A critical analysis of the plans for the preservation of four Templer colonies in Israel Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Golan, Ya'acov, 1948- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 27/09/2021 19:14:39 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278510 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. 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Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor MI 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE PLANS FOR THE PRESERVATION OF FOUR TEMPLER COLONIES IN ISRAEL by Ya'acov Golan A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the SCHOOL OF RENEWABLE NATURAL RESOURCES In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1995 UMI Number: 1378275 UMI Microform 1378275 Copyright 1996, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 2 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgement of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: I c Cc --/iv Ya'acov Golan APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR This thesis has been approved on the date shown below: t> OchfrvL M6 EndtLZube Date Professor of Landscape Architecture /z. /frs William Havens Date Professor of Landscape Architecture Micftael E. Bonine Date Professor of Geography and Near Eastern Studies 3 AKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks to Dr. Meir Peled, for his solid and helpful advice and recommendations at critical moments; my wife Patti, for her endless patience, encouragement and long hours of typing and editing; Prof. Ervin Zube, for his patience and encouragement and useful long-distance comments; all the people who contributed their time in Israel's archives, libraries, municipalities and museums; the people who agreed to be interviewed, and Paul Schindman who helped with the tables. 4 TO MY WIFE 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES 7 LIST OF TABLES 10 ABSTRACT 11 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 13 2 METHODS 18 Archival Data 18 Field Studies 19 Interviews 19 Selection of Plans 21 Criteria for Assessment of the Preservation Plans 21 3 PRESERVATION 23 Concept and Rationale 23 Preservation in Israel 26 4 THE TEMPLERS: ORIGIN AND HISTORY 29 Germany 29 The Pietistic Movement - History and Ideology 29 Templer Society - Origin, Ideology and Goals 31 Palestine under Ottoman Rule (19th-20th Centuries) 36 Political State 36 Population 37 Economy 38 Transportation 39 The Templers in the Holy Land 40 Early Colonization Attempts 40 Establishing a Foothold in the Holy Land 42 History, Social Organization and the Economy of the German Colonies 45 The Colonies until World War I 45 The Colonies between World War I and the Founding of the State of Israel 55 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS-Continued Page CHAPTER Physical Planning and Architecture of the Colonies 56 Location and Topography 56 Settlement Patterns and Their Source of Influence 61 Streetscape 74 Architecture: Design and Source of Influence 75 The Yard 82 5 THE IMPACT OF THE TEMPLERS ON PALESTINE 86 Transportation 86 Commerce 89 Industry and Trade 90 Agriculture 91 Planning and Architecture 94 6 THE COLONIES TODAY 96 Form of Community and Inhabitants 96 State of Preservation 98 7 FINDINGS 110 Interviews 110 Justification for Preservation 110 What to Preserve? 117 What Kind of Preservation? 119 The Period to be Preserved 121 The Use of the Sites and Their Function 123 Decision-making in the Light of the Founders' Background ... 125 Preservation Plans for the Colonies 128 Sarona 129 Walhalla 131 Jerusalem 135 Bethlehem in the Galilee 138 8 ASSESSMENT OF THE PRESERVATION PLANS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 140 Summary 151 FOOTNOTES 156 APPENDICES 157 REFERENCES 160 7 LIST OF FIGURES Page FIGURE 1. Templer colonies and related smaller outposts 44 2. Jaffa and Walhalla. (Adapted from a map documenting German property, prepared for the reparation agreement of 195 Source: State Archives) 49 3. Schematic layout of a traditional Arab village (Adapted from Ben-Artzi, 1988:75) 62 4. Haifa German Colony: land division plan from 1988. (Adapted from the original map. Source: State Archives, Record group 90, box 681, maps) 64 5. The German Colony in Jerusalem. (Adapted from a map documenting German property, prepared for the reparation agreement of 1958. Source: State Archives) 66 6. American-German Colony, 1875. (Adapted from Eisler, 1993:48) 67 7. Sarona: layout. (Adapted from K. Imberger. Die Deurschen Landwirtchaftlichn Kolonien In Palastina, Ohringen, 1938:126) 69 8. Wilhelma. (Adapted from a map documenting German property, prepared for the reparation agreement of 1958. Source: State Archives) 70 9. Bethlehem in the Galilee. (Adapted from a map documenting German property, prepared for the reparation agreement of 1958 Source: Dressier, private collection) 71 10. Bethlehem in the Galilee, communal house and water tower, no date. (Source: Dressier's private collection) 72 8 LIST OF FIGURES—Continued Page FIGURE 11. Waldheim. (Adapted from a map documenting German property, prepared for the reparation agreement of 1958. Source: Dressier, private collection) 73 12. Haifa German Colony, view from Mount Carmel, 1898. (Source: Zionist Archives, 12.683/c) 76 13. Haifa German Colony, end of 19th century. (Source: album from Gottleib Schumacher's estate. Haifa City Archives, photo 11) 76 14. Haifa German Colony, end of 19th century. (Source: album from Gottleib Schumacher's estate. Haifa City Archives, photo 11) 77 15. Haifa German Colony. (Source: Hermann Guthe, Palastina, Bielefeld und Leipzig 1927:81) 77 16. Wilhelma, main street, Nov. 1903. (Source: State Arichives, Box 681/p) 78 17. Typical Templer house (Waldheim) 78 18. Inscription from Psalm 122, 5-6, and date of construction, engraved above main entrance. (Source: Kroyanker, 1987:110) 79 19. Bethlehem in the Galilee, buildings of early and late stages, 1940's? (Source: Dressler's private collection) 80 20. Jerusalem German Colony, stone fence with typical iron grill 84 21. Jerusalem German Colony, stone fence, Cypresses and Pines 84 22. Bethlehem in the Galilee, stone fence 85 23. Waldheim, gates 85 24. Haifa German Colony, neglected building 100 9 LIST OF FIGURES—Continued Page FIGURE 25. Haifa German Colony: renovated building with plastic and aluminum shutters 100 26. Haifa German Colony, house with haphazard additions 101 27. Jaffa, Auerbach Street 10 106 28. Waldheim, contemporary residential house and an inhabited Templer house in the background 106 29. House of first stage in advanced deterioration 108 30. Waldheim, the church 108 31. Haifa, German Colony as a symbol in a postcard 115 32. Haifa, German Colony as a symbol in an advertisement 116 33. Sarona development plan 130 34. Walhalla, First World War. (Adapted from Eisler, 1993:97) 132 35. Walhalla, former Wagner Bros. Factory 134 36. Amendment 11, 1975 to Jerusalem Outline Plan No. 62, Preservation of the German Colony 136 37. Amendment 11, 1975 to Jerusalem Outline Plan No. 62, Preservation of the German Colony 137 38. Bethlehem in the Galilee, Plan No. 2293 139 10 LIST OF TABLES Page TABLE 2.1 Interview by site and role 20 7.1 Justification for preservation 112 7.2 What to preserve 118 7.3 What kind of preservation? 120 7.4 Period to be preserved and emphasized 122 11 ABSTRACT In view of the pressures accompanying modern life and population growth, there is great need and importance in the preservation of historic sites, which can create balance between the past and future and strengthen the sense of stability and cultural continuity. This study critically analyzes plans for preservation and development of four of the seven colonies which were founded in Palestine in the 19th century by the German Templers who immigrated because of religious convictions.