Identifying Sea Cucumbers
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Petition to List the Black Teatfish, Holothuria Nobilis, Under the U.S. Endangered Species Act
Before the Secretary of Commerce Petition to List the Black Teatfish, Holothuria nobilis, under the U.S. Endangered Species Act Photo Credit: © Philippe Bourjon (with permission) Center for Biological Diversity 14 May 2020 Notice of Petition Wilbur Ross, Secretary of Commerce U.S. Department of Commerce 1401 Constitution Ave. NW Washington, D.C. 20230 Email: [email protected], [email protected] Dr. Neil Jacobs, Acting Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere U.S. Department of Commerce 1401 Constitution Ave. NW Washington, D.C. 20230 Email: [email protected] Petitioner: Kristin Carden, Oceans Program Scientist Sarah Uhlemann, Senior Att’y & Int’l Program Director Center for Biological Diversity Center for Biological Diversity 1212 Broadway #800 2400 NW 80th Street, #146 Oakland, CA 94612 Seattle,WA98117 Phone: (510) 844‐7100 x327 Phone: (206) 324‐2344 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] The Center for Biological Diversity (Center, Petitioner) submits to the Secretary of Commerce and the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) through the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) a petition to list the black teatfish, Holothuria nobilis, as threatened or endangered under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA), 16 U.S.C. § 1531 et seq. Alternatively, the Service should list the black teatfish as threatened or endangered throughout a significant portion of its range. This species is found exclusively in foreign waters, thus 30‐days’ notice to affected U.S. states and/or territories was not required. The Center is a non‐profit, public interest environmental organization dedicated to the protection of native species and their habitats. -
Sea Cucumbers
Guide to Species 49 SEA CUCUMBERS The sea cucumber fishery is an importantHoloturia source scabra of livelihood to many households in the coast of KenyaStichopus (Conand ethermani al., 2006), althoughHoloturia they nobilis. are not eaten by local people. There are several commercially important sea cucumber species in Kenya. In the southern coast, is the most commonly landed species, followed by and Sea cucumber catches have significantly decreased over the years. Some low-value species are increasingly getting important to fishers’ catches to make up for the decrease in the size and quantities of high value species. TECHNICAL TERMS AND MEASUREMENTS dorsal podia mouth lateral radius of (papillae) bivium Inter-radiae anus lateral radius of tentacles trivium podia or ventral median radius of ambulacra trivium Sea cucumbers have an orally-aborally elongated body. The body is formed like a short or long cylinder, with the mouth (at the anterior end) encircled by tentacles, and the anus (at the posterior end) often edged by papillae. The pentamerous symmetry is sometimes recognizable by the presence of 5 meridional ambulacra bearing podia. Sea cucumbers often lay on the substrate with their ventral surface or trivium, formed by the radii A, B, and E in the Carpenter system for orientation. This creeping sole bears the locomotory podia, while on the dorsal surface, or bivium, the podia are often represented by papillae. Consequently, a secondary bilateral symmetry is evident. The mouth is terminal or displaced dorsally, surrounded by a thin buccal membrane, and generally bordered by a circle of tentacles. 50 - Holothuriidae HOLOTHURIIDAE Sea Cucumbers Sea cucumbers§ Actinopyga mauritiana FAO names: § § Surf redfish (En) Local name(s): N: § (Quoy & Graimard, 1833) Holothurie brune des brisants (Fr) Habitat: Jongoo; S: Jongoo (M/K). -
Approaches in Rebuilding Sea Urchin and Sea Cucumber Populations in the Philippines Marie Antonette J
Approaches in Rebuilding Sea Urchin and Sea Cucumber Populations in the Philippines Marie Antonette J. Meñez Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines email: [email protected] Abstract Sea urchins and sea cucumbers are among the most valuable and overexploited fishery resources. Culture and release of juvenile Tripneustes gratilla and Holothuria scabra have been undertaken to rebuild depleted populations and provide a supplemental source of income for fishers. In both cases an integrated socio- ecological approach was used. Studies on factors affecting growth and survival of released juveniles were conducted alongside active participation of local partners in site management and regular monitoring. For T. gratilla, community-based grow-out in sea cages complemented with restocking of protected areas helped in the recovery of a collapsed fishery. Gonad biomass and quality of sea urchins fed with Sargassum were high. These increased the value of the gonads and reproductive output of cultured sea urchins. In the case of H. scabra, release of juveniles in a communal sea ranch resulted in the build-up in density and biomass. Observations of regular mass spawning in the sea ranch established that a viable spawning population was maintained through selective harvesting. Both the sea urchin cage grow-out culture and sea cucumber sea ranch function as reproductive reserves and source of larval supply to adjacent suitable habitats. In addition, wild recruits in the sea ranch and in the vicinity of the sea urchin sea cages indicate that natural recruitment may be enhanced by the high density of conspecific adults. These models have demonstrated that both ecological and economic benefits can be realized through of responsible culture-based management interventions. -
Predator Defense Mechanisms in Shallow Water Sea Cucumbers (Holothuroidea)
PREDATOR DEFENSE MECHANISMS IN SHALLOW WATER SEA CUCUMBERS (HOLOTHUROIDEA) JESSICA A. CASTILLO Environmental Science Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 USA Abstract. The various predator defense mechanisms possessed by shallow water sea cucumbers were surveyed in twelve different species and morphs. While many defense mechanisms such as the presence of Cuverian tubules, toxic secretions, and unpalatability have been identified in holothurians, I hypothesized that the possession of these traits as well as the degree to which they are utilized varies from species to species. The observed defense mechanisms were compared against a previously-derived phylogeny of the sea cucumbers of Moorea. Furthermore, I hypothesized that while the presence of such structures is most likely a result of the species’ placement on a phylogenetic tree, the degree to which they utilize such structures and their physical behavior are influenced by their individual ecologies. The presence of a red liquid secretion was restricted to individuals of the genus Holothuria (Linnaeus 1767) however not all members of the genus exhibited this trait. With the exception of H. leucospilota, which possessed both Cuverian tubules and a red secretion, Cuverian tubules were observed in members of the genus Bohadschia (Ostergren 1896). In accordance with the hypothesis, both the phylogenetics and individual ecology appear to influence predator defense mechanisms. However, even closely related species of similar ecology may differ considerably. Key words: holothurians; defense; toxicity; Cuverian tubules; Moorea, French Polynesia INTRODUCTION (Sakthivel et. Al, 1994). Approximately 20 species in two families and five genera, Sea cucumbers belong to the phylum including Holothuria, Bohadschia, and Thenelota, Echinodermata and the class Holothuroidea. -
Taxonomy of the Heavily Exploited Indo-Pacific Sandfish
Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009, 155, 40–59. With 10 figures Taxonomy of the heavily exploited Indo-Pacific sandfish complex (Echinodermata: Holothuriidae) CLAUDE MASSIN1*, SVEN UTHICKE2, STEVEN W. PURCELL3, FRANK W. E. ROWE, FLS4† and YVES SAMYN5 1Department of Invertebrates, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Vautierstraat 29, 1000 Brussels, Belgium 2Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB No 3, Townsville, Qld 4810, Australia 3The WorldFish Center, c/o SPC – Secretariat of the Pacific Community, B.P. D5, 98848 Noumea Cedex, New Caledonia 4Research Associate, Australian Museum, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia 5Global Taxonomy Initiative, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Vautierstraat 29, 1000 Brussels, Belgium Received 5 September 2007; accepted for publication 18 October 2007 Two commercially valuable holothurians, the sandfish and golden sandfish, vary in colour and have a confused taxonomy, lending uncertainty to species identifications. A recent molecular study showed that the putative variety Holothuria (Metriatyla) scabra var. versicolor Conand, 1986 (‘golden sandfish’) is a distinct species from, but could hybridize with, H. (Metriatyla) scabra Jaeger, 1833 (’sandfish’). Examination of the skeletal elements and external morphology of these species corroborates these findings. The identity of H. (M.) scabra is unambiguously defined through the erection and description of a neotype, and several synonyms have been critically re-examined. The nomenclaturally rejected taxon H. (Metriatyla) timama Lesson, 1830 and H. (M.) scabra var. versicolor (a nomen nudum) are herein recognized as conspecific and are allocated to a new species, Holothuria lessoni sp. nov., for which type specimens are described. The holotype and only known specimen of H. aculeata Semper, 1867, has been found and is redescribed. -
FTP520 Seacucumber 09.Indd
7 1. Foreword The conservation and management of sea cucumbers are of paramount importance because these animals fulfil an important role in marine ecosystems and are a significant source of income to many coastal communities worldwide (Conand, 1990; Conand and Byrne, 1994). The current grave status (see Glossary) of sea cucumber stocks in numerous countries can be attributed to three broad causes: rampant exploitation, ever-increasing market demand and inadequacy of fishery management. The unique life history traits of holothurians (e.g. low or infrequent recruitment, great longevity and density-dependent reproductive success) also make these species especially vulnerable to overfishing. The vulnerability of sea cucumber populations to local extinction and the risk of long-term loss of fishery productivity have prompted several international and regional meetings of expert scientists and fishery managers in recent years. In 2003, FAO hosted a technical workshop, “Advances in sea cucumber aquaculture and management”, and published a report with technical papers and recommendations for fishery management (Lovatelli et al., 2004). The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) also ran a technical workshop, in 2004 in Malaysia, entitled “Conservation of sea cucumbers in the families Holothuridae and Stichopodidae”, providing scientific justification and urging for the immediate need of conservation and sustainable exploitation of sea cucumbers (Conand, 2004, 2006a, 2006b; Bruckner, 2006a). In 2006, the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) organized a workshop to produce a simple guidebook to help Pacific fishery managers to diagnose the health of their sea cucumber fisheries and develop appropriate management plans (Friedman et al., 2008a). -
Cop 18 Doc XXX- P. 1
Original language: English CoP18 Prop.XX CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA ____________________ Eighteenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties Colombo (Sri Lanka), 23 May – 3 June 2019 CONSIDERATION OF PROPOSALS FOR AMENDMENT OF APPENDICES I AND II A Proposal Inclusion of the following three species belonging to the subgenus Holothuria (Microthele): Holothuria (Microthele) fuscogilva, Holothuria (Microthele) nobilis and Holothuria (Microthele) whitmaei in Appendix II, in accordance with Article II paragraph 2 (a) of the Convention and satisfying Criteria A and B in Annex 2a of Resolution Conf. 9.24 (Rev. CoP17). B. Proponent European Union, Kenya [insert other proponents here] C. Supporting statement 1. Taxonomy (WoRMS 2017) 1.1. Class: Holothuroidea 1.2. Order: Aspidochirotida 1.3. Family: Holothuriidae 1.4. Genus, species or subspecies, including author and year in the three species belong to the subgenus Holothuria (Microthele) Brandt, 1835: Holothuria (Microthele) fuscogilva Cherbonnier, 19801 Holothuria (Microthele) nobilis (Selenka, 1867)1,2 including Holothuria (Microthele) sp. “pentard” 3 Holothuria (Microthele) whitmaei Bell, 18872 1 Holothuria (Microthele) fuscogilva was considered as the same species as Holothuria (Microthele) nobilis until 1980 (Cherbonnier). 2 Holothuria (Microthele) whitmaei, occurring in the Pacific Ocean, was separated from Holothuria (Microthele) nobilis, present in the Indian Ocean, in 2004. 3 Holothuria (Microthele) nobilis taxa seems to be considered as a group of species where Holothuria sp. “pentard” is a form that is currently being described. This species, locally named ‘pentard or flower teatfish’, is important for the Seychelles’ exploitation (Aumeeruddy & Conand 2008; Conand 2008). CoP 18 Doc XXX- p. -
Electron Microscopy Reveals the Ultrastructure and the Chromatin Organization of Holothuria Scabra Male Germ Cells
Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol. 40(2), 321-328, Mar. - Apr. 2018 Original Article Electron microscopy reveals the ultrastructure and the chromatin organization of Holothuria scabra male germ cells Worawit Suphamungmee1, Nittiya Nontunha1, Supakant Chaichotranunt2, Yotsawan Tinikul3, Tanate Poomtong2, and Prasert Sobhon1, 4* 1 Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Ratchathewee, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand 2The Coastal Fisheries Research and Development Center, Mueang, Prachuap Khiri Khan, 77000 Thailand 3Mahidol University, Nakhonsawan Campus, Mueang, Nakhon Sawan, 60130 Thailand 4Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Mueang, Chon Buri, 20131 Thailand Received: 5 December 2016; Revised: 15 December 2016; Accepted: 21 December 2016 Abstract Holothuria scabra release their gametes into seawater where external fertilization rapidly takes place. H. scabra sperm are generated through the steps of germ cell proliferation and differentiation within the wall of the testicular tubule. The outer most layer of the tubular wall supports the developing germ cells. All germ cells are classified according to the hetero- chromatization pattern of the cell nuclei. Based on the degrees of chromatin condensation, the two spermatid stages are classified as St1 and St2. The St1 exhibits a small, round nucleus with heterochromatin clumping around the nuclear envelope which, in turn, is surrounded by the mitochondrial aggregation. In the St2, thick chromatin fibers appear. Large mitochondria fuse and the tail rudiment also starts to form at the posterior, whereas acrosome and subacrosomal structures are fully formed at the anterior region. It is speculated that a coiling of nucleosomes organized by the sperm-specific histones causes the chromatin condensation in spermatids and sperm nuclei of H. -
High-Value Components and Bioactives from Sea Cucumbers for Functional Foods—A Review
Mar. Drugs 2011, 9, 1761-1805; doi:10.3390/md9101761 OPEN ACCESS Marine Drugs ISSN 1660-3397 www.mdpi.com/journal/marinedrugs Review High-Value Components and Bioactives from Sea Cucumbers for Functional Foods—A Review Sara Bordbar 1, Farooq Anwar 1,2 and Nazamid Saari 1,* 1 Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; E-Mails: [email protected] (S.B.); [email protected] (F.A.) 2 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +60-389-468-385; Fax: +60-389-423-552. Received: 3 August 2011; in revised form: 30 August 2011 / Accepted: 8 September 2011 / Published: 10 October 2011 Abstract: Sea cucumbers, belonging to the class Holothuroidea, are marine invertebrates, habitually found in the benthic areas and deep seas across the world. They have high commercial value coupled with increasing global production and trade. Sea cucumbers, informally named as bêche-de-mer, or gamat, have long been used for food and folk medicine in the communities of Asia and Middle East. Nutritionally, sea cucumbers have an impressive profile of valuable nutrients such as Vitamin A, Vitamin B1 (thiamine), Vitamin B2 (riboflavin), Vitamin B3 (niacin), and minerals, especially calcium, magnesium, iron and zinc. A number of unique biological and pharmacological activities including anti-angiogenic, anticancer, anticoagulant, anti-hypertension, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antithrombotic, antitumor and wound healing have been ascribed to various species of sea cucumbers. Therapeutic properties and medicinal benefits of sea cucumbers can be linked to the presence of a wide array of bioactives especially triterpene glycosides (saponins), chondroitin sulfates, glycosaminoglycan (GAGs), sulfated polysaccharides, sterols (glycosides and sulfates), phenolics, cerberosides, lectins, peptides, glycoprotein, glycosphingolipids and essential fatty acids. -
Feeding Sea Cucumbers in Integrated Multitrophic Aquaculture
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Electronic Publication Information Center Reviews in Aquaculture (2016) 0, 1–18 doi: 10.1111/raq.12147 Role of deposit-feeding sea cucumbers in integrated multitrophic aquaculture: progress, problems, potential and future challenges Leonardo Nicolas Zamora1, Xiutang Yuan2, Alexander Guy Carton3 and Matthew James Slater4 1 Leigh Marine Laboratory, Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Warkworth, New Zealand 2 State Oceanic Administration, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, China 3 Division of Tropical Environments and Societies, College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia 4 Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany Correspondence Abstract Leonardo Nicolas Zamora, Leigh Marine Laboratory, Institute of Marine Science, There is significant commercial and research interest in the application of sea University of Auckland, PO Box 349, cucumbers as nutrient recyclers and processors of particulate waste in polyculture Warkworth, New Zealand. E-mail: or integrated multitrophic aquaculture (IMTA) systems. The following article [email protected] reviews examples of existing IMTA systems operating with sea cucumbers, and details the role and effect of several sea cucumber species in experimental and Received 12 August 2015; accepted 1 February pilot IMTA systems worldwide. Historical observations and quantification of 2016. impacts of sea cucumber deposit-feeding and locomotion are examined, as is the development and testing of concepts for the application of sea cucumbers in sedi- ment remediation and site recovery. The extension of applied IMTA systems is reported, from basic piloting through to economically viable farming systems operating at commercial scales. -
Growth and Survival Rate of Holothuria
Growth and survival rate of Holothuria (Metriatyla) scabra with feed from chicken waste in Menia Waters, Sabu Raijua District, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia 1Marcelien D. R. Oedjoe, 2Suseno, 3Yulianus Linggi, 4Franchy C. Liufeto 1,3,4 Faculty of Marine and Fisheries, Nusa Cendana University, Kupang NTT, Indonesia; 2 Marine and Fisheries Polytechnic of Kupang, Indonesia. Corresponding author: M. D. R. Oedjoe, [email protected] Abstract. Fisheries resources are common property rights, so their management has open access, which means anyone can get involved. The fishery products obtained become uncertain and overfished, therefore to overcome the problem of overfishing the Holothuria scabra (sea cucumber) resources, this study experiments on pen culture techniques development. Cultivation of H. scabra in confined imprisonment, in addition to maintaining the sustainability of its resources, is also a new employment field for coastal communities that can provide added value in improving welfare. The objectives of the study were to determine: (a) the growth, (b) the survival rate, (c) the pattern of length versus weight increase, for the H. scabra found in the Menia waters. The method used is an experimental method of cultivation (pen culture). The results obtained from this study are: increase in the length with 1.5-6.35 cm and in the weight with 4-10.07 g weekly, for 60 days (8 weeks). The growth rate of H. scabra day-1 for 30 days was between 0.15-0.93% and the average daily growth rate was 0.66±0.68%. Length relationship to weight (growth pattern) had an allometric coefficient b>3. -
Reproductive Biology of the Sea Cucumber Holothuria Sanctori (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea)
SCIENTIA MARINA 76(4) December 2012, 741-752, Barcelona (Spain) ISSN: 0214-8358 doi: 10.3989/scimar.03543.15B Reproductive biology of the sea cucumber Holothuria sanctori (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) PABLO G. NAVARRO 1,2, SARA GARCÍA-SANZ 2 and FERNANDO TUYA2 1 Instituto Canario de Ciencias Marinas, Ctra. Taliarte s/n, Telde, 35200, Las Palmas, Spain. E-mail: [email protected] 2 BIOGES, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Las Palmas de G.C., Spain. SUMMARY: The reproductive biology of the sea cucumber Holothuria sanctori was studied over 24 months (February 2009 to January 2011) at Gran Canaria through the gonad index and a combination of macro- and microscopic analysis of the gonads. Holothuria sanctori showed a 1:1 sex ratio and a seasonal reproductive cycle with a summer spawning: the mean gonad index showed a maximum (3.99±0.02) in summer (June-July) and a minimum (0.05±0.04) between late autumn (November) and early spring (March). Females had significantly wider gonad tubules than males. First maturity occurred at a size of 201 to 210 mm, a gutted body weight of 101 to 110 g and a total weight of 176 to 200 g. Holothuria sanctori shows a typical temperate species reproduction pattern. These results could be useful for managing current extractions of H. sanctori in the Mediterranean and in case a specific fishery is started in the eastern Atlantic region. Keywords: Holothuria sanctori, sea cucumber, holothurians, reproduction, life-cycle, maturity, Canary Islands. RESUMEN: Biología reproductiva del pepino de mar HOLOTHURIA SANCTORI (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). – Se estudió la biología reproductiva del pepino de mar Holothuria sanctori durante 24 meses (Febrero de 2009 a Enero de 2010) en la isla de Gran Canaria, mediante el índice gonadal y una combinación de análisis macro y microscópicos de sus gónadas.