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De Fratanduono, Ma Barrios, Tr Boehly, Dd MeasuresMeasures ofof Strain-InducedStrain-Induced RefractiveRefractive IndexIndex ChangesChanges inin Ramp-CompressedRamp-Compressed LithiumLithium FluorideFluoride D.D. E.E. FRATANDUONO,FRATANDUONO, M.M. A.A. BARRIOS,BARRIOS, T.T. R.R. BOEHLY,BOEHLY, D.D. D.D. MEYERHOFER,MEYERHOFER, J.J. H.H. EGGERT*,EGGERT*, R.R. SMITH*,SMITH*, D.D. G.G. HICKS*,HICKS*, P.P. M.M. CELLIERS*,CELLIERS*, ANDAND G.G. WW .COLLINS*.COLLINS* University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics *Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA Abstract Laser-driven flyer plate experiments demonstrate ability to Quasi-isentropic compression was observed using Glue layers compromised ramp measurements, measure refractive index using lasers as the driving force a two-section target but the final state can be used to obtain correction Lithium fluoride( LiF) is frequently used as a window in equation-of-state Polyimide Al LiF Flyer plate experiments because it remains transparent for single shocks up to 1.8 Mbar velocity (Uf) 54948 and multishocks up to 5 Mbar. Its refractive index changes when compressed, 16 affecting the sensitivity of velocity interferometry measurements. For shocked Ramp VISAR record loading Flyer 5 ) 20 Diamond LiF, the refractive index has been measured for pressures up to 1.15 Mbar ~300 J, 4 ns ) VISAR ns 1-mm spot Diamond / free surface ns 12 Diamond using gas-gun flyer-plate experiments. We report on experiments at the Interface / U ) f 4 m s m free surface / OMEGA Omega Laser Facility that use laser-driven shocks and ramp compression n n VISAR ( ( to compress diamond targets with LiF windows up to 8 Mbar. A specially km 8 ( 3 designed two-section target is used, consisting of a diamond driver with a LiF Free 10 Polyimide LiF LiF window attached to half of the rear surface. Diamond free-surface velocity 2 Apparent surface 4 Velocity Velocity and diamond/LiF interface velocities are measured. The refractive index of particle Diamond/ Glue Velocity LiF interface Velocity Velocity 1 compressed LiF is deduced by comparing these velocities. velocity (Uapp) LiF interface Ramp loading Uapp 0 ~300 J, 4 ns –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 1-mm spot VISAR 0 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 Time (ns) Time (ns) 2 4 6 Time (ns) Time (ns) The apparent particle velocity (U ) measured by VISAR is not an accurate This work was supported by the U.S. D.O.E Office of Inertial Confinement Fusion under apparent Due to high compressibility of the thin glue layer, values Cooperative Agreement No. DE-FC52-08NA28302, the University of Rochester, and the New York measurement of the particle velocity caused by the LiF refractive index (n). State Energy Research and Development Authority. The support of DOE does not constitute an at peak compression were obtained for six shots. endorsement by DOE of the views expressed in this article. † E17787a Experiments were performed by J. Eggert and R. Smith at the Janus Laser Facility. E18913 E18364a Changes in the refractive index affect VISAR An LiF collision analysis is used to recover the true Method of characteristics recovers Refractive index is linearly dependent on density measurements the true interface velocity up to 8 Mbar particle velocity (Utrue) L LiF refractive index as Window Collision analysis in the P, U plane a function of density U Diamond Free-Surface Interface 16 1.7 s 1.0 1.60 Characteristics Characteristics Stress (GPa) VISAR LiF Hugoniot ) Wise and Chhabildas 8 n 500 ) • VISAR measures the rate of 0.8 ( 1.55 12 Al Hugoniot Linear fit 1.6 change of the optical path 1.50 Experimental data 400 Mbar Diamond LiF particle 6 ( 0.6 length (OPL) ) n velocity (Utrue) 1.45 8 0 ns 300 0.4 ( 1.5 • OPL depends on n0 and ns Flyer plate 1.40 4 Reflecting shock velocity (Uf) 200 index Refractive Apparent velocity Apparent 4 Time L Pressure 0.2 1.35 1 Mbar Refractive index index Refractive 2 100 1 Mbar 8 Mbar 1.4 OPL= # n() x dx 0.0 1.30 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 3.0 3.4 3.8 4.2 4.6 0 Us 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 3 4 5 6 7 3 0 0 VISAR Velocity (km/s) Density (g/cm ) 0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 • Corrections must be made for True velocity Density (g/cc) Lagrangian depth (nm) Lagrangian depth (nm) shocked materials (ns) Correction factor: Refractive index†: Ramp compression Perfect EOS Diamond U Peak ramp compression 10% error in EOS app Do Us Do Utrue n n = + 1 n= n - 1+ Orthogonal fit Shock fit s 0 U o 0 UU- d o0 n UU- true 0 s true s true Shock data Reflecting surface Shock fit E18447a E18914 E18916 † E17788b D. R. Hardesty, J. Appl. Phys. 47, 1994 (1976). Summary/Conclusions Transparency of shocks in LiF windows makes it Simultaneous measurement of free-surface and Refractive index is independent of loading history The refractive index of quasi-isentropically compressed possible for VISAR to probe the material interface apparent particle velocities provide index correction LiF has been measured to ~800 GPa Diamond free surface 16 Diamond/LiF interface Laser ablation ) Simulated interface LiF window Diamond ns 1.54 Shock LiF / 12 • The shock-compressed refractive index of LiF was previously studied Ufree surface m 1.52 U U n to 100 GPa* p s ( VISAR Drive 8 Shock – demonstrated refractive-index measurements using laser-driven beam 1.50 Uapparent compression flyer plate 4 1.48 Diamond Velocity LiF window Ramp • LiF is observed to be transparent up to 800 GPa with quasi-isentropic ns n0 0 1.46 1 2 3 4 5 6 index Refractive compression compression Time (ns) 1.44 Reflecting surface Compressed region 3.8 4.2 4.6 5.0 5.4 – remains transparent for single shocks < 160 GPa 10 Density (g/cc) • VISAR analysis to recover velocities (free-surface and apparent • Ramp-compressed LiF refractive index is in agreement with existing data • Single shocks up to 160 GPa are transparent in LiF interface velocity) 8 – does not depend on loading technique – multishocks up to 500 GPa are transparent • Method of characteristics analysis to recover true interface velocity 6 Refractive index (shock versus ramp compression) – backward integrate free-surface measurement determines the 4 is determined from • VISAR probes through compressed material; this alters its sensitivity applied pressure using free-surface boundary condition Ramp compression • LiF refractive index scales linearly with density up to 800 GPa dUapp dn 2 Shock compression =n Z t • For shock compression up to 100 GPa, the refractive index – forward integrate applied pressure using impedance-matching velocity Apparent Shock fit dUT dt scales linearly with density:* n = a + bt boundary condition 0 0 2 4 6 8 • Compare the apparent and true velocities to recover the refractive index True velocity *J. L. Wise and L. C. Chhabildas, presented at the American Physical Society Topical E18046a *J. L. Wise and L. C. Chhabildas, Shock Waves in Condensed Matter 1985, DEAC04-DP00789 E18912 E18915 E18359a Conference on Shock Waves in Condensed Matter, Spokane, WA, 22 July 1985. Abstract Lithium fluoride( LiF) is frequently used as a window in equation-of-state experiments because it remains transparent for single shocks up to 1.8 Mbar and multishocks up to 5 Mbar. Its refractive index changes when compressed, affecting the sensitivity of velocity interferometry measurements. For shocked LiF, the refractive index has been measured for pressures up to 1.15 Mbar using gas-gun flyer-plate experiments. We report on experiments at the Omega Laser Facility that use laser-driven shocks and ramp compression to compress diamond targets with LiF windows up to 8 Mbar. A specially designed two-section target is used, consisting of a diamond driver with a LiF window attached to half of the rear surface. Diamond free-surface velocity and diamond/LiF interface velocities are measured. The refractive index of compressed LiF is deduced by comparing these velocities. This work was supported by the U.S. D.O.E Office of Inertial Confinement Fusion under Cooperative Agreement No. DE-FC52-08NA28302, the University of Rochester, and the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority. The support of DOE does not constitute an endorsement by DOE of the views expressed in this article. Changes in the refractive index affect VISAR measurements L Window Us VISAR • VISAR measures the rate of change of the optical path Diamond length (OPL) n0 • OPL depends on n0 and ns Reflecting shock L OPL= # n() x dx 0 U s • Corrections must be made for VISAR shocked materials (ns) Diamond ns n0 Reflecting surface E18447a Transparency of shocks in LiF windows makes it possible for VISAR to probe the material interface LiF window Shock LiF Up Us VISAR Diamond ns n0 Reflecting surface • Single shocks up to 160 GPa are transparent in LiF – multishocks up to 500 GPa are transparent • VISAR probes through compressed material; this alters its sensitivity • For shock compression up to 100 GPa, the refractive index scales linearly with density:* n = a + bt E18046a *J. L. Wise and L. C. Chhabildas, Shock Waves in Condensed Matter 1985, DEAC04-DP00789 Laser-driven flyer plate experiments demonstrate ability to measure refractive index using lasers as the driving force Polyimide Al LiF Flyer plate velocity (Uf) Ramp VISAR record 5 ~300 J, 4 ns loading Flyer 1-mm spot VISAR Uf ) 4 s / km ( 3 Polyimide LiF 2 Apparent particle Velocity Velocity 1 Ramp loading U velocity (Uapp) ~300 J, 4 ns app 1-mm spot VISAR 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 Time (ns) The apparent particle velocity (Uapparent) measured by VISAR is not an accurate measurement of the particle velocity caused by the LiF refractive index (n).
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