POLITICAL The Right’s “School Choice” Scheme, p. 3 RESEARCH A3SSO0CIATES YEARS OF THE RIGHT STUFF ThePublicEye A PUBLICATION OF POLITICAL RESEARCH ASSOCIATE S Summer 2012 • Volume XXVII, No.2

. The Culture i m a i

M Wars Come n i n i t r a to Zambia M n

o Intercepting the International v y a r Human Rights Agenda T f o h t

a By Kapya Kaoma e d

e n a visit to Zambia in February 2012, h t t

s the United Nations Secretary General

e O t o

r Ban Ki-moon called on African countries p o

t to stop treating LGBT people as less than y l l human or as second class citizens. He a r

a explicitly asked Zambian lawmakers to g n i stop discriminating against people on the r u

d basis of sexual orientation. s r e

k Zambia had just emerged from a heated a e

p election where politicians promoting anti- s o t LGBT laws were defeated at the polls. n e t

s But Ban’s words backfired and the speech i l

d fanned the anti-gay embers back into n a

d flame. Politicians and religious leaders S n R a E t

s rose up with anti-LGBT invective.The U.S. T s U r E

o Christian Right-trained pastor and oppo - R t / a n r t o sition leader Nevers Mumba challenged the s s k n c a o J newly elected Patriotic Front government s m a c e

u to make clear its position on homosexu - D L ality. Former opposition party leader and current parliament member Felix Mutati Reconsidering Hate argued that “the country must be allowed A Forum on the “Hate” Frame in Policy, Politics and Organizing The Culture Wars continues on page 11 This article is an excerpt of Political Research Associates’ discussion paper, “Reconsidering Hate: Policy and Politics at the Intersection,” available online at www.publiceye.org By Kay Whitlock a ride, pistol-whipped him and tied him to IN THIS ISSUE n 1998, threeWhite men in Jasper,Texas a fence. Shepard died from his injuries sev - On Race and Resources ...... 2 Imurdered JamesW. Byrd, Jr., an African- eral days later. American man, dragging him for two miles These horrific incidents, labeled “hate The Right’s “School Choice” along an asphalt road. Several months later, crimes,” galvanized the nation.They inten - Scheme ...... 3 two men met 21-year-old Matthew Shep - sified public support for laws that would Reports in Review ...... 25 ard, a White, gay student at the University add enhanced provisions to certain viola - ofWyoming, in a bar in Laramie, gave him tions already subject to criminal penalties. Eyes Right ...... 27 Reconsidering Hate continues on page 17

THE PUBLIC EYE 1 SUMMER 2012 The Public Eye

THE LONG VIEW ThePublicEye Publisher On Race, Redistribution of Resources Tarso Luís Ramos Still Divides Liberals, Radicals Editor Debra Cash By Howard Winant ace” as an idea barely existed before the Enlightenment and the onset of mode r- Design/layout Hird Graphic Design “Rnity in the West.Today, many dismiss the race-concept as an illusion, arguing that “there is no such thing as race;” or in more universalist terms, “there is only one race: the Printing human race.” Yet race continues to demarcate and stratify all the world’s peoples in strik - Red Sun Press ing ways. Race remains a peculiar and unstable concept; racism has been upgraded, but Editorial Board it is still violent, coercive, and omnipresent. Debra Cash • Frederick Clarkson

The United States is undergoing a significant racial shift. Massive migration and a demo - Gillian Kane • Kapya Kaoma graphic transition to a “majority-minority” nation are shifting the meaning of race once Jean Hardisty • Maria Planansky again. Is race an illusion or an objective reality? Is American and worldwide structural Malika Redmond • Tarso Luís Ramos racism a holdover from an earlier epoch of conquest, empire, capitalism, and slavery— Abby Scher • Rachel Tabachnick all of which are still racially ordered—or is it a more-or-less permanent means of organ - izing inequality and domination on both a local and global scale? Why is the race-concept so implacably situated at the crossroads of identity and social structure? How permanent PRA Political Research Associates is the “color line”? Founder and President Emerita Few doubt that the civil rights movement achieved substantial democratic reforms. Jean V. Hardisty, Ph.D. Putting an end to the state-based and legally sanctioned racial despotism that governed Staff the United States for centuries marked a real, if partial, democratization. Yet the move - Tarso Luís Ramos, Executive Director ment failed to uproot the deep structure of racism. Consider: the Civil War ended slav - Debra Cash, Public Eye Editor ery and killed 750,000 Americans in the process, at a time the national population was Alex DiBranco, Communications Director less than 50 million. Add to that racial upheaval the brief Reconstruction period that fol - Kapya Kaoma, Religion & Sexuality lowed the war, and note that even these cataclysmic events could not end racism! So why Charles Ocitti, Finance Director Maria Planansky, Research Deputy should we think that the 1960s movement could have accomplished that task, even with Malika Redmond, Gender Justice the expense of blood, sweat, and tears? Adrienne Roach, Operations Coordinator The partial victories of the civil rights movement were achieved by a tactical alliance Abby Scher, Interim Research Director of mass movements on the one hand and elite national interests on the other, brokered Jean R. Smith, Development Associate by racial “moderates.” This accommodation to the demands of a mass movement too Aramis Tirado, Technology wide and too deep to be resisted any longer involved more than legislated and judicial Interns reforms. Negotiation, compromise, and political incorporation were also required. So Siau Xi Goh • Jessica Gover was “elite recruitment” of political and cultural activists and intellectuals, as well as a large- Jared Kalow • David Maas • Kat Meyers scale cultural reorientation.The civil rights movement made race and racism into far more Andrew Padgett • Caroline Yost public matters than they had ever been before, even under slavery and after emancipa - Board of Directors tion. It demonstrated to the world that racism and democracy were incompatible. Maria Elena Letona, Chair Yet in the aftermath of the civil rights reforms, the forces of racial reaction—largely Katherine Acey but not only based in the South—also regrouped. The old verities of established racism Douglas Gould had been officially discredited, not only in the United States but fairly comprehensively Janet Jakobsen Hamid Khan across the globe. While White supremacy had been somewhat shaken, it had hardly been Pardis Mahdavi destroyed.The Right Wing therefore attempted to tap into repressed but still strong cur - rents of racism in order to counter the civil rights movement's egalitarian thrust. The Public Eye is published by Political Research Associates, 1310 Broadway, Suite 201, Combining organized political campaigns with the free-floating racism that perme - Somerville, Massachusetts 02144-1837. ates the United States—in culture, economic practices, spatial segregation, profiling, crime, 617.666.5300 fax: 617.666.6622 and punishment, health... the list goes on and on—has undoubtedly increased racial ten - PRA is a nonprofit, tax-exempt organization. All donations are tax-deductible to the extent permitted sion. Obama’s presidency is also a more volatile enterprise because of race and racism. by law. © Political Research Associates, 2012. The racial reaction was an uneasy alliance between the New Right and neoconserva - Website: www.publiceye.org All rights reserved. ISSN 0275-9322 tives. The New Right cultivated race. Its strategy was born in the campaigns of George ISSUE 72 On Race and Resources continues on page 24

THE PUBLIC EYE 2 SUMMER 2012 The Public Eye The Right’s “School Choice” Scheme

By Rachel Tabachnick n June 1995, the economist Milton IFriedman wrote an article for the Wash - ington Post promoting the use of public edu - cation funds for private schools as a way to s e transfer the nation’s public school systems g a m I

to the private sector. “Vouchers,” he wrote, y t t e

“are not an end in themselves; they are a G a i v

means to make a transition from a govern - T C M ment to a market system.” The article was / l e n i republished by “free market” think tanks, t n e S including the Cato Institute and the Hoover o d n a l

Institution, with the title “Public Schools: r O 1 / k

Make Them Private .” n a b r

While Friedman has promoted vouch - u B e o ers for decades, most famously in his mas - J terwork Free to Choose, the story of how Kathleen Oropeza, seen here with Florida Governor Jeb Bush, says “Florida politicians...are laser-focused public funds are actually being transferred on showing the whole country the most expedient way to sell public education to the highest bidder.” to private, often religious, schools is a study in the ability of a few wealthy families, along decades—including school vouchers and “school choice” through privately run char - with a network of right-wing think tanks, tax credit bills. 3 ter schools doesn’t go far enough for these to create one of the most successful “astro - This concentrated wealth is reaching billionaires.Today, “ private school choice” 2 turf” campaigns money could buy. Rather into America's classrooms state by state, programs, as vouchers are called in the than openly championing dismantling the annual report of the Alliance for School public school system, they promote bring - Choice, are in place in 13 states and the Dis - ing market incentives and competition trict of Columbia. 4 In 2011, a year when into education as a way to fix failing schools, Vouchers are not an states across the nation slashed their edu - particularly in low-income Black and cation budgets, 41 states introduced 145 Latino communities. end in themselves; they pieces of private school choice legislation. Even before the U.S. Supreme Court’s When enacted, the scale can be enor - Citizen’s United ruling deregulated cam - are a means to make mous. In Louisiana, a recently passed paign finance and unleashed millions in school voucher program allocating pri - political donations, concentrated wealth a transition from a vate school slots for 5,000 students for the has played a role in politics. Now in the coming school year is expected to swell limelight for its attacks on unions and the government to a exponentially, encompassing as many as exposure of 800 model bills and docu - 380,000 students by the 2013-2014 aca - ments, the American Legislative Exchange market system. demic year out of a total public school pop - Council (ALEC) has produced model ulation of just over 700,000 students. 5 bills favorable to its corporate and right- –Milton Friedman These programs drain tax dollars from wing funders behind closed doors for public into private schools, including into religious schools with fundamentalist cur - Rachel Tabachnick is a regular contributor ricula (see sidebar on page 7). This effort to Talk2Action.org, the group blog about the promoting the transfer of public funds to is cloaked in the language of school reform Christian Right. She is a researcher, writer, private education through vouchers that and marketed with the claim that these pro - and speaker on issues pertaining to the impact allow parents to pay for tuition at private grams will improve the quality of educa - of the Religious Right on policy and politics schools with public money. Promoting tion for minority students in underserved

THE PUBLIC EYE 3 SUMMER 2012 The Public Eye

“PRIVATE SCHOOL CHOICE” GRANT RECIPIENTS Grant Recipient Advocates for School Choice/ AFC Alliance for School Choice 2006 - 2010 Grants 2006 - 2010 Grants All Children Matter, Grand Rapids, Michigan 25,000 Alliance for School Choice, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 150,000 Arizona STO Association 70,000 Black Alliance for Educational Options (BAEO), Washington, D.C. 2,665,100 Believe in Louisiana 225,000 BOAST Alliance Maryland 88,000 214,050 Center for an Educated Georgia 475,000 Center for Education Reform, Maryland 20,000 Children’s Education Council of Missouri 70,000 Children’s Education Alliance of Missouri 580,000 D.C. Children First 734,000 D.C. Parents for School Choice 669,157 Education Reform Now Advocacy, New York 45,250 15,000 Educate New Mexico 82,000 Excellent Education for Everyone, Newark, New Jersey 212,500 Florida School Choice Fund 683,736 Florida Education Freedom Foundation 1,404,000 Hispanic CREO 481,700 Iowa Advocates for Choice in Education 140,000 Iowa Alliance for Choice in Education 369,345 Latino Leadership, Brunswick, New Jersey 113,500 Louisiana Children’s Education Advocates 275,000 400,000 Minnesota Independent School Forum 90,000 Parents for Choice in Education Salt Lake City, Utah 869,400 392,300 Parents for Choice in Education Political Issues Committee, Salt Lake City, Utah 610,000 Partners for Educational Freedom in North Carolina 160,000 289,000 REACH Alliance, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 160,000 300,000 Rhode Island Scholarship Advocates 55,000 20,000 Rhode Island Scholarship Alliance 30,000 183,000 School Choice Indiana 140,000 452,000 School Choice Ohio 1,291,000 School Choice Wisconsin 896,000 Teach NYS 70,000 Texans for School Choice 150,000 Washington Scholarship Fund, Washington, D.C. 1,005,750

THE PUBLIC EYE 4 SUMMER 2012 The Public Eye urban schools. Despite an effort to promote private school choice as a nonpartisan, grassroots effort, the engine behind the national effort and its local offshoots has Despite an effort to promote private school choice as been, and continues to be, a surprisingly small group of wealthy conservatives. a nonpartisan, grassroots effort, the engine behind

Betsy DeVos: Four Star General the national effort and its local offshoots has been, of the Privatization Juggernaut ob Boston of Americans United for and continues to be, a surprisingly small group RSeparation of Church and State described Betsy DeVos as the “four-star of wealthy conservatives. general” of the school privatization move - ment shortly after DeVos announced the formation of the “new” American Federa - with the name All Children Matter, dedi - etly and it will go on in the form that tion for Children (AFC) in March 2010. As cated to electing pro-voucher state legisla - often politics is done—one person at Boston noted, the American Federation for tors. [For more on the DeVoses and All a time, speaking to another person in Children was not new, but a rebranding of Children matter, see sidebar on page 8] privacy. 9 an organization called Advocates for School Today the American Federation for Chil - 6 Dick and Betsy DeVos followed Choice. dren is the standard bearer for the move - The American Federation for Children through. By 2009, the media packet of the ment and includes a network of state DeVos-founded All Children Matter is now the umbrella organization for two political action committees that have pro - nonprofits that have been at the center of promoted the following successes: vided millions of dollars of campaign funds • Spent $7.6 million in 2003-2004 the pro-privatization movement for over a to legislators in states around the nation, decade. In addition to the renamed Advo - directly impacting statewide and in addition to the grants to pro-voucher state legislative elections in ten cates for School Choice, it includes the nonprofits. Alliance for School Choice, formerly targeted states. • In races with significant ACM known as the Education Reform Council. 21st Century Strategies Both entities received extensive funding involvement, we have a won/loss hen given a clear choice, voters from the late John Walton, one of the record of 121 to 60, phenomenally across the United States have con - Wal-Mart heirs. The boards of the two W successful for a political organiza - sistently opposed school vouchers. Between related entities included movement lead - tion. 1966 and 2000, state ballot initiatives to ers Betsy DeVos—scion of a Christian • In an era where incumbents are allow public funding for private schools were Right family who married into the Amway rarely challenged or defeated, ACM rejected 24 out of 25 times. 8 This dismal home goods fortune—William Oberndorf , had a role in defeating 17 incum - record led the pro-voucher strategists to Clint Bolick, John Kirtley, Steve Friess bents that opposed school choice rebrand the movement as “school choice” (son of Foster Friess), James Leininger, for low-income families. and as beneficial to public schools. In 2002, John Walton, and Cory Booker. Dick DeVos suggested to a Heritage Foun - • ACM has supported the campaigns These two nonprofits—Alliance for dation audience that the school choice of four school choice Governors – School Choice, a 501(c)(3) and Advocates movement should conceal its conservative Bobby Jindal in Louisiana, Matt for School Choice a.k.a. American Feder - roots. He advised that “properly commu - Blunt in Missouri, Mitch Daniels ation for Children, a 501(c)(4)—provided nicated, properly constructed, [school in Indiana, and Jon Huntsman, over $17 million in grants to 35 other choice] can cut across a lot of historic Jr., in Utah. national and state-level pro-privatization boundaries, be they partisan, ethnic, or nonprofits from 2006 to 2010. 7 These otherwise.” How It Works:The Case of grants represented a significant portion of He continued: Pennsylvania in 2010 the total budgets for many of the state he wealthy benefactors use a system of We need to be cautious about talk - organizations. Today Betsy DeVos and “rewards and consequences” across ing too much about these activities. T John Kirtley are the chair and vice chair of the states. It includes funding the campaigns Many of the activities and the polit - both boards. of pro-voucher candidates and funding ical work that needs to go on will go Betsy DeVos and her husband Dick attack ads against anti-voucher candidates. on at the grass roots. It will go on qui - also initiated a nonprofit (527) in 2003 Legislators who oppose funding private

THE PUBLIC EYE 5 SUMMER 2012 The Public Eye schools with public funds are accused of sell - Yass is on the board of the Cato Institute; under the influence of “powerful teachers' ing out to teachers’ unions—the primary and Arthur Dantchik is on the board of the unions.” Joining the push for SB1 was the “villains” behind underperforming schools Institute for Justice, which is working to Scaife- and DeVos-funded FreedomWorks, in the pro-voucher narrative. 10 The 2010 circumvent or change the wording in state the Koch-funded Americans for Prosper - election in Pennsylvania is an instructive constitutions that disallows public fund - ity, the Scaife-funded Commonwealth example of the ability of American Feder - ing of religious schools. 14 There was also no Foundation, and the state pro-voucher ation for Children and its core of wealthy Pennsylvania press coverage in 2010 of organization REACH Alliance. REACH, donors to conduct a large-scale astroturf the Betsy DeVos-led AFC. by the way, secured $460,000 from campaign under the public radar. 11 Students First poured more than $6.5 AFC/Advocates for School Choice and First, a PAC named Students First, million into the 2010 election, most of it Alliance for School Choice from 2006 to which would be used as the conduit for mil - in the gubernatorial primary in support of 2010. lions of dollars of political contributions, Anthony H. Williams, an African-Amer - Nevertheless, Pennsylvanians across the was registered by Joe Watkins in March ican pro-voucher candidate and Demo - political spectrum opposed the school 2010. This organization was named in cratic state senator. Their candidate had voucher scheme and the bill failed to pass. such a way to be easily confused with the little chance of winning, but the ploy Still, the pro-voucher effort continues. national school reform organization, Stu - apparently lured the eventual Democratic Students First has already received $1.4 mil - dentsFirst, led by former Washington, nominee, Dan Onorato, into embracing lion in 2012 to continue the battle— D.C. schools chief Michelle Rhee. Watkins, some of Williams’ voucher plan. Onorato $1.25 million from AFC and $50,000 an African-American pastor, had advised each from Greenberg, Yass, and Dantchik. the George W. Bush campaign and appeared in Citizens United advertise - Using CorporateTax Credits to ments against presidential candidate Students First blanketed the Promote “Choice” Obama in 2008, but his GOP credentials lthough Pennsylvania does not have a were omitted from the Students First PAC airwaves with ads promoting Avoucher program, the state has one of website. the largest school choice programs in the Pennsylvania has no limits on individ - SB1as the salvation of poor country, second only to Florida. This is ual contributions in state campaigns. Dur - made possible through a corporate tax ing the 2010 gubernatorial election, the urban children and attacking credit program named the Education Students First PAC outspent the com - ImprovementTax Credit, initiated in 2001. bined state teachers’ unions by a factor of the bill’s opponents as being State Senator Sam Rohrer (R-128 th more than ten to one. Most of this fund - District) , an oppo nent of teaching evo - ing came from three investment firm part - under the influence of lution in schools, claims credit for writ - ners. An additional $1.1 million of Student ing the state’s education tax bill. Under the First’s funding came from the AFC’s PAC “powerful teachers’ unions.” law, companies can divert their tax liabil - in Indiana.The Indiana PAC was registered ity to private school scholarships, with 75 in January 2010 under the address of percent credited toward their state taxes— Bopp, Coleson, and Bostrom, a prominent 90 percent on a commitment of two con - law firm representing political Right causes, failed to secure the millions in funding for secutive years. According to Pennsylvania including Citizens United. 12 In 2010, the himself that the pro-voucher movement accounting firms, as well as the private Indiana PAC received over $5.8 million had given Williams, but he did anger labor schools promoting the tax credit and from only 14 donors, including Betsy unions across the state. Republican can - REACH Alliance, these donations cost the DeVos and Alice Walton, another heir to didate Tom Corbett won and Williams corporation little or nothing, and also the Wal-Mart fortune, and three mega- sponsored a voucher bill in early 2011— count as a charitable contribution on the donors from Pennsylvania. 13 The following Senate Bill 1 (SB1). Corbett was the corporation’s federal taxes. 15 (Individuals May, Gov. Mitch Daniels signed a sweep - keynote speaker at the AFC national con - contributing to nonprofit charities still pay ing voucher bill. ference in 2011. the bulk of their donations from their The three Pennsylvania megadonors Students First worked with prominent own pockets.) The tax credit has been were described in state press as simply Republican media firm Brabender Cox to expertly (and falsely) marketed in Penn - “pro-voucher supporters” with no mention generate support for the legislation, blan - sylvania as costing the taxpayers nothing. of their association with right-wing think keting the airwaves with ads promoting In Pennsylvania, some of these funds are tanks. Joel Greenberg is on the board of SB1 as the salvation of poor urban children going to schools using texts from A Beka American Federation for Children; Jeffrey and attacking the bill's opponents as being Book, Bob Jones University Press, and

THE PUBLIC EYE 6 SUMMER 2012 The Public Eye other fundamentalist curricula. [see side - educational institutions “not under the Credit (FTC) program. In 2011-2012, bar below, as well as “From Schoolhouse to absolute control of the Commonwealth.” 17 the cap on the program was $175 million; Statehouse” in the Summer 2010 issue of The corporations’ education tax credit, a bill passed in March increased the cap to The Public Eye ]. Some of the private schools however, is not the obvious violation of state $229 million for the 2012-2013 school now receiving students through this fund - law that a school voucher program would year. 18 Although corporations are receiving ing have testified to the legislature in sup - be. Florida’s constitution also disallows a dollar-for-dollar tax credit, the program port of vouchers and bussed students to the using public funds for religious schools, but has been described in the press as “dona - state capitol for rallies in support of SB-1. in November, Floridians will be voting on tions from corporations.” One of the pro-voucher schools was fea - an initiative that could eliminate the pro - While school choice funds are admin - tured on the Glenn Beck Show in 2011, hibition. istered through a long list of education non - with a parent representative celebrating the profits in Pennsylvania, Florida funds are school’s promotion of “biblical principles” The Fight in Florida funneled through a single entity called and the “flight of public school students to he Florida State Supreme Court may Step Up for Students.This is one of five dif - private schools” to escape secularism and Thave determined in 2006 that school ferent names used by the nonprofit Florida socialism. 16 This same academy takes its stu - vouchers violate the state Constitution, School Choice Fund, Inc., founded in dents on field trips to the Creation Science but that hasn't limited the promotion of 2000 and chaired by John Kirtley, vice chair Museum south of Cincinnati, where school privatization by its right-wing sup - of the American Federation for Children. 19 exhibits show dinosaurs and people living porters. Eighty-eight percent of students receiving on earth together. Florida has the largest private school these funds attend religious schools. As in Pennsylvania is one of 37 states that have choice program in the nation. Corporations Pennsylvania, some are Catholic, Jewish, strict constitutional prohibitions against can donate to private school scholarship and other faiths, but a large percentage are using public money for religious schools, programs and be credited 100 percent of conservative evangelical schools using A and specifically disallows appropriations to that donation through the Florida Tax Beka Book and other fundamentalist text - book series. 20 Former Florida Governor Jeb Bush con - TAX DOLLARS SUPPORTING CREATIONISM tinues to promote school privatization The private “school choice” movement has found a way to circumvent the federal courts, around the nation. In March, a bill he pro - the National Council for Science Education (NCSE) and the ACLU by thinking outside of moted was narrowly defeated in the state’s the box. Senate. The bill was similar to “Parent The Education Improvement Tax Credit program in Pennsylvania has provided a way to Trigger” bills being considered in 20 states use public funds to teach creationism and global warning denial to students enrolled in that provide a mechanism to turn public religious schools. This circumvents the ruling in Kitzmiller v. Dover , a 2005 federal case schools over to private management. Par - resulting in a decision that Intelligent Design is not science, and should not be taught in ent Trigger model bills were spearheaded public school science classes. by the rightwing policy network ALEC and Many Pennsylvania schools receiving education provide a process for a simple majority of tax credit funding are using A Beka Book and parents at a school to choose one of three other fundamentalist curricula. 41 These textbooks options: turn their public school into a char - are hostile to Roman Catholicism and other Chris - ter school; supply students with a 75 per - tian and non-Christian religions, and teach a radi - cent per pupil cost voucher; or close the cal form of market fundamentalism, young earth school. 21 creationism, and distorted American history They may be outspent, but in Florida, where, in the words of researcher Frances Paterson, true grass roots organizers are fighting “Democrats are deluded, liberals are villains, and back. Fund Education Now, a group conservatives are heroes.” 42 formed in 2009 by three Florida moms, has The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) grown into a “statewide nonpartisan and The National Center for Science Education, alliance of dedicated advocates” that con - (whose logo is “Defending the Teaching of Evolu - tion and Climate Science”) led the fight against tributed to the coordination of the suc - cessful opposition to the ParentTrigger bill. Intelligent Design. Nevertheless, when contacted, This textbook teaches “The greatest struggle both institutions described the Education of all time, the Battle of Armageddon, will One of Florida’s Fund Education Now Improvement Tax Credit issue as being outside occur in the Middle East when Christ founders, Kathleen Oropeza, warns that the the boundaries of their mission, since the teaching returns to set up His kingdom on earth.” battle is far from finished. Her focus is a of creationism is taking place in private schools. November 2012 ballot initiative that

THE PUBLIC EYE 7 SUMMER 2012 The Public Eye

charter school going into bankruptcy was THE D eVOSES—DOLLARS ATTHE INTERSECTION taken over by Scientologists, who held the Dick and Betsy DeVos represent the merger of two wealthy and politically influential families. school’s Christmas party at a Scientology Dick DeVos is the son of Richard DeVos, one of the founders of the Amway pyramidal church and have required teachers to take 27 home products business and owner of the Orlando Magic basketball team. Listed as the Scientology training courses. 60th wealthiest person in the United States and the 205th richest in the world, his net worth has been estimated at $5 billion. He has played a central role in bringing together PromotingVouchers to Latino the “doers and the donors” as he once described the New Right merger of the Religious and African-American Leaders Right with major funders of the political Right. y the time of Dick DeVos’ 2002 Her - Dick’s wife, Betsy, is the daughter of Elsa and the late Erik Prince, major contributors to Bitage Foundation speech, strategists conservative causes including Focus on Family and the Family Research Council. Betsy’s had already begun trying to rebrand vouch - brother Erik Prince founded the infamous military contractor Blackwater USA (rebranded ers, which have a racist history. Following “Xe”), which sought to privatize another type of activity that previously had been pre - federal efforts to enforce the U.S. Supreme sumed to be under the control of government agencies. Betsy DeVos heads the American Court’s Brown v. Board of Education deci - Federation for Children, the national umbrella organization at the center of the private sion, Southern states devised a “private school choice movement. school plan” to defend segregation by leav - In 2003, Dick and Betsy DeVos founded All Children Matter, a 527 organization, 43 and ing public schools and taking the money established Political Action Committees (PACs) in Virginia, Indiana, Florida, Georgia, with them. Georgia Governor Herman Louisiana, and Ohio. PACs can make contributions directly to political campaigns. Talmadge advanced a constitutional amend - All Children Matter’s media kit advertised expenditures of $7.6 million in 2003-2004, ment that could have allowed the privati - “directly impacting statewide and state legislative elections in 10 targeted states.” 44 zation of the state’s entire public school In 2008, All Children Matter was fined $5.2 million in Ohio for breaking campaign system. “In the event of court-ordered finance law, a decision that was appealed and confirmed in 2010. All Children Matter was desegregation, school buildings would be moving money from the Virginia PAC to PACs in states around the nation. Some states allow unlimited contributions, but Ohio fined All Children Matter for contributions over closed, and students would receive grants 28 the maximum allowed. In 2011, it was reported that the fine was still unpaid. Wisconsin to attend private, segregated schools.” also fined the organization $500 for supporting candidates without registering a PAC. More recently, voucher supporters rec - Between 2009 and 2011, the All Children Matter state PACs were disbanded. During ognized the need to reinvent the movement the same time period, PACs affiliated with the Betsy DeVos-led American Federation for by obscuring its White, conservative sup - Children were registered in several of the same states. port base and cultivating the support of Latino and African-American leaders as the face of the movement. These leaders have attempts to remove the “no aid” clause (also date the establishment of the KKK and valid complaints about inequality in pub - known as Blaine Amendments) in the con - Blaine (whose name is being attached to the lic education and the failure of public stitution that prevents public funds from amendments). 24 schools to provide quality education to low being used for religious schools or causes. While the effort to remove the “no aid” income Black and Latino children. Hav - As part of the effort to discredit the “no aid” clause is being promoted in the name of ing their parents support vouchers—and clauses, pro-voucher groups claim they “religious freedom,” it would “gut church- charters—in the name of improving edu - are relics of nativist anti-Catholicism. In state separation.” 25 According to the exec - cation is a potent political force. July 2011, the ACLU published a guide utive director of the Florida ACLU, “the The most prominent among these lead - titled “Exposing the Myth of Anti-Catholic proposal continues to mislead voters by fail - ers is Howard Fuller, the former Black Bias:The Fabrication of History to Repeal ing to inform them of the chief purpose and Nationalist who brought vouchers to the the Florida Constitution’s No Aid Provi - actual impact of the amendment—to vir - Milwaukee school system when he led it in sion.” 22 tually require taxpayer funding of reli - the early 1990s. In August 2000, he Oropeza points out the references to the gious activities of churches, mosques and launched the Black Alliance for Educational Blaine Amendments in ALEC’s most recent synagogues.” Ironically, Christian Right Options (BAEO). 29 Its major funders “Report Card on American Education: organizations might actually regret the included John Walton and the Harry and 17th Edition.” 23 The ALEC report argues results of overturning the “no aid” clause, Lynde Bradley Foundation, based in Mil - that it is the Ku Klux Klan that has kept as it could result in public funding of non- waukee, which also funded Fuller’s Insti - public funds from going to private and reli - Christian faiths. 26 tute for theTransformation of Learning at gious schools. In fact, the push for non - Floridians have already had a taste of the Marquette University, founded in 1995. sectarian education and some prohibitions possible scale of the problems to come if These funders, as People for the American on state funding of religious schools pre - their constitution is altered. A Florida Way commented in an extensive report on

THE PUBLIC EYE 8 SUMMER 2012 The Public Eye the group, are “better known for support - in Queens, one of the largest churches in ing education privatization and affirmative New York. In 1999, Flake introduced action rollbacks than empowerment of George W. Bush to an audience at the Private school choice the African-American community or low- Manhattan Institute and described the income families.” 30 future president as his “compatriot in the can be used as a wedge The conservatives had found their stan - politics to change public education in the dard bearer. BAEO immediately launched United States.” In 2000, Flake became issue to bring Latinos a massive media campaign in support of head of the charter schools division of vouchers in Washington, D.C.The Annen - Edison Schools, at that time the largest for- and African Americans berg Public Policy Center reported that the profit school management company in BAEO spent over $4.3 million on print and the country. into the Republican television ads. By 2002, BAEO had 33 Morken quotes Flake, 31 chapters. And today, about one quarter “I was on the phone Thursday with Party. of Milwaukee’s students use vouchers to Tom Ridge, who is the governor of attend private, often religious schools. Pennsylvania, who worked with me According to school choice supporter in Congress, where they are taking Hubert Morken’s extensive histories of the Morken describes Flake as “targeting over the schools and may be taking core groups of swing voters” in “Black and programs, outreach to key African Amer - over the Philadelphia schools. So I’ll ican Democrats in various parts of the Latino caucuses” and often promoting be meeting with [Philadelphia] charter schools from “the pulpits of their country was the product of carefully cul - Mayor Street on Wednesday morn - tivated relationships with free-market think churches.” Morken states that Flake was “at ing. I’ve already had telephone con - the center of a major funding coalition in tanks and organizations like the Pennsyl - versations with the secretary of state vania Family Institute and REACH New York state” that included rightwing of New Jersey where they are taking funder John Walton. Flake and his wife had Alliance. Particularly important for recruit - over the schools in Camden and Jer - ing supporters in these ranks is the former founded a 750-student private school affil - sey City. I’m all over the country iated with their church in 1982; it closed Congressman, Rev. Floyd Flake, a BAEO right now.” leader. 32 Flake is the longtime senior pas - in June 2012 in the face of a $1.7 million 33 tor of the Greater Allen A.M.E. Cathedral Shortly thereafter, Edison took over budget shortfall. Edison Schools failed to management of 20 Philadelphia schools. produce the promised improvements and their contracts for Philadelphia schools were ended in 2008 and 2011. 34 The AFC claims that 91 percent of Latinos polled in five states support vouch - ers or corporate tax credit programs, and that this will be an issue in the 2012 elec - tion. 35 AFC and its related entities provided almost a half million dollars in funding for the Hispanic Council for Reform and Educational Options between 2006 and 2010. Private school choice is not only a way to privatize education but viewed by some as a wedge issue to bring Latinos and African Americans into the Republican Party. 36

Grading the Privatization Report Card y a

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THE PUBLIC EYE 9 SUMMER 2012 The Public Eye management and teaching into private Street Journal trumpeted, “The Evidence is 18 Florida spends about 30 billion dollars on K-12 educa - 40 tion for 2,645,00 students. Florida Senate, 2012 Sum - (and nonunion) hands will make education In: School Vouchers Work.” mary of Legislation Passed. Committee on Education less expensive, more efficient and more Pre-K-12. "CS/CS/CS/HB 859— Florida Tax Credit Endnotes Scholarship Program. http://www.flsenate.gov/Com - effective. mittees/billsummaries/2012/html/182http://www.flse - The statistics do not bear out their 1 Milton Friedman, “Public Schools: Make Them Pri - nate.gov/Committees/billsummaries/2012/html/182. vate,” Cato Institute Briefing Paper No. 23, June 23, 19 claims. By the time of the 2010 election and 1995. http://www.cato.org/pubs/briefs/bp-023.html and Step Up For Students website. http://www.stepup - 2011 campaign for Pennsylvania’s SB1, test http://media.hoover.org/sites/default/files/docu - forstudents.org/ results for the two oldest school voucher ments/0817928723_339.pdf 20 One of the several names used by the Florida School 2 Astroturf, a derivation of the trade name for synthetic grass, Choice Fund is Florida Alliance for Choice in Education programs in the nation—Milwaukee and refers to a corporate, political and/or organizational or FACE. A promotional webpage for FACE promotes Cleveland—had reported disappointing effort disguised as a “grassroots” movement. Astroturf cam - some of the participating schools in a webpage titled paigns are increasingly used to disguise the intentions of “School Spotlights.” Of the 13 schools highlighted, five results. Participating students scored no bet - Right wing individuals and organizations. reference their A Beka curriculum in the school summary. ter or worse than their peers who had The websites of the schools indicate that at least nine of 3 Alec Exposed, a project of the Center for Media and the 13 are using A Beka textbooks. remained in the public schools. 37 Voucher Democracy, http://www.alecexposed.org/wiki/ALEC_ 21 proponents responded by asserting that Exposed and “Defending Justice, An Activist Resource ALEC, http://www.webcitation.org/5yGOUW6Ll Also Kit”, Political Research Associates, http://www.publiceye. see ALEC Exposed at http://alecexposed.org/wiki/ voucher students attending private schools org/defendingjustice/pdfs/chapters/cons_infra.pdf Bills_Affecting_Americans’_Rights_to_a_Public_Edu - cation graduate at a higher rate.They fail to men - 4 “The School Choice Virtual Yearbook,” Alliance for 22 tion the lack of standards or accountabil - School Choice, 2012. http://www.allianceforschool - “No aid” clauses have surprising allies. In Pennsylvania, choice.org/yearbook representatives of the Orthodox Union (OU) have writ - ity for some of the institutions bestowing ten opinion pieces in support of vouchers, because they 5 Louisiana’s Act 2 includes options for students to attend those diplomas. will provide financial support for families sending their other public schools as well as private schools. However, children to Jewish day schools. During the 2010 elections, Much of the positive reporting on pri - the list of approximately 118 approved schools offering this battle for private school dollars took an ugly turn, vate school choice quotes the Foundation slots for 2012 - 2013 currently includes only one public when a PAC in Florida funded solely by the AFC school. attacked a Jewish candidate for attorney general, State for Educational Excellence, founded by 6 The AFC’s 2009 990 tax form includes the legal name Senator Dan Gelber, with full-page “wanted” posters Milton Friedman; the Department of Edu - change from Advocates for School Choice to American accusing him of “crimes against Jewish education.” Federation for Children. ACLU Program on Freedom of Religion and Belief and cation Reform at University of Arkansas, the ACLU of Florida; “Exposing the Myth of Anti- 7 recipient of a $300 million donation from See associated chart in this issue or at www.publiceye.org. Catholic Bias:The Fabrication of History to Repeal the 8 Albert Menendez and Edd Doerr, “School Vouchers: Vot - Florida Constitution’s No-Aid Provision”, July 2011 the Walton Foundation; and other entities ers Say No,” Americans for Religious Liberty, http://www.aclu.org/files/assets/aclu-exposing funded by pro-privatization supporters. http://www.arlinc.org/articles/article_voterssayno.html themythofanticatholicbias.pdf Louisiana’s new voucher program, 9 Rachel Tabachnick, “Strategy for Privatizing Public 23 The report was co-authored by Dr. Matthew Ladner of signed into law by Gov. Bobby Jindal in Schools Spelled out by Dick DeVos in 2002 Heritage Milton Friedman’s Foundation for Educational Choice Foundation Speech,” May 3, 2011, http:// and a former Director of State Projects for the Alliance spring 2012, has a list of approved schools www.talk2action.org/story/2011/5/3/12515/58655 of School Choice. The forward is by Gov. Mitch Daniels, that includes church schools using home 10 RachelTabachnick, “Betsy DeVos Announces PA Gov - schooling DVDs for instruction and ernorTom Corbett Will Keynote Pro-Voucher National Policy Summit,” April 26, 2011 http://www. HOT OFF THE PRESSES! schools that lack the facilities to house the talk2action.org/story/2011/4/26/112152/230 students they are offering to enroll for the 11 Rachel Tabachnick, “Voucher Advocate Betsy DeVos, 2012-2013 school year. Louisiana legisla - Right-WingThinkTanks Behind Koch-Style Attack on PA Public Schools,” April 20, 2011. http://www.talk2 tors threatened to withdraw support if an action.org/story/2011/4/20/232844/831 Islamic school was included in the approved 12 Bopp, Coleson, and Bostrom has represented Citizens list, of which over 90 percent are Christian United, Focus on the Family, National Organization for 38 Marriage, Concerned Women of America, National schools. The program promises to be Right to Work Legal Defense and Education Foundation, such a debacle that the Cato Institute is Club for Growth and the Republican Governors Asso - already recommending a corporate tax ciation. credit program instead of vouchers. 39 13 Rachel Tabachnick, “Pro-Voucher Astroturfing: Cam - paigns Across Nation Coordinated by DeVos, Funded But the private school choice juggernaut by a Few Mega-Donors”, April 24, 2011. http://www. will roll on and the claims of privatization talk2action.org/story/2011/4/24/22559/1547. as the magic bullet will continue, no mat - 14 Greenberg http://www.federationforchildren.org/lead - ership , Yass http://www.cato.org/people/directors.html, ter how baseless these claims may be. The Dantchik http://www.ij.org/about/board multi-billion dollar budget for the nation’s 15 Sample Tax Credit Calculations, REACH Foundation, schools is a rich prize for those who would 2012. http://www.paschoolchoice.org/eitc/sample-tax- profit from the privatization of public credit-calculations/ 16 schools, and they are joined by equally Fox News, April 28, 2011. http://www.youtube. com/watch?v=Ve0_nDYBZHc&feature=youtu.be Available free online: determined anti-public education ideo - 17 Article III, sections 15, 29 and 30. http://sites.state. logues. In May 2011, a headline in the Wall pa.us/PA_Constitution.html www.publiceye.org

THE PUBLIC EYE 10 SUMMER 2012 The Public Eye

who signed the Indiana voucher bill, and the report was 29 Howard Fuller served as the chair of the BAEO board Gov. Perry, and James Leininger. Patterson writes about financed by the Gleason Family Foundation and the of directors until 2010. The board also includes Penn - traveling the state with David Barton to speak to African Allegheny Foundation, one of the Scaife foundations. Dr. sylvania’s Dwight Evans, Anthony H. Williams, and American churches about the Democratic Party as the Matthew Ladner and Dan Lips, “Report Card on Amer - Dawn Chavous, executive director of Pennsylvania’s source of American racism and as a “demonic structure.” ican Education: Ranking State K-12 Performance, Student First and former chief of staff for Williams. Kevin 37 Erin Richards and Amy Hetzner, “Choice schools not out - Progress, and Reform,” 2012. http://www.alec.org/pub - Chavous, a former member of the Council of the Dis - performing MPS,” JS Online, Milwaukee-Wisconsin lications/report-card-on-american-education/ trict of Columbia, followed Fuller as the chair of the Journal Sentinel, March 29, 2011. http://www.json - BAEO board and is also on the board of AFC and 24 Steven Green, “The Insignificance of the Blaine Amend - line.com/news/education/118820339.html and Democrats for Education Reform. ment,” Brigham Young Law Review, April 12, 2008. "Debunking the Myths about Vouchers,” Education Vot - http://lawreview.byu.edu/archives/2008/2/5GR 30 “Community Voice or Captive of the Right? A Closer ers of Pennsylvania http://www.educationvoterspa.org/ EEN.FIN.pdf Also see Rob Boston, “The Blaine Game: Look at the Black Alliance for Educational Options,” Peo - index.php/site/issues/debunking-the-myths-about- Supporters Of Government AidTo Religious Schools Are ple For the American Way Foundation, December vouchers/ Trying To Eliminate State Constitutional Provisions 2001.http://www.pfaw.org/media-center/publications/ 38 Louisiana Department of Education, “Scholarship Par - That Stand InTheir Way,” Americans United, Septem - community-voice-or-captive-right-closer-look-black- ticipants Map,” http://www.louisianaschools.net/ ber 2002. http://www.au.org/church-state/september- alliance-educational-op resources/community/scholarships_map.aspx 2002-church-state/featured/the-blaine-game and the 31 “Community Voice or Captive of the Right? A Closer 39 Andrew J. Coulson, “State Rep. Balks at Voucher Fund - ACLU’s “Exposing the Myth of Anti-Catholic Bias” Look at the Black Alliance for Educational Options. ing for Muslim School,” Cato@Liberty http://www.cato- http://www.aclufl.org/pdfs/ACLU-ExposingtheMyth Expanding the PR machine.” People For the American ofAntiCatholicBias.pdf at-liberty.org/state-rep-balks-at-voucher-funding-for-mus Way Foundation, December 2001. http://www.pfaw. lim-school/ 25 Derek C. Araujo “Ballot Initiative, Motivated by CSH org/media-center/publications/community- Lawsuit, Would Gut FL Constitution’s Church-State Sep - voice/expanding-the-pr-machine 40 Jason L. Riley, “The Evidence Is In: School Vouchers

aration,” Center for Inquiry, May 9, 2011. 32 Work,” Wall St. Journal Online, May 3. 2011. Hubert Morken and Jo Renee Formicola , The Politics http://online.wsj.com/article/SB100014240527487033 http://www.centerforinquiry.net/blogs/entry/ballot_ of School Choice (MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1999) initiative_motivated_by_csh_lawsuit_would_gut_fl_con 96404576283381160558552.html 33 Maria Alvarez, “Allen Christian School in Queens to stitutions_church/ 41 RachelTabachnick, “From Schoolhouse to Statehouse,” Close,” Newsday, February 15, 2012 http://www.news - 26 Public Eye . Summer 2010. http://www.publiceye. Ibid. day.com/news/new-york/allen-christian-school-in- 27 org/magazine/v26n1/schoolhouse_to_statehouse.html Unsigned editorial, “Charter school dangers on display queens-to-close-1.3533617 and RachelTabachnick,"Vouchers/Tax Credits Funding in Scientology case,” Tampa Bay Times, March 5, 2012 34 Chaka Fattah, “Edison Schools Perform Poorly Nation - Creationism, Revisionist History, Hostility Toward http://www.tampabay.com/opinion/editorials/arti - wide,” Education News, April 5, 2004. http://www.edu - Other Religions” Talk2Action, May 25, 2011.http:// cle1218150.ece cationnews.org/articles/edison-schools-perform-poorly-n www.talk2action.org/story/2011/5/25/84149/9275 28 Kevin M. Kreuse discusses this and other strategies in ationwide.html 42 Paterson, Frances Democracy and Intolerance: Christian White Flight: Atlanta and the Making of Modern Con - 35 “EducationTrumps Immigration amongTop-Tier Issues for School Curricula, School Choice, and Public Policy, servatism. http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8043.html Latino Voters, New Poll Finds,” American Federation for (Bloomington, IN: Phi Delta Kappa, 2003). . More recently, the pro-privatization movement has been Children, May 15, 2012. http://www.federationforchil - 43 A 527 is a tax-exempt organization created for the pur - closely aligned with the Institute for Justice, known for dren.org/articles/689 its effort to end affirmative action. Clint Bolick, former pose of influencing the election or appointment of pub - president of Alliance for School Choice and co-founder 36 For example, the ministry of Apostle Alice Patterson, who lic officials. stood next to Gov. Rick Perry while he spoke during his of Institute for Justice, described Lani Guinier, a Clin - 44 All Children Matter Media Kit. http://web.archive.org/ ton nominee for Assistant Attorney General as one of prayer event in Houston in August 2011, has hosted web/20090507235854/http://www.allchildrenmat - “Clinton’s Quota Queens” in a Wall Street Journal op-ed, events to promote school vouchers, including the African ter.org/mediakit.php\ April 30, 1993. American Pastors’ and Leaders’ VIP Summit in 2007, featuring former Secretary of Education Rod Paige,

THE CULTURE WARS continued from page 1 to be guided by biblical principles and the “Mr. Ki-Moon’s [sic] statement was leader in the right-wing New Apostolic Ref - existing law against homosexuality….Zam - aimed at forcing Zambia to accept homo - ormation movement. Warren, and later bia is a Christian nation and Christianity sexuality,” said Rev. Pukuta Mwanza, exec - Lively, spoke out against the Ugandan bill, is against homosexuality.” Elias Chipimo, utive director ofThe Evangelical Fellowship and the legislation was tabled soon after. Jr., the president of Zambia’s National of Zambia (EFZ). “His message of gay Many African leaders who followed Restoration Party, blamed Western coun - human rights…is not appropriate to Zam - American conservatives’ anti-gay teach - tries and called on them to stop promot - bia because our laws do not allow homo - ings felt betrayed and abandoned. 2 How - ing homosexuality. “The insistence of sexuality.” ever, while Uganda’s Anti-Homosexuality foreign nations donating aid conditioned Only two years before, Uganda’s dra - Bill was blocked, similar anti-gay measures upon the active promotion of gay rights is conian Anti-Homosexuality Bill—the “Kill passed in Malawi, Nigeria, and Liberia. nothing other than the battle for the soul The Gays” bill— made international head - Uganda has reintroduced the anti-gay bill of our nation and our way of life,” he said. 1 lines.The global campaign to forestall the in each parliamentary session since 2009. bill singled out the true instigators of this The international outcry did little to hateful legislation: U.S. Christian Right improve the climate of tolerance of sexual Rev. Dr. Kapya Kaoma is PRA’s researcher figures including the internationally promi - diversity on the continent. In fact, the on religion and sexuality and is a priest in nent Baptist pastor and bestselling author, opposite happened: Amnesty International the Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts. He Rick Warren; Scott Lively, the anti-gay, reports, “Instances of harassment, dis - is the author of the recent PRA report, Holocaust revisionist; and Lou Engle, head crimination, persecution, violence and “Colonizing African Values.” He received of the revivalist group, The Call, and a murders committed against individuals his doctorate from Boston University.

THE PUBLIC EYE 11 SUMMER 2012 The Public Eye because of their sexual orientation or gen - The late Frederick Chiluba, a Pentecostal Backed by the CIA and funded by U.S. der identity are increasing across sub-Saha - influenced by the U.S. Christian Right right-wing churches and other interna - ran Africa.” 3 The speed and fervor of and Zambia’s second president, declared the tional organizations, Chiluba ousted African anti-gay sentiment in recent years country a “Christian Nation” to be governed Kaunda and within three months of has mobilized Western activists and politi - by biblical principles when he came to coming to power declared Zambia a “Chris - cians alike. power in December 1991. He appointed tian Nation.” 8 Chiluba’s brand of Christi - But almost every Western leader who has many conservative Christian pastors to anity was rooted in Pentecostalism, an spoken out on behalf of the rights of LGBT senior government positions. 6 evangelical movement that sees the Bible people have faced the same backlash as Ban, But Zambians’ embrace of this Ameri - as inerrant, with heaven waiting for the including U.S. Secretary of State Hillary can version of Christianity can be traced born again and hell for those who are not Clinton (see page 14) and British Prime back even earlier. Since its independence saved. Pentecostals believe God’s spirit Minister David Cameron. Cameron threat - in 1964, Zambia had been a secular state. continues to work in the world through the ened to cut funding to African countries gifts of prophecy, speaking in tongues, that persecute LGBT people during the and faith healing. Homosexuals are seen as Commonwealth Heads of Governments possessed by demons who must be cast out. Meeting in Perth, Australia in October While many of these beliefs have spread to 2011. African religious and political lead - Almost every Western other Christian denominations as part of ers not only condemned Cameron’s move the charismatic revival of the past decades, as immoral but also used it as evidence to leader who has spoken Pentecostalism is traditionally in direct feed the myth that homosexuality is a new conflict with mainline churches, such as form of Western imperialism aimed at out on behalf of the Anglican and Roman Catholic denomi - destroying Africa. 4 nations. Be it in Kenya, Zimbabwe, Zambia, or rights of LGBT people Following Chiluba’s election in 1991 Malawi, the sentiment is the same. Both and his subsequent thanksgiving service, or independent and government news media has faced significant what scholars Paul Gifford and Isabel Phiri houses reacted with indignation: “Ghana call his “anointing service,” these beliefs tells off UK over threat on gays” ( Daily backlash in Africa. found fertile ground in Zambia. 9 Conse - Nation, Ghana); “Is the West still coloniz - quently, human rights for sexual minori - ing Continent,” ( Tanzania Daily News, ties started to deteriorate. 10 Tanzania); and “UK’s Cameron Touched As Human Rights Watch noted on Wrong Button on Gays” ( The Observer, But in the last quarter of the twentieth cen - issues of LGBT rights, “Zambia is a cen - Uganda). “Amoral and horrendous cul - tury, Zambia’s separation between church ter for the activities of North American- turally imperialistic,” said Mobhane and state began to dissolve. Back in the based fundamentalist Christian evangelists: Matinyi of Tanzania’s The Citizen of 1970s and 1980s, the U.S. Christian Right their approaches and language were Cameron’s move. Most viewed the prime partnered with young African religious invoked in debates.Traditionally, Zambians minister’s position as imposing homosex - leaders across sub-Saharan Africa in an were not anti-gay; in fact…one Zambian uality on the continent. attempt to fight the perceived communism newspaper simply reprinted materials from Many political leaders on the conti - of Pan-Africanist leaders, including Zam - Exodus International, an American anti- nent eagerly use these Westerners’ state - bia’s first president, Kenneth Kaunda. Dur - gay religious organization, to support the ments as a rallying point for votes, ing this time, the number of U.S.-founded idea that ‘Christian counseling’ could cure challenging the human rights efforts as neo - churches on African soil increased, and U.S. homosexuals and return them to the fold colonial forays into African sovereignty. 5 conservative evangelists of all persuasions of society.” 11 U.S. evangelical media out - During the 2011 election in Zambia, exported their teachings to Africa—many lets such asTrinity Broadcasting Network politicians brought the issue of homosex - in concert with the Reagan administration. (TBN) and Christian Broadcasting Net - uality, which had historically remained at The CIA under the Reagan administration work (CBN) took root and began broad - the margins of political life, into a promi - supported Christian conservatives in strate - casting to a wide audience throughout the nent role. gic countries to fight what they claimed country. In 1995, U.S. Christian Right were Marxist guerillas and terrorists. Con - minister and media star Pat Robertson— Imposing a “Christian Nation” servative Christian missionaries went to himself a charismatic evangelical and for - on a Secular State Zambia, as well as Angola and South Africa; mer faith healer—called Chiluba the model ambia’s charged Christian Right pol - their charge was to stop the growth and president not only for “Africa but for the Zitics didn’t start with the 2011 election. spread of liberation theology. 7 rest of the world.” 12

THE PUBLIC EYE 12 SUMMER 2012 The Public Eye

Opposition to Homosexuality ambia is overwhelmingly Christian— Zthe Pew Research Center lists it as 98 percent Christian, with 92 percent of Zambians and 92 percent of Zambian Christians opposing homosexuality. Even Zambia’s traditional and tribal leaders base their opposition to homosexuality on the Bible, a Western product. A tribal counselor to Chieftainess Lesa named Danny Kakunka told us, “I know that homosexu - ality is not a taboo among the Westerners. But our traditions are opposed to it. Even the Bible does not allow it.” s

Unlike many African countries, only a e g a m somewhat small portion of Zambians are I y t t reported to still hold traditional beliefs. But e G / P even in countries where a larger portion of F A / a the populace follow traditional beliefs and d n e w

incorporate those practices into Christi - M h p e

anity, as in neighboring Malawi, tradi - s o tional leaders root their understanding of J U.N. Secretary General Ban Ki-moon with Zambia’s first president Kenneth Kaunda on February 25, homosexuality in the Bible.Take, for exam - 2012 in Lusaka. During the visit, Ban urged African countries to respect gay rights. ple, 80-year-old John Robert Mangani, the senior chief of the Kadewere-Chiradzulu That even “traditionalists” echo U.S. fundamentalists invested heavily in trans - district of Malawi, who could not find Christian Right biblical interpretation forming Christianity on the continent. traditional reasons to oppose homosexuality; would be no surprise to the authors of the They warn that this fast-growing African relying instead on the Bible. Mangani told 1996 book Christianity “is fundamentalist and Amer - us, “Our culture does not accept same-sex Exporting the American Gospel: They ican. Through its [American Christian marriages. It is against human dignity. Let Global Christian Fundamentalism. noted that American Christian funda - Right] resources, personnel and technol - us go to the book of Genesis: God created ogy, it may be exerting influence on every man and woman that they should live bit as the colonial Christianity of the last together. God knew that man has sperms century.” 13 and these sperms are aimed at fertilizing ova This American style of Christianity is in a woman. If we hear that there are some Though religious leaders especially evident in Zambian Christian people advocating for same-sex marriages, attitudes towards homosexuality. Influ - as chiefs, we are totally against. Frankly in Zambia have embraced ential Zambian Bishop Joshua Banda of speaking, it is an abomination in our Northmead Assembly of God asserted country.” American anti-gay rhetoric, that homosexuality was “alien to the Zam - Paramount Chief Lundu concurred, bian society.” Despite his bishop title (a “At the beginning God created Adam and it is Zambian politicians who common honorific Africans ascribe to his wife Eve, it is very strange to see that religious leaders), Banda practices an Amer - these people who are promoting homo - have taken up the anti-gay ican form of Pentecostalism and is no sexuality have wives and they do not encour - stranger to anti-gay religious teachings— age their children to follow homosexual acts. mantle for political gain. his doctoral advisor was Canon Dr. Chris If we go to scriptures Genesis 19:1-22, it Sugden, executive secretary of the break - states how Sodom and Gomorrah were away group Anglican Mainstream Inter - destroyed due to homosexual acts. As chiefs mentalism, the Protestant evangelical national, which parted ways with the we will not allow such acts to continue in movement of militant biblical literalists, Episcopal Church USA over inclusion of our country, it is an abomination. We will had taken hold across much of the devel - sexual minorities. In addition to studying not accept this. It is better to remain poor oping world. In Africa, they argued, U.S. at Trans-Africa Theological College in than to accept same-sex marriage.”

THE PUBLIC EYE 13 SUMMER 2012 The Public Eye

a human right issue because God created men to perform some special roles, which should only be done by men.” 17 Chihana One sign of the U.S. Christian Right’s influence in added that “homosexuality was not a human rights issue but a demonic right the political arena is the use of parliament to enact which was unacceptable” and that “his own findings showed that most people anti-gay laws. The Uganda “Kill The Gays” bill practising homosexuality were victims of the act who were finding it difficult to fully revealed this practice—and Zambian conservative recover and were now being forced to per - form the act on others.” 18 Another clergy - Christians have leapt on the bandwagon. man, Bishop Bernard Nwaka of Living Waters Global Ministries, was quoted as saying, “Homosexuality or same-sex affairs Kitwe, Zambia, which was founded and manhood, and biblical manhood is are serious issues political parties should not funded by the U.S. Christian conservatives, rooted in creation. And in creation ignore because Zambia is a Christian Banda is a graduate of Northwest Univer - God made them male and female. It Nation.” 19 sity in Kirkland, Washington, a Pente - is Adam and Eve and not Adam and “Janet ”, a nurse at Lusaka West BB costal institution. While scholar Adriaan Steve. In creation, we see a man and Clinic, told PRA that “from a Christian S. van Klinken associates Banda’s posi - a woman in their respective roles. 15 point of view,” same-sex relations are “very tions on homosexuality with “the church’s Banda is not alone—other U.S.-influ - bad but, when we look at it from the other gender politics, specifically with regard to enced Pentecostal leaders preach similar angle it is a special case, for example the men and masculinity,” Banda’s anti-gay anti-gay positions. Bishop Joe Imakando South African case.” Here, she refers to arguments are rooted in U.S. conservatism. of Bread of Life Church International and Caster Ssemenya, the Olympic runner In fact, Banda’s church is a product of a a frequent visitor to the United States says whose sexuality became the subject of Western Christian mission, founded by the that “gays and lesbians had no room in soci - widespread debate. 20 “A person may appear Pentecostal Assemblies of Canada ety because Zambia had been declared a to be female, but the hormonal makeup is (P.A.O.C.) Mission in the 1970s with no Christian nation.” 16 International Fellow - that of man.This simply means that though 14 Zambian members. You can hear this ship of Christian Churches’ president appearance may be of a woman, the sexual influence within Banda’s sermons on Bishop Simon Chihana was reported to feelings will be towards a fellow woman and Fatherhood in the 21st Century ; as quoted have said that “homosexuality will never be general behavior will be masculine.” Asked by van Klinken: Biblical fatherhood has in mind that a man, as God aimed him, in a fam - U.S. FUNDS ANDTHE PUSH FOR LGBT RIGHTS ily takes his role as a father, and a In a major speech given in December 2011, U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton linked woman, as God has fashioned her, foreign aid to gay rights, defining “human rights as gay rights and gay rights as human takes the role as a mother in the rights.” 32 The inherent threat to withhold aid from nations that persecute sexual minorities home, and the two become the pack - was certain to provoke a backlash, but could have also produced some results. Just two days age that bring into this life, by pro - after Secretary Clinton’s address, Malawi’s then-Justice Minister, Ephraim Chiume, creation, a family through the announced that the country would begin reviewing its laws banning homosexuality. 33 offspring. And nothing else exists However, the Obama administration soon clarified that the new directive to defend LGBT besides that. And why should those rights would not result in withdrawal of aid; instead, the United States would grant addi - who take up a so-called alternative life tional monies to empower LGBT communities. 34 The government of Malawi responded style still take on the role of a mother by dropping its review and resuming its public condemnation of homosexuality. In backing and a father if they are [of the] same away from its threat to cut aid, the Obama administration got the worst of both worlds— sex, and then go into adoption of chil - the predictable flak, without any progress on policy. With its announcement of a $3 mil - dren? We can adopt children in fam - lion global equality fund for civil society organizations working on LGBT rights across the ilies and that’s fine, but not in this world, 35 the administration somehow reinforced the conservative narrative that LGBT fashion. Why do they want a differ - groups and the West are flooding the continent with money to impose foreign sexual ent role when it is [the] same mores. If the Obama administration’s commitment to LGBT rights everywhere is to bear sex?...There is no substitute for fruit, there is need to follow through on its bold statements. fatherhood. It is rooted in biblical

THE PUBLIC EYE14 14 SUMMER 2012 The Public Eye whether homosexuality is a Western However, U.N. Secretary General Ban nature; is liable to imprisonment for a term import, Janet said, “Not really because it Ki-moon’s visit to the country resurrected not less than 15 years and may be liable to is everywhere. Some people can be attracted the vitriol. Once again you heard the anti- imprisonment for life.” 29 to the same sex . It started from Western— LGBT claims of the pastors. “The 2010 The struggle over LGBT rights contin - yes—but we not blame them.” draft constitution specifically recom - ues to rage in constitutional battles. A mended that ‘Marriage between persons of draft constitution proposed in 2011 would Homophobia as a PoliticalTool the same sex is prohibited,’” said Mwanza discriminate against LGBT persons, but hough religious leaders in Zambia of the Evangelical Fellowship of Zambia. 27 Zambia’s 2012 draft constitution protects Thave embraced American anti-gay Martin Musaluke, the vice president of the all citizens from discrimination. Article 27 rhetoric, it is Zambian politicians who Law Association of Zambia (LAZ) similarly (1) of the draft constitution states: “A per - have taken up the anti-gay mantle for polit - insisted that “respecting gay rights in Zam - son has the right not to be discriminated ical gain. In early 2011, conservative bia is impossible because homosexuality is against, directly or indirectly, on any Christian politicians challenged the then- a criminal offence under the current laws.” 28 grounds including birth, race, sex, origin, opposition leader of the Patriotic Front colour, age, disability, religion, conscience, Michael Sata as being pro-gay and there - belief, culture, language, pregnancy, health, fore not fit to rule a Christian nation. 21 marital, ethnic, tribal, social or economic Then-president Rupiah Banda (no relation This deep-seated view status.” 30 The draft constitution also pro - to Bishop Joshua Banda) pulled out the neo- hibits the passing any law or “provision that colonial card and told Zambians they of LGBT rights as a is discriminatory either of itself or in its should blame the Western aid community effect.” 31 While this seems to safeguard for homosexuality. “Some sections of the neocolonial import puts LGBT persons, it is likely that the new con - donor community had embarked on a stitution will uphold anti-gay laws that are campaign aimed at making Zambians Westerners hoping to stand of colonial origins. believe that homosexuality was a human The general public has picked up on rights issue,” Banda said. 22 Late Vice Pres - in solidarity with those under politicians’ and pastors’ appeals to their ident George Kunda ratcheted up the elec - national pride in claiming that homosex - tion-year gay baiting and called on the threat for their sexuality uality is a sign of Western encroachment public to report LGBT persons to the on the purity of Zambian Christian life. police. “If you have information about in a difficult spot. Chikumbi Ndolesha, a biomedical student such people, report them to the law enforce - in Ndola, told us that homosexuality is not ment agencies.There are also some people part of Zambian culture. “It is a Western who are bisexual and they marry to cover import because, us Zambians, we tend to up their activities, but, at the end of the day, Another sign of U.S. Christian Right imitate things that we see on TV, read in we know them.” 23 influence in the political arena is the use of magazines, and the things we see in movies. While Kunda accepted that gays are parliament to enact anti-gay laws. The We think it is a normal way of life and we part of the Zambian community, he nev - Uganda “Kill The Gays” bill, first intro - think it is fancy to come across one. In the ertheless argued homosexuality was “not duced in 2009, revealed this practice—and long run we are adopting [the] wrong cul - part of the Christian norm” 24 and “Zam - Zambian conservative Christians have leapt ture.” Another interviewee added that bian laws are tailored [to] Christian values on the bandwagon, using the country’s con - “America is not governed by Christian val - the country practices.” 25 Former President stitution. Zambia’s current constitution, ues, it is a secular state and as such would Kenneth Kaunda, widely respected in the specifically its anti-gay portions, can be want to encourage other states, especially international community, argued that viewed as a colonial product with its con - in Zambia, in particular, to promote it— homosexuality was against the Bible and demnation of what it calls “carnal knowl - America sees nothing wrong with practic - therefore “against God’s commandments.” edge.” Despite three constitutional reviews ing homosexuality and is now promoting He called on leaders to “advocate for laws (1973, 1991, 1996), British colonial laws pro - it here in Zambia so that homosexuals are that prohibited such wicked vices especially hibiting homosexuality remain on the books spared.” Heath Hammumba, a laboratory that Zambia was a Christian Nation.” 26 in Zambia. Despite this, in 2005, the Par - technician in Ndola, argued that homo - Despite politicians’ attempts to foil liament amended the penal code so it would sexuality is copied from the West. From the their opposition with anti-gay rhetoric, read, “Any person who has carnal knowledge Christian perspective, he insists homo - Michael Sata and the Patriotic Front came of any person against the order of nature [or] sexuality “is wrong in the eyes of God to power in September 2011 and the permits a male person to have carnal knowl - because God created man and women for politics of sexuality in Zambia died down. edge of him or her against the order of a purpose. If it was right, God would have

THE PUBLIC EYE 15 SUMMER 2012 The Public Eye created one sex, either male or just females.” 6 The presidential declaration speech was centered on the laws are tailored by the Christian values the country This deep-seated view of LGBT rights following biblical passages: John 14:6; Jeremiah 7:23; Luke practices.” 22:20; 2 Chronicles 7:14; and 2 Kings 23:3. “The Pres - 24 “Kunda warns homosexuals,” Times of Zambia, March as a neocolonial import puts Westerners idential Speech,” 29.12.91. Times of Zambia 1.1.92; 21, 2009. http://allafrica.com/stories/200903 hoping to stand in solidarity with those 9.1.95. 230722.html 7 Jeffrey Marishane, “Prayer, Profit and Power: US Religious 25 “Gay and lesbianism illegal – Kunda,” Lusaka Times. under threat for their sexuality in a diffi - Right and Foreign Policy,” Review of African Political Econ - cult spot. Christian conservatives manage omy (1991), 19(52), 73-86. 26 Former president Kaunda says no to homosexuality,” State House. to use their frequently tone-deaf, public 8 Frederick T. J Chiluba, Democratisation Process in Zam - 27 condemnations against them, endangering bia, Masters Thesis (Warwick: Warwick University, Republic of Zambia, National Constitutional Confer - 1994), 100. ence, 2010: 222. the very people they intend to defend. 28 9 For a detailed discussion, see Paul Gifford, African Chris - “Gay Rights Impossible in Country,” Times of Zambia, Threats of punitive measures from the tianity: Its Public Role, (London: Hurst & Company, February 28, 2012. http://allafrica.com/stories/ United States [see sidebar on page 14] and 1998), 197; Isabel Phiri, “President Frederick Chiluba: 201202280767.html Evangelicals and Democracy in a “Christian Nation,”” 29 the United Kingdom legitimize religious Zambia’s Penal Code Act. http://passthrough.fw- in Evangelical Christianity and Democracy in Africa , Ter - notify.net/download/587453/http://www.parlia - conservatives’ contention that homosexu - ence O. Ranger, ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, ment.gov.zm/downloads/VOLUME%207.pdf 2008), 95-129, 102. ality is a Western import. Human rights 30 Republic of Zambia, First Draft Constitution of the 10 advocates—rather than U.S. Christian “MoreThan a Name: State-Sponsored Homophobia and Republic of Zambia, April 30, 2012, 14/ http://zam - its Consequences in Southern Africa,” Human Rights bianconstitution.org/downloads/First%20Draft Right actors—are cast as neocolonialists. Watch, May 13, 2012. http://www.hrw.org/reports/ %20Constitution.pdf 2003/05/13/more-name-0 This dynamic raises questions about 31 Republic of Zambia, First Draft Constitution of the 11 whether Western diplomacy might be “More Than a Name,” Human Rights Watch. Republic of Zambia, April 30, 2012, 14. http://zam - 12 “The 700 Club,” Christian Broadcasting Network, bianconstitution.org/downloads/First%20Draft practiced more effectively away from the April 25, 1995. While Isaac Phiri claims that Chiluba %20Constitution.pdf lights and cameras. Diplomats cannot back invited Pat Robertson to Zambia, Chiluba’s interview was 32 Igor Volsky and Zack Ford, “Sec. ClintonTo UN: ‘Gay down when they suggest sanctioning coun - pre-recorded and aired on April 25, 1995 on “The 700 Rights Are Human Rights, And Human Rights Are Gay Club.” Isaac Phiri muddies the circumstance. See: Isaac Rights,’” Think Progress, Dec 6, 2011. For the full speech tries that institutionalize homophobia. Phiri, Proclaiming Political Pluralism: Churches and Polit - of Secretary Clinton, see http://thinkprogress. For their part, U.S. human rights and ical Transitions in Africa (Westport: Praeger, 2001), 44. org/lgbt/2011/12/06/383003/sec-clinton-to-un-gay- LGBT advocacy communities should build 13 Steve Brouwer, Paul Gifford, and Susan D. Rose, Export - rights-are-human-rights-and-human-rights-are-gay- ing the American Gospel: Global Christian Fundamentalism rights/ good relationships with African diplomats (New York: Routledge, 1996), 178. 33 BBC, “Malawi to review homosexuality law,” 8 Decem - so that they can start the dialog from a 14 Northmead Assembly of God, “About Us.” ber 2011, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa- stronger position. Westerners can support http://www.northmeadassembly.org/index.php? 16092694 African leadership by providing them with option=com_content&view=article&id=238&Itemid=30 34 Exporting the Anti-Gay Movement: How sexual minori - 15 Adriaan S. van Klinken, “The Homosexual as the ties in Africa became collateral damage in the U.S. culture concrete resources—including schooling Antithesis of ‘Biblical Manhood’? Heteronormativity and wars. http://prospect.org/authors/rev-dr-kapya-kaoma. or research support. They have already Masculinity Politics in Zambian Pentecostal Sermons,” 35 Igor Volsky and Zack Ford, “Sec. ClintonTo UN: ‘Gay shown that it can be highly effective to chal - Journal of Gender and Religion in Africa, vol.. 17, no. 2 Rights Are Human Rights, And Human Rights Are Gay (December 2011), 126-142. Rights,’” Think Progress, Dec 6, 2011. For the full speech lenge the U.S. Christian Right individu - 16 “Channel funds to projects, not gay rights, donors of Secretary Clinton, see http://thinkprogress.org/ als and groups who fan the flames of urged,” LusakaTimes, May 7, 2010.http://www.lusaka - lgbt/2011/12/06/383003/sec-clinton-to-un-gay-rights- homophobia. Exposing their true neo - times.com/2010/05/07/channel-funds-projects-gay- are-human-rights-and-human-rights-are-gay-rights/ rights-donors-urged/, colonial roots is essential in order to defend 17 “Former president Kaunda says no to homosexuality,” LGBT people throughout sub-Saharan State House, October 21, 2010. Originally published in Africa. Times of Zambia, October 21, 2010. http://www.state - NEW REPORT! house.gov.zm/index.php/component/content/article/48- featured-items/1938-former-president-kaunda-says-no-t o-homosexuality Endnotes 18 Former president Kaunda says no to homosexuality,” State 1 Interview, MUVI TV, March 1, 2012. House. 2 Jodi Jacobson, “Martin Ssempa Responds to Rick War - 19 Former president Kaunda says no to homosexuality,” State ren on Uganda’s Homosexuality Bill,” RHRealityCheck. House. http://www.rhrealitycheck.org/blog/2009/12/19/mar - 20 Semenya finally able to focus on Olympic gold after three- tin-ssempa-responds-rick-warren-ugandas- year nightmare: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/ homosexuality-bill olympics/article-2152053/Caster-Semenya-finally-able- 3 Amnesty International, “Africa: End discrimination focus-Olympic-gold.html#ixzz1yYxVAJgQ l against LGBTI on international day against homopho - 21 “Veep challenges Sata, HH over gays,” LusakaTimes, Jan - bia,” May 16, 2012. http://amnesty.org/en/news/africa- uary 1, 2011. http://www.lusakatimes.com/2011/ end-discrimination-against-gays-international-day-against 01/01/veep-challenges-sata-hh-gays/ Originally pub - -homophobia-2012-05-16 lished in Zambia Daily Mail. 4 “Cameron threat to dock some UK aid to anti-gay 22 Former president Kaunda says no to homosexuality,” State nations,” BBC News, October 31, 2012/ http://www. House. Available free online at bbc.co.uk/news/uk-15511081 23 “Gay and lesbianism illegal – Kunda,” Lusaka Times, www.publiceye.org 5 Amnesty International, “Africa: End discrimination March 18, 2011. http://www.lusakatimes.com/2011/ against LGBTI on international day against homophobia. ” 03/18/36366/ “The Vice President said that Zambian

THE PUBLIC EYE 16 SUMMER 2012 The Public Eye RECONSIDERING HATE continued from page 1 These provisions adopted the frame of “hate” for analyzing, Hate Studies, created to help advance an include law describing, and responding to violence, interdisciplinary field of Hate Studies and enforcement oppression, and discrimination. Today, disseminate new theories, models, and reporting almost every state has enacted some form discoveries about hate, began publishing the requirements, of hate crime statute, although the focus, Journal of Hate Studies in 2001. 11 mandated train - wording, and identification of “protected” These are significant achievements, and ing for law status categories differ widely. 3 There are represent a major investment by social jus - enforcement several federal hate crime laws. 4 tice advocates. However, I believe the hate personnel, and Since the 1980s, there has been a robust, frame has had unintended, harmful con - civil legal reme - sometimes fiery debate in social justice sequences that social justice activists and Kay Whitlock dies (permitting arenas over the desirability, efficacy, and scholars need to re-evaluate. Does calling victims to sue for possible consequences of “hate speech” something a hate crime or hate speech damages). Penalty enhancements could law as a response to violent and dehu - clarify or distort the nature of our struggles? only be applied in cases where the crimes manizing rhetoric. An increasing number could be proved to be linked by bias and of colleges and universities have adopted Beyond “Bad Attitudes” attempts to terrorize entire groups of policies prohibiting certain forms of speech, o one familiar with the history of people based on their actual or perceived Nlynching and other means of enforc - race, color, religion, ethnicity, national ing racial segregation and asserting White origin, sexual orientation, gender, gender supremacy in the United States could rea - identity or expression, or physical/mental sonably argue that such actions are not disability. 1 The hate frame has motivated by racial hatreds—or that hate Now let’s fast-forward to 2012 in Sanford, doesn’t motivate anti-immigrant vigilantes Florida and the killing of a Black teenager, had unintended, who take it into their hands to “patrol” the Trayvon Martin, as he was walking home. U.S.-Mexico border. Similarly, one could George Zimmerman, a self-appointed harmful consequences not plausibly assert that vile, anti-LGBT neighborhood watch volunteer who enter - sentiments expressed in queer bashings tained hopes of being a cop one day, admit - that social justice and anti-gay political campaigns aren’t ted shooting Martin to death. He was hateful. Hate is very much at the center of charged with second-degree murder 46 activists and scholars bombing and burning of Black churches, days after the shooting. Many groups synagogues, and mosques. Hate is certainly hailed this indictment as a victory. FBI need to re-evaluate. involved when women’s health care centers agents have also questioned witnesses, pre - are torched and abortion providers mur - sumably to determine if Zimmerman dered. might be charged with a federal hate crime. 2 But beyond a sense that we know hate It is worth noting that a murder charge with the stated intention of protecting when we feel it, we don’t know a great deal prosecuted under federal hate crime law pluralism and ensuring equal educational about hate itself. Is hate an emotion? A could carry a death sentence. opportunities. 5 belief? A behavior? A process? An out - Over the past four decades, social jus - Prominent advocacy organizations, come? Is it innate? Learned? A mental dis - tice advocacy groups have increasingly including the Southern Poverty Law Cen - order? Is it an individual phenomenon? Is ter (SPLC), 6 the Anti-Defamation League it still considered “hate” when it appears in (ADL), 7 and Center for New Community, 8 systemic form, preserved in routine actions A longtime LGBT activist, KayWhitlock was regularly monitor and report on “hate” and of public and private institutions? What is the National Representative for LGBT Issues “extremist” groups (defined according to its relationship to hierarchies of power, if for the American Friends Service Commit - their own criteria). “Stop Hate” initiatives any? Is it intrinsically violent? Is it a fixed tee (AFSC) and an AFSC regional director. abound. 9 SPLC offers an array of “teach - part of human nature? Can it be corrected She is coauthor, with Joey Mogul and Andrea ing tolerance,” diversity awareness, and or healed? J. Ritchie, of Queer (In)Justice (Beacon prejudice reduction educational resources Ken Stern, specialist on antisemitism Press) which has drawn wide critical acclaim for both teachers and students. Not in and extremism for the American Jewish for its call for a multi-issue social justice Our Town is a national organization that Committee (AJC), suggests that one work - agenda and was honored with the 2011 highlights community initiatives to resist, ing definition of hate might be “the human PASS (Prevention for a Safer Society) Award respond to, and prevent hate violence. 10 capacity to define, and then dehumanize from the National Council on Crime and The Gonzaga University Institute for or demonize, an ‘other,’ and the processes Delinquency.

THE PUBLIC EYE 17 SUMMER 2012 The Public Eye which inform and give expression to…that ing that already exist in mainstream soci - are disproportionately targeted for capacity.” 12 At first glance, that seems clear ety. [Their] ideologies, styles, frames, and bias-motivated violence; transgende r and useful. But the waters muddy when we narratives…are drawn from pre-existing people, particularly, are at risk for try to utilize a single frame—hate—for systems of oppression buried in main - murder. People of color who are interpreting and responding to the actions stream society.” 14 trans gender face especially height - of the following actors: individuals moti - ened risk for being targets of vated by obvious bigotry; independent Safety or Distraction? violence. groups and networks pushing openly t the time President Barack Obama The neutral wording of hate crime and oppressive agendas; and the histories and Asigned the Matthew Shepard and related laws is “power-evasive.” When systemic operation of respectable public James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act selectively enforced, these laws can morph and private institutions and entire nation- into law in October 2009, 15 many activists into instruments of injustice. For example, states. believed that with the passage of federal and a South Carolina anti-lynching statute state hate crime laws, law enforcement intended to protect African Americans (historically a persecutor of people of color, against White mob violence has trans - queers, and other targeted groups) would formed into a legal tool used dispropor - There is no evidence at last protect those marginalized commu - tionately against young Black men—simple nities. Hate crime laws, major advocacy enough, given the law’s race-neutral defi - that hate crime laws organizations said, would help deter and nition of “mob” as “the assemblage of two prevent hate violence.They would make our or more persons, without color or author - deter acts of violence. communities safer. ity of law, for the premeditated purpose and Unfortunately, no such message was with the premeditated intent of commit - sent or received. Violence against people of ting an act of violence upon the person of The liberal version of the hate frame color, queers, and other vulnerable groups another.” 18 asserts that people who engage in bullying, remains widespread. In fact, some com - Police often treat many LGBT and threat, intimidation, and violence stand munities are now more likely to experience HIV-affected people who attempt to report outside the circle of normalcy and main - harassment and abuse. 16 Racial, gender, hate violence as offenders rather than as stream standards of civic morality. “Haters" and sexual profiling permanently classify people who have suffered violence. Such are identified as “extremists” acting outside people from targeted communities as “sus - “re-victimization” is especially likely if the social norms. picious” and “dangerous others.” However, these kinds of hatreds aren’t Glimpses and discussion of criminal - merely about personal prejudice or “bad izing processes at the intersections of race, attitudes.” Sociologist Kathleen Blee is class, gender, and immigration status are Police offers consistently one among a number of social scientists and found in Queer (In)Justice: The Crimi - legal scholars writing about hate who rec - nalization of LGBT People in the United constitute a major hate ognizes that violent acts motivated by bias States, which documents these overarch - or hatreds “can reflect broader social insti - ing problems: violence offender group. tutions and cultural norms.” 13 • Hate crime laws provide no pro- Racist and gendered violence is suprema - active protection. Highly selective cist in nature, touting the alleged superi - enforcement of these laws typically ority of Whites over people of color; takes place (sometimes) only after person reporting is a person of color, trans - heterosexuals over queers; men over an incident is reported. gender or gender nonconforming, poor, women; and a certain variety of Christianity • There is no evidence that hate crime presumed to be a sex worker, or an immi - over other denominations and faiths. Such laws deter acts of violence. For grant. Additionally, many who are targets hatreds, openly expressed and used as a focal example, National Coalition of of hate crimes do not wish to report inci - point for organizing, intend to retain and Anti-Violence Programs (NCAVP) dents to the police out of fear. These can reinforce traditional (and unjust) hierar - annual reports do not show any include fear of not being believed, fear of chies of racial, gender, and economic power. consistent reductions in reports of additional abuse at the hands of police, fear As former PRA political analyst Chip violent crime. But they do show of being reported to immigration author - Berlet notes in the Journal of Hate Studies, recent increases, especially in ities, fear of unwanted and negative pub - “Organized supremacist groups utilize and murder. 17 licity, and fear of reprisals. amplify the same elements of prejudice, • Based on reported incidents, people According to NCAVP, police officers supremacy, demonization, and scapegoat - of color and transgender people consistently constitute a major hate violence

THE PUBLIC EYE 18 SUMMER 2012 The Public Eye offender group; Amnesty International legal criteria. reports suffer from these shortcomings: has documented widespread, systemic Most discussions of hate violence in the • There is no way to ensure that eval - police misconduct and abuse—particu - United States cite annual reports from the uation and classification of reported larly against queers of color. Police in some FBI. However, as recently as 2005, the incidents are consistent across juris - jurisdictions have refused to take hate Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) recognized dictions. crime reports, and some reports may not that the actual incidence of hate violence was be accurately classified as hate crimes under vastly understated by the FBI. The FBI’s Continues on page 21

DIPPING INTOTHE UNDERCURRENT: A RESPONSETO “RECONSIDERING HATE” By Rahsaan D. Hall setts Attorney General to address neighbor-to-neighbor harassment. One case in particular involved a White man creating an unbearable At the Lawyers’ Committee for Civil living experience for his Haitian neighbor through racially hostile state - Rights and Economic Justice, our ments, gestures, and harassment. The ability to provide the victim mission is to eliminate race and some protection came through the Massachusetts Civil Rights Statute, national-origin discrimination because the Massachusetts Hate Crimes Statutes only addresses acts of through litigation, and community violence. The latter statute is limited in that it does not afford greater and legislative advocacy. Despite our protections to victims of bias-based harassment. Although there are narrowly focused mission we are protections through other statutes, bias-based infringements of people’s always working collaboratively with rights have few remedies. This shortcoming touches on the premise of community partners to advance an Whitlock’s article and the need to expand the conversation around hate agenda that supports and affirms crimes legislation. expansive hate crimes legislation. As a former prosecutor I recognize that hate crime legislation that After reading Kay Whitlock’s discussion paper I was moved by the allows for criminal prosecution of conduct that would not otherwise be manner in which she touched on the consistent acts of violence and considered criminal is always a tool that can be used. I recognize Whit - aggression towards the “Other,” whoever that might be, throughout lock’s cautionary note about the South Carolina anti-lynching statute the history of this country. I think she did a good job of documenting that ended up being used against Black men as something to be aware that history, similar to Isabel Wilkerson’s book The Warmth of Other of. However, I do think prosecutors’ ability to leverage the desired out - Suns, which tells the story of the Great Migration of African Ameri cans come is important. Penalty enhancements are useful because they pro - leaving the oppression of the South only to be met by the oppression vide additional leverage and help define criminal conduct, and identify in Northern cities, where groups of White people sought to protect the protected status of the victim. Ultimately, this narrow framework is their “entitlements” through threats and acts of violence. reactionary and will not address the undercurrent that motivates these Whitlock’s discussion paper evoked an idea of an “undercurrent” of types of crimes. Nevertheless, even if the existing legislation is limiting, fear, animosity, and resentment that is directed toward groups that are it can still be very helpful. not identifiable as straight, Christian, White males. This undercurrent Realistically, it will take continued advocacy to not only affirm the is the reason it is difficult to address the larger structural and systemic existing usefulness of the hate crimes legislation that exists, but also to inequities that exist along race and bias lines in this country. Attacking continue to push the envelope about what the conversation regard ing the societal and structural existence of hatred is very difficult. Anything hate crimes legislation should be and who the conversation should that raises questions about the structural and systemic nature of racism, include. More opportunities for conversation and education are impor - sexism, homophobia, Islamophobia, and any other structural power tant, but I really think that a dramatic shift will not occur until there inequities undermines and calls into question the foundation of many are straight, White men in positions of authority, power, and privilege people's beliefs, and threatens the privileges they benefit from. There - who are able to recognize their privilege and have meaningful conversa - fore, this undercurrent is easily tapped into by many people who feel tions geared at reframing the narrative. It's not that change rests on the their position in society is threatened. They need only dip the bucket shoulders of these influential people, but until there are honest conver - into the stream of this undercurrent and pull it up to pour out rhetoric sations about the “undercurrent” we will continue to see resistance to that motivates hatred and acts of bias violence. pushing this narrative forward. We have to get people to separate their In my work, I see the impact of that undercurrent played out when I individual issues from the larger narrative around structural inequities, take on police misconduct cases. There are many instances in which bias, and violence to see how they impact all of us. Black men speak back to White police officers and the police abuse Rahsaan D. Hall, a former Public Defender in Dade County, Florida, and their power. It’s an ultimate show of authority, by the officer, to send a former Assistant District Attorney for Suffolk County, Massachusetts is the message that “You don’t belong, I am in charge, and any exercise of Deputy Director of The Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights and Eco - free speech or expression of dissatisfaction about this encounter is not nomic Justice, where he engages in both legislative advocacy and commu - valuabl e— and furthermore, I am going to use force against you to nity outreach. His litigation practice focuses on police misconduct, and ensure you know where your place is.” public accommodations. He also serves as the director of the Lawyers' Com - Another set of examples is the cases that invoke the Massachusetts Civil mittee Voting Rights Project, protecting voting rights for racial and ethnic Rights Statute. I have worked closely with the Office of the Massachu - minorities, and other historically disenfranchised groups.

THE PUBLIC EYE 19 SUMMER 2012 The Public Eye

LOOK BEYOND POLICE FOR SOLUTIONS: A RESPONSETO “RECONSIDERING HATE” By Rinku Sen some other options. The dominant story about race in These options might exist in other institutions. The dehumanization of the United States goes like this: in the “protected classes”—people of color, immigrants, queers—is generated past, we had troubling racial patterns, not just by criminal justice systems. Racial, sexual, national, and reli - including genocide, slavery, and segre - gious profiling takes place in our immigration, energy, education, gation. Then heroic individuals took employment, and health care systems, among many others. In June, the spontaneous action and showed Sikh Coalition in New York City announced the settlement of a lawsuit America the error of its ways. We that forces the Metropolitan Transit Authority to abandon its post-Sep - changed all of our racist laws and tember 11 rule requiring employees with headdresses either to put an became colorblind, evidenced by the MTA logo on it or work away from public view. 2 If the public transit election of President Barack Obama. system of the nation’s largest city thinks it’s okay to “hide” its Muslim When race is evoked today, it is only and Sikh employees, then many individuals will think it’s okay to send by people of color aiming to avoid responsibility and gain “special such people into hiding permanently. rights.” If some people still act on extremist notions of White supremacy, then punishing hate crimes is the best we can do about Hate crime legislation has been one issue around which LGBT, immi - such behavior which seems to be innate to human beings. grant, religious groups, and native-born communities of color have joined forces. If we want to prevent such violence, we need to seek a In this narrative, racism is defined as individual, intentional, and overt, broader range of campaigns to engage together. In the Applied causing an enormous problem for those of us working on the institu - Research Center’s “Better Together” report, which focuses on the rela - tional and structural causes of inequity. If there isn’t a noose hanging, tionships between racial-justice and LGBTQ-liberation groups, issues, too many Americans think, then there isn’t a racial problem. A similar and communities, we argue that people concerned with both issues gap between dominant thinking and the reality of systemic oppression need to move beyond abstract moral support to concrete, strategic affects LGBT people, immigrants, and people of certain faiths. The interventions. 3 issue of hate violence is particularly tricky because it offers both expan - sions and limits in the fight for justice. Hate crimes are a form—some - These strategic interventions suggest themselves in every institution of times the only form—of racism, homophobia, xenophobia, religious our society. Schools provide a great place to start; we should endeavor, intolerance that most Americans will recognize. It has emotional for example, not to replicate the limitations of the hate crimes impact that generates action because hate crime violence is indeed tak - approach in creating anti-bullying policies. Health institutions and ing so many lives. In addition, we can see the need for structural solu - their treatment of victims might be another site of collective struggle. tions in the criminalizing policies that have been adopted to address it. The Employment Non-Discrimination Act offers some options. On the surface, hate crimes legislation appears to join the individual and the structural in ways that few other issues do. There are solutions we haven’t thought of yet, because our collective notions of justice are still oriented toward punishment rather than pre - In her insightful discussion paper, Kay Whitlock points out some severe vention. We need to begin work, together, on breakthrough agendas limits of the hate frame, which ultimately amount to the fact that the that uphold the dignity and safety of all our people, in all our institu - problem isn’t actually being solved. The criminal justice system on tions. We have to be able to connect individual pain to systemic rules, which we’ve pinned our hopes is itself responsible for generating and not only when violence is the result, but any form of dehumanization. reinforcing deep bias against the people who are most frequently vic - We can do it, but only if we’re completely honest with ourselves about timized: queers, people of color and especially queer people of color. where the current range of hate crimes solutions have taken us, and where they haven’t. Whitlock’s discussion of the role that police officers play in hate crimes mirrors a similar pattern found in domestic violence. The National Rinku Sen, president and executive director of the Applied Research Center Center for Women and Policing notes that “most departments across (ARC) and publisher of ColorLines, is the author of The Accidental the country typically handle cases of police family violence informally, American: Immigration and Citizenship in the Age of Globalization often without an official report, investigation, or even check of the vic - and Stir It Up: Lessons in Community Organizing. She is the Chair of tim’s safety.” This “informal” method is often in direct contradiction to the Media Consortium, an association of progressive independent media legislative mandates and departmental policies regarding the appropri - outlets, and the recipient of numerous fellowships and awards for activists ate response to domestic violence crimes.” 1 Between 1990 and 1997, and journalists. the Los Angeles Police Department reported 91 sustained allegations of domestic abuse among its officers, but only four resulting in crimi - nal prosecution. ENDNOTES 1 National Center for Women & Policing, “Police Family Violence Fact Sheet,” By relying on criminal justice as our only recourse, we ask the system http://womenandpolicing.com/violenceFS.asp (accessed June 20, 2012). that puts our very humanity in question to reverse the consequences of such dehumanization. One of the things we should fight for is the 2 The Sikh Coalition, “Sikh Segregation Ends at MTA,” http://www.sikhcoalition.org/ implementation of hate crimes legislation that addresses the role advisories/2012/sikh-segregation-ends-at-mta (accessed June 20, 2012). police officers play in perpetrating it. But given how difficult it 3 “Better Together: Racial Justice Orgs and LGBT Communities,” Applied Research has been to reform police departments, we’d better start looking at Center, September 2010, http://www.arc.org/content/view/2244/ (accessed June 20, 2012).

THE PUBLIC EYE 20 SUMMER 2012 The Public Eye

• State and local law enforcement ticipating in the effort, only 2,034 report any incidents. For example, agency participation in the FBI’s actually submitted incident in 2009, only 67 out of 413 agen - hate crime reporting program is reports. 19 cies in Virginia; five out of 487 voluntary. In 2009, for example, of • Most law enforcement agencies Georgia agencies reported inci - the 14,422 agencies formally par - within a state jurisdiction do not Continues on page 22

ERADCIATING HATEVIOLENCE NEEDS COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT: A RESPONSETO “RECONSIDERING HATE” By Pat Clark physical perpetrators of the crimes, yet many years later it was unfath - The outrageous killings of James Byrd, omable that more people had not been held responsible for the murders. Jr. and Matthew Shepard shine a light [For more please see “Truth and Reconciliation Comes to the South: on the power of hatred fueled by Lessons from Greensboro” from the Summer 2007 issue of The Public racism, sexism, homophobia, and other Eye ]. forms of intolerance that are used to The commission was charged with looking at the “context, causes, separate and divide us as human beings. sequence and consequences” of the events of November 3, 1979. That

C Proponents of hate crime legislation L process revealed that the violence didn’t happen in a vacuum. The per - P S

/ and enhanced penalties for hate crimes r

e petrators of the crimes were influenced and aided by some members of v a e want to make sure that killings and acts the Greensboro community, either specifically or through the perpetu - W

y of violence like these provide an oppor - n ation of an environment of intolerance and hate that sustained White n e P tunity not only to hold accountable supremacy. Years later, the consequences of hate violence and the con - those responsible, but to expose and tinued presence of racism and other forms of intolerance permeated the eradicate all violence based on bias, bigotry and prejudice. The goals city in ways that were not always identifiable, but made it difficult for underpinning this legislation deserve our defense: The lives of those the city to grow and move forward. who are often dehumanized, demonized, and marginalized should be valued. Everyone should be afforded protection by our system of jus - The commission provided people who had been silenced for years the tice. Those whose safety has been violated should be free of fear, and opportunity to share their understanding of the events of 1979. More confident of redress. Most important, we should seize every opportu - importantly, the process provided people in Greensboro the opportu - nity to ensure that these crimes never happen again. nity to truly heal their divided community. We look to our legal and criminal justice systems to meet such goals. When people are arrested, convicted and incarcerated for baseless Nonetheless, as Kay Whitlock notes, we are dependent on a criminal crimes, hate crime legislation can certainly provide a sense of satisfac - justice system that engages in dehumanizing and demonizing the tion to victims, their loved ones, and the community. It can provide Other. Our legal system emphasizes the differences between us, pitting momentary acknowledgement that racism, homophobia, and other the monster perpetrator against the less-than-innocent victim, who is forms of intolerance exist and continue to be harmful. On the other often further debased in the course of the judicial process. hand, as Whitlock describes, it can also provide cover for systems, com - munities, and individuals to separate themselves from the “monsters” Our justice system is not designed to confront crimes or hate crimes in who perpetrated those crimes and the conditions that allowed hate and ways that ask people and communities to address the root sources of intolerance to foment. harm. It is not a system that places as a high value on the importance of the truth as it does on the “win.” This system is good at retribution, It is not the criminal justice system that will provide the change we punishment, and creating a profit on the backs of the same population seek. If we are serious about the business of eradicating violence based that is often victimized. It is not a system designed to ask the questions on intolerance, it will require a lot of soul searching about the past, the that can unpack a history and legacy of hate. These questions should present, and the future we want. It will also take years and years of out - include not only what happened but why did it happen? Who, reach, education, building relationships, and working in community beyond the individual perpetrators, are responsible for these acts of with anyone and everyone who is the potential victims of hate crimes violence? What provided the environment or fertile ground for hate and/or the potential perpetrators of hate crimes. That work will never to fester? What is needed in order for the victims/survivors, perpetra - be completed. tors, and the broader community to heal? Pat Clark, an emeritus member of the Southern Poverty Law Center Alternative processes are trying to pose some of these questions. In (SPLC) board and former director of the SPLC’s Klanwatch program, is 2004, the Greensboro Truth and Reconciliation Commission was the former executive director of the Fellowship of Reconciliation and over established to address the killing of five people, and wounding of ten, her career has focused on such issues as prison reform, the death penalty, by members of the Ku Klux Klan and neo-Nazis in Greensboro, North juvenile justice, and restorative justice. Carolina in 1979. Tensions had been mounting for years between those advocating for health care, housing, and other social justice issues and the White supremacists who saw these activities as a threat to their well ENDNOTES being and way of life. There was no doubt about the identities of the 1 Jill Williams, “Truth and Reconciliation Comes to the South,” The Public Eye, 2007.

THE PUBLIC EYE 21 SUMMER 2012 The Public Eye

community safety. After all, processes of criminalization, selective law enforcement, and mass incarceration are structural ways of devaluing and destroying the lives of peo - ple of color, poor people, immigrants, and queers. How do liberal and progressive groups and leaders go beyond our now well-estab - lished pattern of responding to one egre - gious act of hate violence or police brutality after another with little more than outraged demands for more policing, prosecution, s e

g and punishment? Even when these a m I demands are fulfilled in individual cases, y t t e

G the structures of violence and injustice / P F

A remain intact. As Ejeris Dixon, former / b e

o coordinator of the Audre Lorde Project’s L l u a

S Safe OUTside the System (SOS) Collective President Obama applauds the families of James Byrd and Matthew Shepard at the 2009 signing of the once observed, “It’s easier to talk about hate Hate Crimes Prevention Act. than power.” 22 We must turn to community-based strategies that seek to address structures of dents. Less than half the partici - New Community, Institute for Research violence as well as individual acts. To that pating agencies in California and Education on Human Rights, and end, we might better focus our efforts on reported incidents. other organizations have been doing this increasing the capacity of (underfunded for many years. • The FBI does not report clearly, if and overstressed) community-based anti- SPLC suggests that the most recent at all, on violence or other hate violence organizations and coalitions com - expansion of “right-wing extremism came crime offenses committed by law mitted to collecting, analyzing, and even as politicians around the country, enforcement authorities. reporting anti-violence data that includes blown by gusts from the Tea Parties and law enforcement as an offender category. other conservative formations, tacked hard Making the Change We Need A growing number of “movement to the right, co-opting many of the issues f hate is a social problem, and not just a building” initiatives have emerged to help important to extremists.” 20 Yet it is often dif - matter of individual psychology, then equip social justice advocacy groups with I ficult to distinguish between the messages intensified policing and enhanced punish - the additional knowledge, tools, and of “hate” groups and the actions of leaders ments cannot create safe and just commu - resources essential to expanding their capac - in public and private institutions. nities. ity to organize for lasting change, and We should also ask how federal hate Does that mean every concept in hate intersectional organizing is taking root in crime commitments to respond to violence crime law is worthless? Not at all. Most of new ways. For instance, the federal gov - against “protected” groups square with us would probably all agree, for instance, ernment’s S-Comm program has been met other federal programs, such as “Secure that documentation, reporting, and analy - with growing opposition from surprising Communities” (S-Comm) which auto - sis of violence directed against targeted allies. Law enforcement officials, state and matically compares fingerprints submitted groups are essential. We should not stop local governments, and dozens of LGBT by local law enforcement agencies against being concerned about White supremacist, organizations have joined to protest pro - Immigration and Customs Enforcement neo-Nazi, and other groups that are rooted grams and laws that restrict and criminal - Agency (ICE) databases—a program slated in fear, intimidation, and violence. There ize immigrants. 23 And while Critical to be mandatory nation-wide by 2013. is a strong argument for, and tradition of, Resistance, INCITE! Women of Color Marketed as a program to locate and deport identifying, monitoring, and exposing vir - Against Violence, families of prisoners, criminal immigrants, in practice, S-Comm ulently bigoted groups and individuals in former prisoners, and others have long is deployed against immigrants regardless order to interrupt their actions and mini - educated about and organized to oppose the of criminal background. 21 mize their influence on the larger culture prison industrial complex, resistance to But we also need to resist the easy demo - and mechanisms of the state. Political mass incarceration is now expanding rap - nizing of “criminals” and challenge our Research Associates, SPLC, Center for idly to include new networks of civil rights overreliance on the legal system to produce

THE PUBLIC EYE 22 SUMMER 2012 The Public Eye groups, students, faith communities, and for the Thought That We Hate: A Biography of the First enclaves where they are “perceived by police and residents 24 Amendment (New York: Basic Books, 2010). See alsoTim - to be criminally ‘out of place.’” See Joey Mogul, Andrea others. They are finding new ways to othy C. Shiell, Campus Hate Speech on Trial (Lawrence, Ritchie, and Kay Whitlock, Queer (In)Justice: the Crim - address violence in their communities KS: The University of Kansas Press, 2009). inalization of LGBT People in the United States (Boston: without overreliance on the criminal legal 6 Southern Poverty Law Center’s HateWatch: Keeping an Beacon Press, 2011), 128–129, 45–68 and 118–140. See Eye on the Radical Right project is online at also Amnesty International, Stonewalled: Police Abuse and system. http://www.splcenter.org/blog/. Misconduct against Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, andTransgender People in the United States (New York: Amnesty Inter - It’s time to build on the best of our his - 7 The Anti-Defamation League’s “Extremism in America” national USA, 2005, 66–87. tories, deepen and expand our vision, take online resource serves “as a guide to prominent extreme 17 NCAVP data for 2010, released after the publication of in some fresh air, and redouble our efforts movements, groups, and leaders in the United States.” http://www.adl.org/learn/ext_us/ Queer (In)Justice, documented an increase of 13% in to create, in the words of Angela Y. Davis, reports of violent crime by LGBTQ and HIV-affected 8 The Center for New Community monitors anti-immi - people and 27 murders, the second highest yearly total 25 “new terrains of justice.” I gration groups in the United States. Please see their ever reported. Reports can be downloaded from the website: http://www.newcomm.org/content/category/ NCAVP website at http://www.avp.org/ncavp.htm. 9/61/92/ 18 Mogul, Ritchie, and Whitlock Queer (In)Justice, 127- 9 For example, Campus Pride, an organization for student 8. See also Allen G. Breed, “State Lynching Law Now Endnotes leaders and campus groups working to create a safer col - Used Mostly Against Blacks,” Associated Press, 2003. 1 The most widely-used template for hate crime laws was lege environment for LGBT students across the United http://newsmine.org/content.php?ol=security/civil- developed by the Anti-Defamation League in 1981 to States, sponsors a program called Stop Hate that provides rights/lynching-law-used-against-blacks.txt

address continuing harassment, intimidation, and vio - educational resources and training to those who want to 19 lence motivated by the actual or perceived race, religion, stop hate crimes on campus, please see: “Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Hate Crime by Juris - or national origin of the victims. In time, sexual orien - http://stophate.org/aboutus.html; United Methodist diction,” Hate Crimes Statistics, 2009. http:// tation and gender were added to the ADL template and Women (UMW) have a “When We Hate: UMW www2.fbi.gov/ucr/hc2009/jurisdiction.html to some hate crime laws. Other status categories such as Anti-Hate Campaign” online at http://gbgm-umc. 20 Southern Poverty Law Center, “SPLC Hate Group actual or perceived disability, gender identity or expres - org/umw/anti-hate/. Count Tops 1,000 as Radical Right Expansion Con - sion, ethnicity, ancestry, political affiliation, and mari - 10 Not in Our Town. http://www.niot.org/ tinues ,” by Mark Potok, February 23, 2011. tal status could also fit neatly into the model. State laws http://www.splcenter.org/blog/2011/02/23/new-report- vary widely with regard to included status categories. 11 “About Us,” Gonzaga University Institute for Hate splc-hate-group-count-tops-1000-as-radical-right- Studies. http://guweb2.gonzaga.edu/againsthate/abou - 2 “FBI may charge George Zimmerman with hate crime,” expansion-continues/ tus.html WFTV Channel 9 Orlando, May 14, 2012. 21 See, for example, Stokely Baksh, Julianne Hing, and http://www.wftv.com/news/news/local/fbi-seeks-charge- 12 Kenneth S. Stern, “The Need for an Interdisciplinary Renee Feltz, “Secure Communities 101: Here’s What george-zimmerman-hate-crime/nN5pR/ Field of Hate Studies, Journal of Hate Studies Vol. 3, No. You Need to Know,” ColorLines, May 25, 2011. 2 (2004), 11.This is an abbreviated version of his work - 3 For a useful overview of hate crime laws in the United http://colorlines.com/archives/2011/05/secure_com - ing definition of Hate Studies, which also includes the States, and differences among them, see Bryce Therrien munities_101.html study of ways of controlling, curtailing or combating the and Nadia-Elysse Harris, Criminalizing Hate: America’s 22 capacity to define, demonize, and dehumanize others. Whitlock interview with Ejeris Dixon, November 19, Legislative Response to Bias Crimes (New York: Tribeca 2007. 13 Square Press, 2011). Kathleen Blee, “Positioning Hate” (Lecture, Conference 23 to Establish the Field of Hate Studies, Spokane, WA, See , for example, Restoring Community: A National Com - 4 Federal hate crime laws include the 1990 Hate Crime Sta - March 20, 2001), 102. munity Advisory Report on ICE’s Failed “Secure Commu - tistics Act (28 U.S.C. 534); the Hate Crimes Sentenc - nities” Program, prepared by a commission comprised of ing Enhancement Act, enacted into law as Section 14 Chip Berlet, “Hate, Oppression, Repression, and the 18 national and community-based organizations, August 280003 of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforce - Apocalyptic Style: Facing Complex Questions and 2011. http://www.detentionwatchnetwork.org/ ment Act of 1994; the Violence Against Women Act Challenges,” Journal of Hate Studies, Vol. 3, No. 2, node/2824 (VAWA) of 1994 (42 U.S.C. 13981), which provides (2004), 147. See also Community United Against Violence, “LGBT authority for domestic violence and rape crisis centers and 15 National Gay and LesbianTask Force , “Task Force: Sign - Organizations Come Out for the Immediate Elimina - for education and training programs for law enforcement ing of hate crimes measure is historic,” press release, Octo - tion of ICE’s ‘Secure Communities; Program,” Octo - and prosecutors. VAWA includes a civil remedy for vic - ber 28, 2009. http://www.thetaskforce.org/ ber 11, 2011. http://www.cuav.org/article/11 tims of gender-based violent crimes which provides press/releases/pr_102809 them with the right to compensatory and punitive dam - 24 See, for example, a listing of groups/networks organiz - age awards as well as injunctive relief; the 1996 Church 16 For example, Queer (In)Justice documents ways in which ing against mass incarceration on Michelle Alexander’s Arsons Prevention Act (18 U.S.C. 247). In 2009, the most racial profiling distorts the routine policing as well as The New Jim Crow website at http://www.newjim - recent federal bill, the James Byrd, Jr. and Matthew policing of hate crimes and domestic violence reported crow.com/action.html. Shepard Hate Crimes Prevention Act was signed into law. by LGBT people; police often profile LGBT people of 25 color as intrinsically “criminal,” aggressive, and dan - Angela Y. Davis, Are Prisons Obsolete? (New York: Seven This statute provides the U.S. Department of Justice Stories, 2003), 21. (DOJ) with the authority to assist with investigation and gerous, including in predominantly White, gay urban prosecution of state and local hate crimes motivated by bias based on the actual or perceived race, color, religion, national origin, gender, sexual orientation, gender iden - tity, or disability of the person targeted, or step in where Manufacturing the Muslim Menace local and state officials fail to do so. It also includes a pro - vision to strengthen the state and local investigation and This report from Political Research Associates prosecution of youth-committed hate crimes and requires the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to track statistics details the systematic failure of federal govern - based on gender and gender identity, just as it has done ment to regulate the highly prejudiced content for the other status categories. of publicly funded counterterrorism training for 5 For powerful arguments drawing on direct experience of first responders and others. Manufacturing the injury from racist hate speech that favor a First Amend - ment interpretation that recognizes such injury, see Mari Muslim Menace exposes the myths promoted in J. Matsuda et al, Words That Wound: Critical Race The - some training firms’ curricula. ory: Critical Race Theory, Assaultive Speech, and the First Amendment (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1993). For Find the full report online at www.publiceye.org. a different perspective, but one that also departs from “First Amendment absolutism,” see Anthony Lewis, Freedom

THE PUBLIC EYE 23 SUMMER 2012 The Public Eye ON RACE AND RESOURCES continued from page 2 Wallace and Richard Nixon; they mobilized discrimination, rather than criminalizing It is this last issue—redistribution of “coded” White resentments of Blacks, and it. Since the Democrats were split, civil resources—that seems to be the dividing later women and gays. Neoconservatism rights law retains that character. line between liberal and radical demands. downplayed race by reducing it to ethnic - Black “entrism” into government at all This is the continuing threat to the right- ity. Neocons were willing to dispense with levels, where numerous movement activists wing racial regime that continues to rule, the outright institutionalized prejudice won electoral and appointed positions even with a Black man in the White House. and discrimination of Jim Crow. They inside local and federal governments, also What threat exactly?That of a working and seized upon the most “moderate” and inte - provided a substantial moderating force. poor people's alliance, race-conscious but grationist dimensions of the civil rights It offered a counter-narrative to more rad - transracial, and feminist and queer as well. movement.To them, “integration” meant ical demands. Activists who remained out - We can see inklings of that “dream” yes - ignoring race: “the content of their char - side the state apparatus also acted as terday in the Poor People’s Movement that acter, not the color of their skin,” was mediating forces. Working in community Dr. King was trying to organize when he their message, adopting Dr. King’s words organizations and other NGOs, they pro - was killed, in the peace movement, and but not his meaning. In practice, this vided contacts between state officials and today in Occupy. amounted to a denial of the significance of the community. [Full disclosure: this is my race in American life. background. I come out of 1960s com - Beyond Obama munity-based service and advocacy work.] othing symbolizes the unresolved Another moderating force was the middle Ndilemmas of race more acutely than classes of color who rejected Black power, the election of Barack Obama. A few years A decades-long series of Brown power, etc. These were the people earlier, the idea of a Black president appeared who stood to gain the most from moder - to be the stuff of purest fantasy, or at best Supreme Court decisions ate civil rights reforms. a Hollywood conceit (see: Chris Rock in Civil rights measures were thus a mixed “Head of State” or the series “24,” among has attempted to redefine bag. Undeniable victories, such as voting others). Although the 2008 election briefly rights and immigration reform, stood appeared transformational, to paraphrase racism as a problem chiefly alongside many losses, such as activists’ George Clinton, the White House has not unmet demands for redistributive poli - yet become a Black House. suffered by Whites. cies and broader social rights.The assassi - nations and repression of the 1960s were devastating, especially for more radical groups. Reforms provided a counter-nar - The U.S. Right Wing Reformist Strategies and rative to COINTELPRO and the murder Structural Change of Panthers, AIM activists, and others, may speak the language t its heart, the civil rights movement and defused political opposition by per - Awas a radical democratic initiative. mitting the reassertion of a certain broad- of “colorblindness,” This is what explains its influence beyond based racial stability. its core Black adherents.The New Left, fem - Nonetheless, it is important for those but it unhesitatingly inism, Black power (and Brown power, working for social change to recognize Red power, and Yellow power, too), and that to be “free at last” ultimately means uses race to rule. even the later queer and environmental something deeper than the gaining of par - movements were all influenced by it. tial access—principally by favored minor - As movement demands were translated ity elites—to key social and political Obama is manifestly unable—espe - into law, they were attenuated through institutions. It means more than limited cially in a chronic recession—to address a compromise. For example, during nego - reforms and palliation of the worst excesses severe heightening of racial inequality. tiations in the Senate over the 1964 Civil of White supremacy. It requires a substan - Structural racism lives on. The massive Rights Act, centrists (mainly Republicans) tive reorganization of the American social sys - increase in Black and Brown incarceration, approved only weak civil remedies against tem. It means political implementation of the growing disparities in Black-White egalitarian economic and democratizing (and Latino-White) inequality, and the Howard Winant is a sociologist at the political measures. It means social democ - resurgent, somewhat race-driven U.S. University of California, Santa Barbara, and racy, “a Marshall Plan for the Ghetto and imperialism in the Middle East and else - is Director of the University of California Barrio,” human rights, and social citizen - where, all demonstrate the failure of sus - Center for New Racial Studies. ship for people of color. ON RACE AND RESOURCES continues on page 26

THE PUBLIC EYE 24 SUMMER 2012 The Public Eye ……Reports in Review……

Forensic DNA Database Expansion: Growing Racial Inequities, erroneous results. Indeed, two reports from different National Research Eroding Civil Liberties and Diminishing Returns Councils have acknowledged the significance of lab errors in forensic By Marina Ortega. Generations Ahead, December 2011. 19 pp. science. 1 http://www.generations-ahead.org/projects/dna-databases-and-justice Why is genetic matching so controversial? Aren’t genetic profiles Generations Ahead, a social justice organization founded in 2008 unique? While the chance of a coincidental match at thirteen genetic that focused on the social and ethical implications of markers or loci (thirteen is the number used in most genetic technologies, shut down operations this past U.S. databases) is extremely small, many evidence January when founding director Sujatha Jesudason left samples today do not produce results at all thirteen loci. to start the CoreAlign Initiative at the University of Cal - This is because the ability to amplify DNA in the lab - ifornia, San Francisco. One of its final efforts was oratory has encouraged police to search for DNA in “Forensic DNA Database Expansion: Growing Racial places they never would have examined 20 years ago. Inequities, Eroding Civil Liberties and Diminishing Evidence samples today may come from swabbing a Returns,” a report on the ever-expanding use of DNA door handle or light switch.Twenty years ago, the DNA databases for criminal investigations. (The report will typing techniques used would have yielded no results remain available on the website for another three for these types of samples. However, the techniques used years). now permit the scientist to make additional copies of United States databases now include the genetic pro - the evidence DNA in the laboratory, making it possi - files of millions of people. Managing Director Marina ble to detect profiles from samples so small they may Ortega’s study points to a number of key problems in only contain a half dozen cells. such databases: the routine inclusion of peo - Nonetheless, there are technical lim - ple arrested but not convicted of crimes due its.The process of amplifying DNA in the to no standard requirement for expunging the lab may not perform equally well with all DNA sample and profile of a person found parts of the genetic profile. Consequently, innocent; the databases’ disparity in racial com - The vast majority of social justice many samples with extremely low position, which reflects the disproportionate organizations have not engaged amounts of DNA will yield only a partial arrests of Black and Latino men; and the profile. All other things being equal, a potential for error in DNA testing. on the issues arising from DNA coincidental match to a partial profile is Generations Ahead points out that the much easier than a match to a complete vast majority of social justice organizations database expansion. In fact, these profile. have not engaged on this issue at all. In fact, Most database searches do not require these are not questions the scientific com - are not questions the scientific a precise match.The computer program munity has actively debated. that does these searches only looks for close The Generations Ahead researchers oper - community has actively debated. matches (called moderate stringency ate on the premise that there might actually matches). Again, all other things being be a downside to having your DNA profile in equal, a moderate stringency match is eas - a law enforcement database. Consequently, ier to obtain than a standard match. should some racial groups be subjected to these downsides more than As a scientist with 23 years of experience in forensic DNA typing, others? Should innocent people ever be subjected to them? Forensic I can confirm the warnings Generations Ahead has raised within the scientists often argue that there is no such downside for law abiding social justice community. Mistaken identifications have already hap - citizens, since the rarity of particular genetic profiles would make it pened in database search cases.The investigation into the death of Jai - impossible for an innocent person to be mistakenly matched to DNA dyn Leskie, a child who was kidnapped and murdered in Australia in found at a crime scene. 1997, produced DNA evidence believed to have come from the However, other scientists disagree with this point of view. DNA typ - assailant.The investigators submitted this DNA profile to their local ing techniques, like any other scientific technology, can produce police databases.The samples seemed to match, but it was later deter - mined that the person identified by the database search could not have been the murderer. A thorough coroner’s investigation produced evi - Laurence D. Mueller is Professor of Ecology and Evolutionary dence that the erroneous database match was probably the result of Biology in the School of Biological Sciences at the University of contamination in the Australian laboratory. California, Irvine. REPORT IN REVIEW continued on page 26

THE PUBLIC EYE 25 SUMMER 2012 The Public Eye

Most research on the population genetic theories used in forensic and that no worthwhile research can be done with these databases. 2 DNA typing have relied on small databases of a few hundred people. These excuses are either wrong or have trivial solutions. Recently, Today’s offender databases have millions of genetic profiles that offer 41 scientists and legal scholars have published a letter asking for access the possibility of doing novel and powerful research relevant to foren - to these data. 3 So far, the FBI has been steadfast in not heeding these sic DNA typing.This research could test assumptions that are part of calls. models used in forensic statistics, testing criteria for uniqueness dec - –Laurence D. Mueller larations, and studying laboratory errors.These are the scientific areas that will eventually have significant implications for criminal investi - Endnotes gations and civil rights. 1 National Research Council, “DNA Technology in Forensic Science,” (Washington, D. The FBI, which controls access to the national database, refuses to C.; National Academy Press, 1992). National Research Council, “Strengthening Forensic let scientists use this data despite permission granted through the author - Science in the United States: A Path Forward,” Washington, D. C: National Academy izing legislation. The arguments given against releasing data include Press, 2009). 2 privacy concerns and, according to officials, the excessive time required L. D. Mueller, .“Can simple population genetic models reconcile partial match frequencies observed in large forensic databases?” Journal of Genetics 87 (2008): 101-108. for law enforcement to provide such information. The FBI has also 3 D.E. Kraneet al,“Time for DNA disclosure,” Science 326 (2009): 1631-1632. argued that other databases exist for these types of research programs,

ON RACE AND RESOURCES continued from page 24 tained efforts to institutionalize “color - movement groups today have an awareness violent, and somewhat anarchist-oriented blindness” as the new racial common sense. of racism and a racial diversity that was not political approach. It is a radical democratic In addition, a decades-long series of present in previous waves of American project. Given that the structural racism at Supreme Court decisions has attempted protest. Occupy, immigrants rights, anti - the heart of the Right Wing is fundamen - with increasing absurdity to redefine racism war, opposition to profiling and police tally despotic and anti-democratic, Occupy as a problem chiefly suffered by Whites. violence, feminist, and queer movements, offers an alternative. Direct democracy The claims of a “post-racial” order were pre - all have significant anti-racist dimensions. must be antiracist. mature. Occupy has not been sufficiently under - Activists for racial justice must come to stood in terms of race. Where Occupy has understand race and racism, as well as a The Continuing Political Project succeeded, it has directly addressed the wide range of other political themes, as and the New Coalition needs of poor people and people of color: everyday encounters between despotic and he United States’ Right Wing may feeding and talking with the homeless in democratic practices. As individuals and Tspeak the language of “colorblind - Zuccotti Park was not easy, but it was groups confronted by state power and ness,” but it unhesitatingly uses race to vital. Voices of color were heard in the Gen - entrenched privilege, but not entirely lim - rule: to manipulate elections, justify foreign eral Assemblies. Resisting foreclosures and ited by those obstacles, we must choose to wars and nativism, organize repression and evictions and occupying banks have been take part in a constant antiracist “recon - incarceration at home, and to assault social recognized as anti-racist actions. Occupy struction” both of everyday life and of the and human rights. Racial profiling is not is the prototype of a new direct-action, non - state itself. I gone; indeed it is more embedded than ever in such arenas as immigration, where all Latin@s are presumed to be undocumented. Profiling is also visible in the “homeland security” targeting of Muslims but not Read the best analysis of the Christian Right on White terrorists likeTimothy McVeigh or Talk2Action.org! the White assassins of abortion providers. There's resistance out there. Our move - Talk2Action is a group blog led by The Public Eye writer ment challenges racism mainly through the and editorial board member Frederick Clarkson. Read weekly targets it chooses and the people it mobi - contributions from Fred, researchers Chip Berlet and Rachel lizes. Immigration, education, health, incarceration, police violence, labor, and Tabachnick, and the rest of the best thinke rs about the many more issues are being confronted by Christian Right. people at the grassroots, and by commu - Visit Talk2Action.org nity organizations. Movement people and

THE PUBLIC EYE 26 SUMMER 2012 The Public Eye

Eyes Afric a— our follow-up investigation details While these recent incidents should raise other activities of the U.S. Christian Right alarms, attacks against abortion providers and RIGHT on the continent.] women’s health clinics happen regularly: the This isn’t the first instance of Time mag - NAF reports 114 attacks against abortion azine glossing over Warren’s discriminatory providers in 2011 alone. The mainstream THE IMPORTANCE OF RICK behavior and teachings. In an August, 2008 media has failed to identify these attacks as WARREN’S WAISTLINE cover story on Rick Warren, Time charac - organized acts of domestic terrorism target - Time magazine’s June 11, 2012 article “Does terized him as the “U.S.’s most influential and ing legal abortion providers and supporters. God Want You to BeThin?” celebrates Rick highest-profile churchman,” claiming that his Reporters often frame the story as the act of Warren’s faith-based weight loss initiative, approach favors a “shift away from ‘sin issues’ a “lone wolf” behaving violently and contrast with barely a mention of the conservative —like abortion and gay marriage.”The arti - that with the “nonviolence” of most organ - evangelical pastor’s homophobic teachings. cle applauded the pastor’s activism on self- ized anti-abortion groups. Fairness & Accuracy While the “Daniel Plan” and Rick Warren’s described “uniting” issues, such as human In Reporting (FAIR) reported on the media’s incredible shrinking waistline receive five rights—with no whisper of the role that distinction between the “pro-life” movement pages of gushing praise, Time glosses over the Warren’s homophobic stance itself plays in and domestic terrorist militias as early as fact that this “inclusive” plan—open to violating those rights. 1995, calling the mainstream media's han - Christians, Jews, and Muslims, too—mixes dling of the issue “a quasi-conspiracy itself.” getting-in-shape advice with condemnations ATTACKS ON WOMEN’S The FAIR report quoted Planned Parenthood of any expression of sexuality that deviates CLINICS CONTINUE researcher (and Public Eye editorial board from Warren’s expectations of normative member) Fred Clarkson: “For some reason, Almost three years to the day since Kansas heterosexuality and sexual identity. the same blind eye that’s been turned to the abortion provider and women’s rights advo - Even after admitting the existence of anti- domestic terrorism we call clinic violence cate Dr. GeorgeTiller was assassinated by an LGBT content in the Daniel Plan, the arti - remains turned that way, even when we have anti-choice activist, three reproductive health cle credits Warren for not “belaboring” the militia groups among those whose major organizations have fallen victim to arson issue of same-sex marriage, and continues to issues is being opposed to abortion.” Seven - attacks. Two women’s health clinics in the downplay the issue, stating, “it would be more teen years later, this description still appears Atlanta, Georgia area were targeted in late than a little disingenuous for outsiders to pro - to hold true. fess themselves shocked, shocked that an May 2012, followed by a third arson com - evangelical church … has a rule or two about mitted against Women With A Vision, a NO SUCHTHING AS A GAY women’s reproductive health organization in human sexuality.”The Time puff piece min - SUPERHERO imizes the harmful effects of such views on New Orleans, Louisiana. These violent attacks follow a string of bur - One Million Moms, an arm of the American the LGBT community and political dis - Family Association, has been involved in an course, while offering an offensively simplistic glaries committed against Atlanta-area clin - ics earlier this year and the passage of Georgia’s epic battle against gay superheroes since view of the uniformity of evangelical beliefs. May. In light of DC Comics’ recent Those familiar with Warren’s relation - HB 954, a “fetal pain” bill which outlaws most abortions after 20 weeks of pregnancy. announcement that the widely-beloved ship with Martin Ssempa, who advocated superhero Green Lantern is gay, which fol - imprisonment for gay individuals and sup - Both Georgia clinics attacked involved the group of OB/GYNs who spoke out against lowed Marvel Comics’ announcement that ported Uganda’s 2009 Anti-Homosexuality openly gay superhero Northstar would wed “Kill the Gays” Bill, might be surprised to hear the bill. Vicki Saporta, president of the National his boyfriend in the June issue of Astonish - that the pastor doesn’t belabor the issue. It ing X-Men, One Million Moms is setting took months of negative publicity forWarren Abortion Federation (NAF), said in a state - ment released to member clinics across the itself up as an archenemy to gay superheroes to distance himself from Ssempa, and even everywhere. An alert on its website mobilizes more months passed before he denounced the country that she is “…concerned about the escalation and activity….It’s not a good sign its followers to “TAKE ACTION.” One Mil - Anti-Homosexuality Bill. Now Warren’s PR lion Moms asserts that DC and Marvel “want machine appears to be running to rescue his when one arson follows another, after fol - lowing several burglaries. Something clearly to indoctrinate impressionable young minds badly damaged imaged. [Political Research …by using children’s superheroes to desen - Associates’ 2009 “Globalizing the Culture is escalating there and we’re hoping that the strong law enforcement so far can stop it.” sitize and brainwash them in thinking that Wars” report exposed Warren’s work in a gay lifestyle choice is normal and desirable.”

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