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The London School of Economics and Political Science Telling Times: Exploring LGBTQ Progress Narratives in Brixton, South London. Emma Spruce A thesis submitted to the Gender Institute of the London School of Economics for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, London, April 2017 1 of 289 Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of 86,039 words. Statement of use of third party for editorial help: I can confirm that my thesis was copy edited for conventions of language, spelling and grammar by Sophie Amili, Jacob Breslow, Clara Bradbury-Rance, Luke Clark, Jacqui Gibb, Harriet Gray, Ciara Murphy. 2 of 289 Abstract This thesis is an interdisciplinary study of the (homo)sexual narratives that circulate in contemporary British contexts. It draws on three years of ethnographic research in Brixton, South London, centrally analysing in-depth interviews with 19 LGBTQ-identified residents to present a situated interrogation of (homo)sexual progress narratives. The research critically develops feminist and queer theorisations of the role progress narratives play in sexual politics, focusing particularly on the spatial and social imaginaries that are animated in celebrations of sexual modernity. Consequently, the thesis also interrogates the ways in which classed and racialized hierarchies are sustained through everyday attributions of homophobia. In addition, this analysis is brought into dialogue with research on gentrification and territorial stigmatisation to think about the role of sexual progress narratives in contemporary debates on housing and regeneration in London. I draw attention to the imbrication of local, national and transnational discourses in framing both spaces of homophobia, and spaces of sexual tolerance. This thesis argues that the ‘small stories’ made available through situated research should be turned to as a resource for critical theory. I identify and engage narrative techniques including proliferation, layering, periodisation, and fictionalisation, which can be deployed to tell a disorderly story of sexual progress. I suggest that layering these small, disorderly stories not only undermines the amenability of sexual progress narratives and gay rights rhetoric to stigmatisation, but also better reflects the heterogeneous experiences and desires of LGBTQ people. In this way, this thesis examines (homo)sexual progress narratives through new analytical frames, and contributes to scholarship on lesbian and gay politics, ‘gay’ gentrification, and sexual narrative. Keywords: LGBTQ, Brixton, progress, narrative, queer theory, small stories 3 of 289 Acknowledgements I would like to thank the people who volunteered to take part in this project for their time, their patience (as I learnt how to interview better, and how to use the Dictaphone), and for the thought and consideration they offered my research. When I applied to do my MSc at the Gender Institute, I had no idea that it would become my home-from-home. There, I have received unparalleled compassion, generosity and intellectual stimulation from the entire community of past and present faculty, staff, PhD colleagues and students. There have also been countless shared hangovers and coffee-breaks; the stuff of fortuitous conversions from colleagues to friends. James Deeley, Kate Stewart and Hazel Johnstone are a trio of guardian angels without whom I suspect the world wouldn’t turn. To Hazel, who has provided some spectacular calendars for the kitchen, guidance through a multitude of dramas, and the best raised-eyebrows, special thanks. And Sadie Wearing, who, from the first days at the GI, offered sympathy when it was needed and sharp wit when sympathy failed to hit the spot (I have been extremely grateful for both). Thank you also to my advisor, Marsha Henry, who has offered her insights throughout. Finally, I cannot thank Clare Hemmings enough: for dogged support and thoughtful feedback, and also for the many moments of raucous laughter. The PhD room has seen a fair few arrivals and departures whilst I’ve been here and I can’t even attempt to catalogue all of the people there who have helped in some way. Special mentions, however, go to Marina Franchi who has been the source of so many pleasurable mirandas and has dug me out of panic time and again, and Jacob Breslow who has been the best surprise – truly who knew that you’d end up being someone I couldn’t live without! Thank you also to Harriet Gray, Amanda Shaw, Jacqui Gibbs, Ilana Eloit, Billy Holzberg, Alex Hyde, and Aura Lehtonen for all the support, pre-function drinks, laughter, and stimulating conversations. Through the PhD, I found Clara Bradbury-Rance and Maria Alexopoulos: this long-distance triangle of daft chat has been a constant source of support and laughter. This latest chapter in my education sits on a history of lucky encounters and I want also to take this opportunity to thank Vanessa Wilcox, Sarah Wrightson, Sally 4 of 289 Edwards and Audrey Small who each – patiently and inspirationally – nudged me forwards and opened up new worlds in the process. Before I even started at infant school, though, I had already hit the jackpot. It is a glorious thing to have had the unwavering love of mum and dad behind me this whole time. Mum, you are so much stronger, smarter and funnier than you realise. I’m looking forwards to years of holidays together (with Monti, your best child). Dad, I am so grateful that I got to spend enough time with you that we can still have daily conversations in your absence. If I manage to be half as clever, kind or funny as you I will consider it a win. Thank you to Alan, Andrew, Gary, Jo, Kate and families for being a constant source of love and laughter; those last few months would have been so much harder without you. Thom and Jacob, my wonderful brothers, you have kept me afloat: you meet the world with kindness, humour and thoughtfulness, and I am so proud of you both. After that experience with the bilges, Bárbara and Amy, I think it is safe to say that you can never leave the family. Phew. Sexuality lies at the heart of this thesis and, greedily, it has given me the opportunity to make a second family. Karen and Marla, I have learnt so much from you. It has been a privilege to have had the chance to drive, debate, caterwaul and holiday with you over the last decade. From care packages delivered to my undergraduate halls, to saving me from awkward break-ups, falling into the ‘Lezbang’ community has been a weird and wonderful experience, and one that has changed my life completely. Keina and Luke, I’m sorry I’ve missed so many Sunday lunches. I’m very glad to have friends good enough that I can ditch and know that we can pick it up again on the other side. And of course, the rest of the Core, who have managed to sustain cross- continental daily chats ‘round the watercooler’ for so many years. Finally, Sophie; who knew that a Facebook message would lead us here? I could not have got through this without you by my side. You have made me laugh every single day since I met you, sometimes against all the odds. Your compassion never fails to amaze me, and I love wrangling a thought through with you. Thank you, my anchor and star, from the bottom of my heart. 5 of 289 I would like to dedicate this thesis to the memory of June Spruce, who loved to tell stories and never let on if they were true or not. 6 of 289 PREFACE ___________________________________________________________________ 8 1. LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK __________________________ 14 NARRATIVE’S TWISTS AND TURNS ................................................................................................. 16 THE LOVE THAT DARE NOT MUST CONSTANTLY SPEAK ITS NAME .......................................................... 26 EVALUATING PROGRESS NARRATIVES AS A TECHNIQUE OF MODERNITY ............................................... 37 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................ 52 2. METHODOLOGY __________________________________________________________ 54 GETTING TO KNOW THE NEIGHBOURS ............................................................................................ 58 METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK ................................................................................................. 67 METHODOLOGICAL CHALLENGES .................................................................................................. 77 CONCLUSIONS: ONE FOR THE ROAD .............................................................................................. 83 3. GETTING INTO BRIXTON ___________________________________________________ 85 MY BRIXTON ............................................................................................................................ 89 LOCATING BRIXTON, CONNECTING BRIXTON ..................................................................................