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Cahiers D'histoire Du Cnam Cahiers d’histoire du Cnam vol. 7-8 Dossier La recherche sur les systèmes : des pivots dans l’histoire de l’informatique – II/II Coordonné par Camille Paloque-Berges et Loïc Petitgirard 2017 / Second semestre (nouvelle série) Cahiers d’histoire du Cnam vol. 7-8 Dossier La recherche sur les systèmes : des pivots dans l’histoire de l’informatique – II/II Coordonné par Camille Paloque-Berges et Loïc Petitgirard 2017 / Second semestre (nouvelle série) Cahiers d’histoire du Cnam. Vol. 7-8, 2017 / 2 (nouvelle série). Dossier « La recherche sur les systèmes : des pivots dans l’histoire de l’informatique – II/II », coordonné par Camille Paloque-Berges et Loïc Petitgirard. Direction de la publication Olivier Faron, administrateur général du Conservatoire national des arts et métiers Rédacteur en chef Loïc Petitgirard Comité de rédaction Marco Bertilorenzi, Soraya Boudia, Jean-Claude Bouly, Serge Chambaud, Lise Cloitre, Renaud d’Enfert, Claudine Fontanon, Virginie Fonteneau, Clotilde Ferroud, André Grelon, Alain Michel, Cédric Neumann, Loïc Petitgirard, Catherine Radtka, Laurent Rollet, Raphaëlle Renard-Foultier, Ferrucio Ricciardi, Jean-Claude Ruano-Borbalan, Henri Zimnovitch Comité de lecture du numéro Isabelle Astic, Michel Élie, Gérard Florin, Sacha Krakowiak, Sylvain Lenfle, Baptiste Mélès, Pierre-Éric Mounier-Kuhn, Philippe Picard, Benoit Sarazin, Valérie Schafer, Benjamin Thierry Un comité de lecture ad hoc est constitué à chaque numéro. La liste complète des lecteurs est publiée sur la page Web de la revue : http://technique-societe.cnam.fr/les-cahiers-d-histoire-du-cnam-696687.kjsp Secrétariat de rédaction Camille Paloque-Berges, assistée de Sofia Foughali Laboratoire HT2S-Cnam, Case 1LAB10, 2 rue Conté, 75 003 Paris Téléphone : 0033 (0)1 40 27 22 74 Mél : camille. [email protected] sofia. [email protected] Maquettage Françoise Derenne, sur un gabarit original créé par la Direction de la Communication du Cnam Impression Service de la reprographie du Cnam Crédits, mentions juridiques et dépôt légal : ©Cnam ISSN 1240-2745 Illustrations photographiques : Archives du Cnam ou tous droits réservés Fondateurs (première série, 1992) Claudine Fontanon, André Grelon Ce double volume a été réalisé grâce au soutien du Laboratoire d'Excellence HASTEC Les 5 premiers numéros de l’ancienne série (1992-1996) sont disponibles intégralement sur le site Web du Conservatoire numérique du Cnam : http://cnum.cnam.fr Sommaire Dossier La recherche sur les systèmes : des pivots dans l’histoire de l’informatique – II/II ........................... 7 Introduction au second volume Éléments d’histoire des systèmes d’exploitation des années 1960 aux années 1990 Camille Paloque-Berges et Loïc Petitgirard .................................. 9 Qu'est-ce qu'un système d'exploitation ? Une approche historique Marteen Bullynck ........................................................................ 19 La Saga des machines-langage et -système François Anceau ......................................................................... 41 Émergence des systèmes d’exploitation comme discipline Claude Kaiser ............................................................................. 53 The History of Unix in the History of Software Thomas Haigh ............................................................................. 77 Unix : construire un environnement de développement de A à Z Warren Toomey. 91 Unix: A View from the Field as We Played the Game Clement T. Cole ........................................................................... 111 La conversion à Unix Un exemple de prophétisme informatique ? Laurent Bloch .............................................................................. 129 Unix vu de province : 1982-1992 Jacques Talbot ............................................................................ 145 Unix et les systèmes ouverts dans Bull, avant l’Internet Michel Élie et Philippe Picard ....................................................... 163 Dossier La recherche sur les systèmes : des pivots dans l’histoire de l’informatique – II/II Coordonné par Camille Paloque-Berges et Loïc Petitgirard 9 Introduction Éléments d’histoire des systèmes d’exploitation des années 1960 aux années 1990 Camille Paloque-Berges HT2S, Cnam. Loïc Petitgirard HT2S, Cnam. Ce deuxième volume du double information-communication, informa- numéro consacré à la recherche sur les tique) pour réfléchir à la formation et à systèmes comme pivots dans l’histoire la légitimation institutionnelle de la disci- de l’informatique est le fruit de réflexions pline informatique ainsi qu’à la documen- développées lors de deux colloques orga- tation de son histoire. Ce numéro élargit nisés conjointement : par l’équipe du la perspective après une première focali- séminaire « Histoire de l’informatique et sation sur le cas du Conservatoire national du numérique » qui se déroule au Musée des arts et métiers. Ces travaux ont illus- des arts et métiers depuis de nombreuses tré la montée en recherche, à partir des années, avec pour focalisation les objets, années 1970, d’acteurs de l’informatique les périodes, et les lieux institutionnels au Cnam ayant accompagné le projet et industriels de l’histoire de l’informa- scientifique de la création du laboratoire tique, en particulier en France, et à partir le Centre d’Études et de Recherches en du point de vue privilégié des acteurs Informatique du Cnam (Cédric) à la fin techniques de cette histoire ; et par celle des années 19801. du programme « Hist.Pat.info.Cnam », qui a regroupé entre 2014 et 2017 sous L’histoire des systèmes d’exploi- l’égide du LabEx Histoire, Anthropologie tation est à la fois une problématique des Savoirs, Techniques et Croyances déjà posée et un terrain en friche au sein (HASTEC) des chercheurs interdiscipli- naires de plusieurs laboratoires (histoire, 1 Voir le premier volume de ce double numéro. de l’historiographie de l’informatique. sur ce moment de transition, il propose Celle-ci ne limite pas ses réflexions à également une réflexion sur l’évolution l’histoire des machines mais s’intéresse de la notion et celle du domaine des à l’évolution des concepts, processus systèmes en informatique en général. et applications logicielles ainsi qu’aux Par exemple, les systèmes de bases de pratiques, manières de faire, circula- données étaient, à leurs débuts, souvent tion et diffusion des savoirs vers les considérés comme des éléments des usages. Cette histoire se penche sur les systèmes d’exploitation, avant d’être logiciels (software), dont l’importance définitivement placés dans la catégorie est croissante depuis quinze ans pour « applications », catégorie à part entière. les historiens dès lors qu’ils sont plei- nement considérés comme un artefact Durant les deux décennies pré- non seulement technique, mais aussi in- cédentes, la recherche sur les grands dustriel, commercial, voire culturel, re- systèmes a fait émerger d’abord des posant sur des efforts de développement « systèmes de contrôle », avec une considérables (Hashagen, 2002 ; Camp- grande variété d’implémentations chez bell-Kelly, 2003). En ce sens, toute la les constructeurs. Le texte de M. Bul- problématique du logiciel, de l’organi- lynck propose une synthèse de ces sation des communautés de pratiques développements sur la période 1954- jusqu’à la question de la brevetabilité du 1964, qui préparent les systèmes ulté- logiciel, traverse l’histoire des systèmes rieurs, leur dissémination et ce qui d’exploitation. bientôt s’appellera operating systems. De manière complémentaire, C. Kaiser, Mais l’histoire des systèmes ne ancien professeur titulaire de la chaire saurait se dissoudre dans l’histoire gé- « Informatique-programmation » au nérale du logiciel, en ceci qu’elle suit Cnam2, offre le point de vue d’un acteur une dynamique qui lui est propre. De de cette histoire des systèmes, et montre fait, le système d’exploitation est un dans son texte le contexte technique, artefact central de la machine qui orga- industriel et académique dans lequel la nise et distribue les processus, alloue un question des systèmes d’exploitation temps et un espace à l’utilisateur pour devient une discipline à part entière à la ses opérations, assure l’interface entre fin des années 1960. l’humain et la machine. Les années 1970 sont une décennie d’accélération dans la Tirant parti des expériences des recherche et le développement de sys- années 1960, les mini-ordinateurs seront tèmes d’exploitation, transition entre les grands systèmes et mini-ordinateurs, 2 Claude Kaiser est un personnage central de l’histoire d’usages industriel et scientifique, et la racontée dans le premier volume de ce double numéro, auquel nous renvoyons, ainsi qu’à un entretien publié micro-informatique, d’usage général. Si dans la revue TSI (Neumann, Petitgirard, Paloque- ce numéro se concentre essentiellement Berges, 2016). 10 11 associés aux systèmes dits répartis, qui systèmes » intégrant des mécanismes de permettent de gérer des processus multi- systèmes dans leur matériel. utilisateurs en temps réel. L’ordinateur n’est plus un grand système qui n’est L’histoire des systèmes d’exploita- manipulable que par des utilisateurs très tion se matérialise dans les espaces de la spécialisés, les opérateurs, mais ras- recherche en informatique dans les labo- semble autour de lui une équipe de spé- ratoires scientifiques des universités et cialistes aux compétences diversifiées. des entreprises. Au-delà de ses espaces Dans les années 1970, les laboratoires de conception et de développement, le de R&D
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