2.5.1. Extracción con solventes ............................................................................................ 11 2.2.5.2. Maceración................................................................................................................
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