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Tar and Turpentine
ECONOMICHISTORY Tar and Turpentine BY BETTY JOYCE NASH Tarheels extract the South’s first industry turdy, towering, and fire-resistant longleaf pine trees covered 90 million coastal acres in colonial times, Sstretching some 150,000 square miles from Norfolk, Va., to Florida, and west along the Gulf Coast to Texas. Four hundred years later, a scant 3 percent of what was known as “the great piney woods” remains. The trees’ abundance grew the Southeast’s first major industry, one that served the world’s biggest fleet, the British Navy, with the naval stores essential to shipbuilding and maintenance. The pines yielded gum resin, rosin, pitch, tar, and turpentine. On oceangoing ships, pitch and tar Wilmington, N.C., was a hub for the naval stores industry. caulked seams, plugged leaks, and preserved ropes and This photograph depicts barrels at the Worth and Worth rosin yard and landing in 1873. rigging so they wouldn’t rot in the salty air. Nations depended on these goods. “Without them, and barrels in 1698. To stimulate naval stores production, in 1704 without access to the forests from which they came, a Britain offered the colonies an incentive, known as a bounty. nation’s military and commercial fleets were useless and its Parliament’s “Act for Encouraging the Importation of Naval ambitions fruitless,” author Lawrence Earley notes in his Stores from America” helped defray the eight-pounds- book Looking for Longleaf: The Rise and Fall of an American per-ton shipping cost at a rate of four pounds a ton on tar Forest. and pitch and three pounds on rosin and turpentine. -
Facets of the History of New Bern
Swiss American Historical Society Review Volume 45 Number 3 Article 4 11-2009 Facets of the History of New Bern Michael Hill North Carolina Office of Archives and History Ansley Wegner North Carolina Office of Archives and History Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sahs_review Part of the European History Commons, and the European Languages and Societies Commons Recommended Citation Hill, Michael and Wegner, Ansley (2009) "Facets of the History of New Bern," Swiss American Historical Society Review: Vol. 45 : No. 3 , Article 4. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sahs_review/vol45/iss3/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Swiss American Historical Society Review by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Hill and Wegner: Facets of the History of New Bern Facets of the History of New Bern Michael Hill and Ansley Wegner North Carolina Office of Archives and History Survival of New Bern and Its Contribution to the Growth of a New State and Nation The affable climate and geography of the coastal plain of North Carolina made it an attractive settlement point for incoming Europeans. The land is relatively flat, and the rich soils are ideal for agriculture. The mild climate allowed for longer growing seasons, and a number of wide, slow moving rivers provided both navigation and a food source. Indeed, John Lawson, the British naturalist and explorer, described North Carolina as "a country, whose inhabitants may enjoy a life of the greatest ease and satisfaction, and pass away their hours in solid contentment." Old New Bern 57 Published by BYU ScholarsArchive, 2009 1 Swiss American Historical Society Review, Vol. -
Naval Stores Review and JOURNAL of TRADE
Naval Stores Review AND JOURNAL OF TRADE A WEEKLY PAPER FOR NAVAL STORES PRODUCERS, FACTORS, EXPORTERS AND DEALERS, AND MANUFACTURERS OF SOAPS, VARNISHES, PAPER, PRINTING INKS, ETC. “Vor. XXX1, No: 4 SAVANNAH, GA., SATURDAY, APRIL 23, 1921 _ Price $5.00 PER ANNUM J. A. G. CARSON, President H. L. KAYTON, Vice-President J. A. G. CARSON, Jr., Vice-President W. H. BARBER CO. C. H. CARSON, Vice-President at Jacksonville 3650 SOUTH HOMAN AVENUE CHICAGO, ILL. Carson Rosin, Turpentine Naval Stores Company Pine Oil, Etc. Organized in 1879. Oldest House in the Business. DIRECT SHIPMENT FROM SOUTH. BUYERS, FACTORS IT WILL PAY YOU TO -ECURE OUR PRICES. AND PRODUCERS, PLACE YOUR OFFERS WITH US. WHOLESALE GROCERS PRINCIPAL OFFICE BRANCH OFFICE SAVANNAH, GEORGIA JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA SALES DEPARTMENT National Bank Building Atlantic National Bank Building With an organization unsurpassed and ample means at our Gillican-Chipley command, our facilities for handling your business are second to none Company, Inc. ‘WE INVITE YOUR CORRESPONDENCE NEW ORLEANS, LA. DOMESTIC SALES OFFICES AND AGENCIES IT i Columbia Naval Stores Company OF DELAWARE Progyced, Digtiied ond Oistriduted Fy GILLICAN-CHIPL Head Office: SAVANNAH, GA. COMPANY ine. NEW ORLEANS, LA. U.S.A. TEMAND RURE GUA TURPENTINE ) NEW YORK - - : x . 17 Battery Place BOSTON = - - 88 Broad Street, Room 322 PRODUCERS, DEALERS PHILADELPHIA Dowdy Bros, Lafayette Building AND PITTSBURGH E. E. Zimmerman, Bessemer Building EXPORTERS CHICAGO - - 155 North Clark Street CINCINNATI - 2 - - 320 Gwynne Building OF CLEVELAND - 372 Kirby Building, (Grund & Krause) DETROIT - Western Rosin & Turpentine Co., Palmer Ave. Rosin—Turpentine - SAVANNAH WEEKLY NAVAL STORES REVIEW AND JOURNAL OF TRADE JOHN E. -
Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol. 51, Number 4
Florida Historical Quarterly Volume 51 Number 4 Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol 51, Article 1 Number 4 1972 Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol. 51, Number 4 Florida Historical Society [email protected] Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/fhq University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Full Issue is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Florida Historical Quarterly by an authorized editor of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Recommended Citation Society, Florida Historical (1972) "Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol. 51, Number 4," Florida Historical Quarterly: Vol. 51 : No. 4 , Article 1. Available at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/fhq/vol51/iss4/1 Society: Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol. 51, Number 4 Published by STARS, 1972 1 Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol. 51 [1972], No. 4, Art. 1 COVER Construction of Fort Zachary Taylor began in Key West in 1845 and it was completed in 1866. The original plans were drawn by Colonel Joseph Totten. A violent hurricane in 1846 destroyed most of the fort’s temporary work buildings and supplies, but construction was quickly resumed. Crafts- men for the brick work were imported from Germany and Ireland. Laborers were local slaves whose owners were paid $1.00 a day for their services. This is a view of the fort as drawn by a member of the garrison. It ap- peared in Harpers Weekly, March 2, 1861. Between 1898 and 1905, deciding that the fortress would be less vulnerable if not so tall, the structure was deliberately torn down to one story. -
Gum Naval Stores: Turpentine and Rosin from Pine Resin
- z NON-WOOD FORESTFOREST PRODUCTSPRODUCTS ~-> 2 Gum naval stores:stores: turpentine and rosinrosin from pinepine resinresin Food and Agriculture Organization of the Unaed Nations N\O\ON- -WOODWOOD FOREST FOREST PRODUCTSPRODUCTS 22 Gum navalnaval stores:stores: turpentine• and rosinrosin from pinepine resinresin J.J.W.J.J.W. Coppen andand G.A.G.A. HoneHone Mi(Mf' NANATURALTURAL RESRESOURCESOURCES INSTITUTEIN STITUTE FFOODOOD ANDAN D AGRICULTUREAGRIC ULTURE ORGANIZATIONORGANIZATION OFOF THETH E UNITEDUNITED NATIONSNATIONS Rome,Rome, 19951995 The designationsdesignations employedemployed andand thethe presentationpresentation of of materialmaterial inin thisthis publication do not imply the expression of any opinionopinion whatsoever onon thethe partpart ofof thethe FoodFood andand AgricultureAgriculture OrganizationOrganization ofof thethe UnitedUnited Nations concernconcerninging thethe legal status of any countrycountry,, territory, city or areaareaorofits or of its auauthorities,thorities, orconcerningor concerning the delimitationdelirnitation of itsits frontiers or boundaries.boundaries. M-37M-37 IISBNSBN 92-5-103684-5 AAllll rights reserved.reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrretrievalieval systemsystem,, oror transmitted inin any form or byby anyany means,means, electronic,electronic, mechanimechanicai,cal, photocphotocopyingopying oror otherwise, withoutwithout thethe prior permission ofof the copyright owner. AppApplicationslications forfor such permission,permission, with a statementstatement -
2,000 Trees a Day: Work and Life in the American Naval Stores Industry, 1877 to 1940 by Catherine Kim Gyllerstrom a Dissertatio
2,000 Trees a Day: Work and Life in the American Naval Stores Industry, 1877 to 1940 by Catherine Kim Gyllerstrom A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Auburn University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Auburn, Alabama December 13, 2014 Keywords: Naval Stores, Turpentine, African American, Labor, Convict Lease, Debt Peonage Copyright 2014 by Catherine Kim Gyllerstrom Approved by Jennifer Brooks, Chair, Professor of History Ruth Crocker, Professor of History Angela Lakwete, Professor of History Tiffany Sippial, Professor of History Abstract This project explores the lives of nineteenth and early twentieth century naval stores workers in Alabama, Georgia, and Florida. After the Civil War, turpentine operators faced a high demand for their product, limited capital to embark on new operations, and an uncertain labor supply. Therefore, these men resorted to deceitful labor recruitment tactics to entice free workers to their camps. In addition, operators also supplemented their work force with convict labor. The preliminary focus of this dissertation is the experience—nature of work, work culture, and daily life—of turpentine employees. Previous historians, with the exception of Robert Outland, have dismissed turpentine harvesting as a makeshift operation on the periphery of civilization. In turn, this assessment has led to the misconception that turpentine workers were wild and violent frontiersmen, who rarely formed social bonds, idolized outlaws, and ascribed to a rough and tumble way of life. This work seeks to restore the reputation of naval stores laborers and contends that these men—both African American and white, both free and captive—shared a similar work culture to other industrial workers and established and supported families within the camps. -
Longleaf Pine Forest Overview Longleaf Pine Is Also Known As Long Needle, Long Straw, Southern Yellow, Hard, Pitch and Georgia Pine Among Other Names
Longleaf Pine Forest Overview Longleaf pine is also known as long needle, long straw, southern yellow, hard, pitch and Georgia pine among other names. The natural range of longleaf pine extends from southeastern Virginia to east Texas in a belt approximately 150 miles wide adjacent to the coasts of the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico. It dips as far south as central Florida and widens northward into west central Georgia and east central Alabama. It occupies portions of three physiographic provinces: the Southern Coastal Plain, the Piedmont, and the Appalachian foothills. Longleaf pine-dominated forests can prosper on a variety of soil types, moisture regimes, geological formations, and topographic features across the wide geographic range of the species - in short, they grow almost anywhere. The tree's species name (Pinus palustris) means "of the marsh." Yet longleaf today is found mostly on dry upland areas, as the moist fertile sites were the first to be cleared for farming. Longleaf-The Virgin Forest The virgin forest offers excellent opportunities for studying the life-histories of trees. .... Several investigations of the life history of the longleaf pine, including observations under virgin forest conditions, have been made within recent years. There is, however, a practical value in pursuing still further the study of this tree. The longleaf pine is commercially of the very first importance. It is extensively distributed throughout one of the best timber- producing sections of the United States and is very well adapted to systematic forest management. Within recent years new and improved methods of exploitation have been managed with too little regard for the future and the supplies are quickly melting away. -
Naval Stores History, Dr
Highlighting Naval Stores History, Dr. Jan Davidson Wilmington postcard, 1909, Gift of Laura Howell Norden Schorr Naval Stores were the lifeblood of colonial and antebellum North Carolina, and they were an important part of the economy into the late 19th century. The Cape Fear region was the center of the industry. Naval Stores production helped shape the region’s population, by encouraging the dependence on enslaved people’s labor, and by creating a need for a town with merchants to market naval stores. They were a good business in a region where trees and water dominated the landscape, labor was scarce, and the land was poor. In the 18th century, North Carolina produced 70 percent of the tar, more than 50% of the turpentine, and 20% of the pitch that was exported from North America. According to one 19th century account, “Nearly the whole trade of the town [Wilmington] is derived from the produce of the pine forests. The Wharves display immense quantities of pitch and resin barrels, and stills for the manufacture of turpentine are numerous.”1This made Wilmington a rather dangerous place to live. According to one scholar, “In Wilmington, twenty distillery fires occurred from 1842 to 1853, and many fires destroyed wharves and other places where turpentine was stored. Turpentine fires sometimes incinerated an entire community. Anyone who ran a still was living a dangerous life and posed a threat to the community.”2 1 Robert Russell North America: Its Agriculture and Climate, (Edinburgh: Robert and Black, 1857), p. 158 2 Lawrence S. Earley, Looking for Longleaf: The Fall and Rise of An American Forest, (University of North Carolina Press, 2004) pp, 105-106 1 What Are Naval Stores? There are four main products that fall under the heading “naval stores:” tar, pitch, spirits of turpentine, and rosin. -
From Commodity to Specialty Chemicals: Cellulose Products and Naval Stores at the Hercules Powder Company, 1919-1939 Davisdyer and David B
From Commodity to Specialty Chemicals: Cellulose Products and Naval Stores at the Hercules Powder Company, 1919-1939 DavisDyer and David B. Sicilia 1 The WinthropGroup Considerthe following"snapshots" in the life of the HerculesPowder Co. of Wilmington,Delaware: In 1919Hercules' total sales were $20.5 million. More than99 percent of theserevenues came from a singleline of business:commercial explosives, includinggunpowder, smokeless powder, blasting powder, and, especially, dynamite. These productswere sold to mine and quarry operators, constructionfirms, and the generalhardware trade, and were, for the most part,indistinguishable from products offered by leading competitors. Hercules managedits assetsthrough a singleoperating department. The company maintaineda small "ExperimentalStation" on the groundsof one of its dynamiteplants to servethe researchand testing needs of the entirecompany. This stationoperated on an annualbudget of about$180,000, a total of less thanone percent of sales.The companyheld four patents and had ten patent applicationspending. Two decadeslater Hercules'sales exceeded $41 million. The company nowproduced more than two hundredproducts ranging from explosivesto a varietyof cellulosicand rosin-based compounds, paper chemicals, insecticides, andsynthetic resins. Most of theseproducts were highly specialized; indeed, mostwere developedwith particularmarket niches in mind and usuallyin close cooperationwith key customers. In 1939 Hercules conductedits businessthrough six operating units. To supportthese activities -
Report B. E. Fernow
U S DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE REPORT OF TIlE CHIEF OF THE DIVISION OF FORESTRY FOIl 1 8t, () . DY B. E. FERNOW. EROM THE REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE FOR 1C2. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1893. CONTENTS. Page. THE WORK OF THE YEAR 294-302 Bulletin on timber physics published and favorably received, 294; in- creased value of Southern pine resulting from our investigations of the turpentine industry, 295; inquiry begun as to the tannin con- tents of certain woods, 296; revision of the nomenclature of our trees, 297; distribution of seeds and seedlings; forest-planting ex- periment, 298; preparation of exhibit for the World's Fair, 301; present situation of the division, 302. GENERAL CoNDITION or FOREST AREAS 303-313 Extent of forests at discovery of the continent, 302; causel of the re- duction in forest areas, 303value of exports of forest products during thirty years, value of forest products used in 1860, 1870, and 1880, 304; number, distribution, and capacity of sawmills, 305; aver- age prices of lumber anti stumpage for thirty years, 307; forest fires, 308; proposed act for protection of forests from fires, 310; present extent of forest area, 312; public and private ownership Of forests, Government forest reservations, 313. THE FORESTRY MOVEMENT 315-318 Present condition of the Arbor Day movement, 316; memorial of the A A. A. S. to Congress, appointment of Dr. Hongh to report on forestry, establishment of the Division of Forestry, organization of Ameri- can Forestry Congress, State forestry associations and commissions, 317; forest reservations made by proclamation of the President, 318. -
SURVEY of CURRENT BUSINESS June 1934
JUNE 1934 SURVEY OF UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE BUREAU OF FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE WASHINGTON VOLUME 14 NUMBER 6 The usual SEMIANNUAL i?EVISION of material has been made in this issue. A list of the new data added and the series dropped is given below. The pages indicated for the new series refer to this issue, while the pages given for the discontinued series refer to the May 1934 issue. DATA ADDED DATA DROPPED Page Page Agricultural products, cash income received from Marketings of forest products 23 marketings of 23 Highway construction under the Federal Highway Act 25 Index of new passenger car sales 26 Delinquent accounts of the electrical trade 26 Indexes of variety store sales (new index) 26 Indexes of five-and-ten (variety) store sales (old index) 26 Factory employment (B.L.S.) 27 Restaurant sales and stores operated 27 Factory pay rolls (B.L.S.) 29 Childs Company. J. R. Thompson Company. Waldorf System, Inc. Agricultural loans outstanding (6 series) 30 Factory employment (adjusted and unadjusted) Imports for consumption-^ „ _ ^ _ 34 (F.R.B.) 27 Factory operations, proportion of full time worked. 28 Beverages . 39 Nonmanufacturing employment, canning and pre- Fermented malt liquors: serving. 28 Production, consumption, and stocks. Factory pay-roll indexes (F.R.B.) 29 Distilled spirits: Production, consumption, and stocks in Nonmanufacturing pay rolls, canning and preserv- bonded warehouses. ing „ 29 Bank suspensions 31 Receipts of milk, Greater New York 40 Receipts of milk, Greater New York 39 Refined sugar, imports -
Naval Stores: the Industry
286 NAVAL STORES: THE INDUSTRY JAY WARD Naval stores arc the derivatives of an ark of gopher wood; rooms shalt the crude gum—oleoresin—that comes thou make in the ark, and shalt pitch from living pine trees, pine stumps, it wdthin and without with pitch." and dead lightwood. Some arc byprod- When Columbus discovered Amer- ucts from sulfate pulp mills. The term ica, the center of production in Europe is limited generally to turpentine and extended from Scandinavia through rosin, but it can be said to cover pine the Baltic countries. From them came tar, pine oil, and rosin oils. In the trade, quantities of tar and pitch for use by the product from living pine trees is the fleets of wooden sailing vessels of known as gum naval stores; the prod- all the European nations. King Phillip uct from stumps, lightwood, and pulp of Spain drew from this source for mills is called wood naval stores. In his Spanish Armada. Queen Elizabeth Colonial days, gum was cooked down drew from it for her British fleet. One to a thick tar and used to preserve the of the basic commodities sought by the ropes and calk the seams of the ships— Europeans in the New World w^as a and from that we got the name "naval source of naval stores for their ships. stores" for the products used now in a Turpentining is one of the oldest hundred ways unconnected with ships. and most picturesque of American in- The gum naval stores industry, at its dustries. The production of tar, pitch, peak in 1908-9, produced 750,000 bar- rosin, and turpentine started when rels (50 gallons each) of gum spirits of the first settlers landed on the Atlan- turpentine and 1,998,400 drums of gum tic coast.