DOCSLIB.ORG

Geomar Report

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Geomar Report RV SONNE Fahrtbericht / Cruise Report SO258/1 INGON: The Indian - Antarctic Break-up Engima Fremantle (Australia) - Colombo (Sri Lanka) 07.06.-09.07.2017 GEOMAR REPORT Berichte aus dem GEOMAR Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel Nr. 38 (N. Ser.) August 2017 RV SONNE Fahrtbericht / Cruise Report SO258/1 INGON: The Indian - Antarctic Break-up Engima Fremantle (Australia) - Colombo (Sri Lanka) 07.06.-09.07.2017 Berichte aus dem GEOMAR Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel Nr. 38 (N. Ser.) August 2017 Das GEOMAR Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel The GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel ist Mitglied der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft is a member of the Helmholtz Association of Deutscher Forschungszentren e.V. German Research Centres Herausgeber / Editors: Reinhard Werner, Hans-Joachim Wagner, and Folkmar Hauff with contributions from cruise participants GEOMAR Report ISSN Nr.. 2193-8113, DOI 10.3289/GEOMAR_REP_NS_38_2017 Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel / Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel GEOMAR Dienstgebäude Westufer / West Shore Building Düsternbrooker Weg 20 D-24105 Kiel Germany Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel / Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel GEOMAR Dienstgebäude Ostufer / East Shore Building Wischhofstr. 1-3 D-24148 Kiel Germany Tel.: +49 431 600-0 Fax: +49 431 600-2805 www.geomar.de 1 CONTENT 1. Cruise Summary ....................................................................................................................................................2 1.1. English .....................................................................................................................................................2 1.2. German....................................................................................................................................................3 2. Participants ............................................................................................................................................................4 2.1. Ship´s Crew .............................................................................................................................................4 2.2. Principal Investigators..............................................................................................................................4 2.3. Shipboard Scientific Party........................................................................................................................4 2.4. Institutions................................................................................................................................................5 3. Narrative of the Cruise ...........................................................................................................................................5 4. Aims of the Cruise................................................................................................................................................12 4.1. Profiling and Rock Sampling..................................................................................................................12 4.2. Biological Investigations ........................................................................................................................13 4.2.1. Experiments carried out as planned........................................................................................13 4.2.2. New and additional experiments .............................................................................................15 5. Agenda of the Cruise ...........................................................................................................................................16 5.1. Geological Investigations.......................................................................................................................16 5.2. Biological Investigations ........................................................................................................................18 6. Introduction in the working Area...........................................................................................................................19 6.1. The Gondwana Break-up and the Dispersal of India / Sri Lanka...........................................................19 6.2. The 85°E Ridge .....................................................................................................................................19 6.3. The EM 1 Mantle Component at Afanasy Nikitin ...................................................................................21 6.4. Biology ...................................................................................................................................................21 7. Methods and Description of Stations ...................................................................................................................23 7.1. Profiling and Rock Sampling..................................................................................................................23 7.1.1. Methods...................................................................................................................................23 7.1.1.1. Bathymetry (Kongsberg Maritime EM122)................................................................23 7.1.1.2. Sediment Echo-Sounding (Atlas PARASOUND P70)...............................................25 7.1.1.3. Dredging, Site Selection, and Laboratory Work........................................................26 7.1.2. Rock Sampling Report and Preliminary Results of Bathymetric Mapping...............................27 7.1.2.1. Osborn Seamount.....................................................................................................27 7.1.2.2. 85° Fracture Zone .....................................................................................................29 7.1.2.3. "Southern Seamounts"..............................................................................................30 7.1.2.4. Afanasy Nikitin Complex ...........................................................................................33 7.1.2.5. Buried Hills................................................................................................................38 7.2. Biological Investigations ........................................................................................................................41 7.2.1. Methods .......................................................................................................................41 7.2.1.1.Tucker Trawl.........................................................................................................41 7.2.1.2. Neuston Net Catches ..........................................................................................42 7.2.1.3. Lander Types and Deployments .........................................................................42 7.2.2. General Description of Catch.......................................................................................43 7.2.3. Investigations and Experiments with Fish, Cephalopods and Crustaceans.................45 7.2.3.1. Visual Ecology and Sensory Systems in Deep-Sea Fishes from a Brain Perspective..........................................................................................................45 7.2.3.2. Mesopelagic Fish Sexual Dimorphism and Visual Ecology.................................46 7.2.3.3. Transcriptomics of Mesopelagic Fish ..................................................................46 7.2.3.4. Collaborative Fish Work ......................................................................................46 7.2.3.5. Visual Pigment Regeneration..............................................................................47 7.2.3.6. Stomiid Vision......................................................................................................49 7.2.3.7. Tubular Eyes in Mesopelagic Fish: Advantages, Drawbacks, and Ways to Overcome them..............................................................................50 7.2.3.8. Circadian Rhythms in Mesopelagic - Vertical Migrating Fish ..............................51 7.2.3.9. Sensory Input to the Central Nervous System ....................................................52 7.2.3.10. Lateral Line Ultrastructure and Ecology ............................................................53 7.2.3.11. The Auditory Abilities of Mesopelagic Fishes....................................................54 7.2.3.12. Shrimp Spectral Sensitivity................................................................................56 7.2.3.13. Visual Ecology and Neuronal Function in Cephalopods ...................................57 7.2.3.14. Free-Falling Autonomous Landers ....................................................................60 8. Acknowledgements .........................................................................................................................................65 9. References ...........................................................................................................................................................66 Appendices: I. Sampling Summary / Station List II. Rock Description Table III. 3D-Maps of SO258 Leg 1 Dredges Tracks IV. Tucker Trawl Deployment Data V. List of Teleost Fish Recovered from Trawls VI. List of Cephalopods Recovered from Trawls VII. List of Shrimp Caught or Used for Crustacean 2 1.1 SUMMARY The R/V SONNE expedition SO258 leg 1 is part of
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Development of Spatially Referenced Data Layers for Use in The
    Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat (CSAS) Research Document 2017/036 Newfoundland and Labrador Region Development of Spatially Referenced Data Layers for Use in the Identification and Delineation of Candidate Ecologically and Biologically Significant Areas in the Newfoundland and Labrador Shelves Bioregion L.M.N. Ollerhead, M. Gullage, N. Trip and N. Wells Science Branch Fisheries and Oceans Canada PO Box 5667 St. John’s, NL A1C 5X1 July 2017 Foreword This series documents the scientific basis for the evaluation of aquatic resources and ecosystems in Canada. As such, it addresses the issues of the day in the time frames required and the documents it contains are not intended as definitive statements on the subjects addressed but rather as progress reports on ongoing investigations. Research documents are produced in the official language in which they are provided to the Secretariat. Published by: Fisheries and Oceans Canada Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat 200 Kent Street Ottawa ON K1A 0E6 http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/csas-sccs/ [email protected] © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, 2017 ISSN 1919-5044 Correct citation for this publication: Ollerhead, L.M.N., Gullage, M., Trip, N., and Wells, N. 2017. Development of Spatially Referenced Data Layers for Use in the Identification and Delineation of Candidate Ecologically and Biologically Significant Areas in the Newfoundland and Labrador Shelves Bioregion. DFO Can. Sci. Advis. Sec. Res. Doc. 2017/036. v + 38 p TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ..............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • CHECKLIST and BIOGEOGRAPHY of FISHES from GUADALUPE ISLAND, WESTERN MEXICO Héctor Reyes-Bonilla, Arturo Ayala-Bocos, Luis E
    ReyeS-BONIllA eT Al: CheCklIST AND BIOgeOgRAphy Of fISheS fROm gUADAlUpe ISlAND CalCOfI Rep., Vol. 51, 2010 CHECKLIST AND BIOGEOGRAPHY OF FISHES FROM GUADALUPE ISLAND, WESTERN MEXICO Héctor REyES-BONILLA, Arturo AyALA-BOCOS, LUIS E. Calderon-AGUILERA SAúL GONzáLEz-Romero, ISRAEL SáNCHEz-ALCántara Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada AND MARIANA Walther MENDOzA Carretera Tijuana - Ensenada # 3918, zona Playitas, C.P. 22860 Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur Ensenada, B.C., México Departamento de Biología Marina Tel: +52 646 1750500, ext. 25257; Fax: +52 646 Apartado postal 19-B, CP 23080 [email protected] La Paz, B.C.S., México. Tel: (612) 123-8800, ext. 4160; Fax: (612) 123-8819 NADIA C. Olivares-BAñUELOS [email protected] Reserva de la Biosfera Isla Guadalupe Comisión Nacional de áreas Naturales Protegidas yULIANA R. BEDOLLA-GUzMáN AND Avenida del Puerto 375, local 30 Arturo RAMíREz-VALDEz Fraccionamiento Playas de Ensenada, C.P. 22880 Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Ensenada, B.C., México Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Carr. Tijuana-Ensenada km. 107, Apartado postal 453, C.P. 22890 Ensenada, B.C., México ABSTRACT recognized the biological and ecological significance of Guadalupe Island, off Baja California, México, is Guadalupe Island, and declared it a Biosphere Reserve an important fishing area which also harbors high (SEMARNAT 2005). marine biodiversity. Based on field data, literature Guadalupe Island is isolated, far away from the main- reviews, and scientific collection records, we pres- land and has limited logistic facilities to conduct scien- ent a comprehensive checklist of the local fish fauna, tific studies.
    [Show full text]
  • Early Stages of Fishes in the Western North Atlantic Ocean Volume
    ISBN 0-9689167-4-x Early Stages of Fishes in the Western North Atlantic Ocean (Davis Strait, Southern Greenland and Flemish Cap to Cape Hatteras) Volume One Acipenseriformes through Syngnathiformes Michael P. Fahay ii Early Stages of Fishes in the Western North Atlantic Ocean iii Dedication This monograph is dedicated to those highly skilled larval fish illustrators whose talents and efforts have greatly facilitated the study of fish ontogeny. The works of many of those fine illustrators grace these pages. iv Early Stages of Fishes in the Western North Atlantic Ocean v Preface The contents of this monograph are a revision and update of an earlier atlas describing the eggs and larvae of western Atlantic marine fishes occurring between the Scotian Shelf and Cape Hatteras, North Carolina (Fahay, 1983). The three-fold increase in the total num- ber of species covered in the current compilation is the result of both a larger study area and a recent increase in published ontogenetic studies of fishes by many authors and students of the morphology of early stages of marine fishes. It is a tribute to the efforts of those authors that the ontogeny of greater than 70% of species known from the western North Atlantic Ocean is now well described. Michael Fahay 241 Sabino Road West Bath, Maine 04530 U.S.A. vi Acknowledgements I greatly appreciate the help provided by a number of very knowledgeable friends and colleagues dur- ing the preparation of this monograph. Jon Hare undertook a painstakingly critical review of the entire monograph, corrected omissions, inconsistencies, and errors of fact, and made suggestions which markedly improved its organization and presentation.
    [Show full text]
  • Biodiversity of the Kermadec Islands and Offshore Waters of the Kermadec Ridge: Report of a Coastal, Marine Mammal and Deep-Sea Survey (TAN1612)
    Biodiversity of the Kermadec Islands and offshore waters of the Kermadec Ridge: report of a coastal, marine mammal and deep-sea survey (TAN1612) New Zealand Aquatic Environment and Biodiversity Report No. 179 Clark, M.R.; Trnski, T.; Constantine, R.; Aguirre, J.D.; Barker, J.; Betty, E.; Bowden, D.A.; Connell, A.; Duffy, C.; George, S.; Hannam, S.; Liggins, L..; Middleton, C.; Mills, S.; Pallentin, A.; Riekkola, L.; Sampey, A.; Sewell, M.; Spong, K.; Stewart, A.; Stewart, R.; Struthers, C.; van Oosterom, L. ISSN 1179-6480 (online) ISSN 1176-9440 (print) ISBN 978-1-77665-481-9 (online) ISBN 978-1-77665-482-6 (print) January 2017 Requests for further copies should be directed to: Publications Logistics Officer Ministry for Primary Industries PO Box 2526 WELLINGTON 6140 Email: [email protected] Telephone: 0800 00 83 33 Facsimile: 04-894 0300 This publication is also available on the Ministry for Primary Industries websites at: http://www.mpi.govt.nz/news-resources/publications.aspx http://fs.fish.govt.nz go to Document library/Research reports © Crown Copyright - Ministry for Primary Industries TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 1. INTRODUCTION 3 1.1 Objectives: 3 1.2 Objective 1: Benthic offshore biodiversity 3 1.3 Objective 2: Marine mammal research 4 1.4 Objective 3: Coastal biodiversity and connectivity 5 2. METHODS 5 2.1 Survey area 5 2.2 Survey design 6 Offshore Biodiversity 6 Marine mammal sampling 8 Coastal survey 8 Station recording 8 2.3 Sampling operations 8 Multibeam mapping 8 Photographic transect survey 9 Fish and Invertebrate sampling 9 Plankton sampling 11 Catch processing 11 Environmental sampling 12 Marine mammal sampling 12 Dive sampling operations 12 Outreach 13 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Updated Checklist of Marine Fishes (Chordata: Craniata) from Portugal and the Proposed Extension of the Portuguese Continental Shelf
    European Journal of Taxonomy 73: 1-73 ISSN 2118-9773 http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2014.73 www.europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu 2014 · Carneiro M. et al. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Monograph urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:9A5F217D-8E7B-448A-9CAB-2CCC9CC6F857 Updated checklist of marine fishes (Chordata: Craniata) from Portugal and the proposed extension of the Portuguese continental shelf Miguel CARNEIRO1,5, Rogélia MARTINS2,6, Monica LANDI*,3,7 & Filipe O. COSTA4,8 1,2 DIV-RP (Modelling and Management Fishery Resources Division), Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, Av. Brasilia 1449-006 Lisboa, Portugal. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] 3,4 CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] * corresponding author: [email protected] 5 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:90A98A50-327E-4648-9DCE-75709C7A2472 6 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:1EB6DE00-9E91-407C-B7C4-34F31F29FD88 7 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:6D3AC760-77F2-4CFA-B5C7-665CB07F4CEB 8 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:48E53CF3-71C8-403C-BECD-10B20B3C15B4 Abstract. The study of the Portuguese marine ichthyofauna has a long historical tradition, rooted back in the 18th Century. Here we present an annotated checklist of the marine fishes from Portuguese waters, including the area encompassed by the proposed extension of the Portuguese continental shelf and the Economic Exclusive Zone (EEZ). The list is based on historical literature records and taxon occurrence data obtained from natural history collections, together with new revisions and occurrences.
    [Show full text]
  • Euteleost Tree of Life – Web Module Summative Evaluation Report
    Euteleost Tree of Life – Web Module Summative Evaluation Report Submitted to: University of Kansas Submitted by: July 2013 Julia Hazer Adam Moylan 595 Market Street Suite 2570 • San Francisco, CA 94105-2802 • 415.544.0788 • FAX 415.544.0789 www.rockman.com Table of Contents Introduction.............................................................................................................................................1 Methodology............................................................................................................................................2 Phase 1: Background Survey & Web Module Activities ............................................................................ 2 Phase 2: Focus Group Discussion........................................................................................................................ 5 Participant Background Information .............................................................................................6 Demographics ............................................................................................................................................................. 6 Prior Science Performance and Attitudes....................................................................................................... 6 Prior Evolutionary Tree Knowledge.................................................................................................................. 7 Findings.....................................................................................................................................................9
    [Show full text]
  • Marine Fishes of the Azores: an Annotated Checklist and Bibliography
    MARINE FISHES OF THE AZORES: AN ANNOTATED CHECKLIST AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. RICARDO SERRÃO SANTOS, FILIPE MORA PORTEIRO & JOÃO PEDRO BARREIROS SANTOS, RICARDO SERRÃO, FILIPE MORA PORTEIRO & JOÃO PEDRO BARREIROS 1997. Marine fishes of the Azores: An annotated checklist and bibliography. Arquipélago. Life and Marine Sciences Supplement 1: xxiii + 242pp. Ponta Delgada. ISSN 0873-4704. ISBN 972-9340-92-7. A list of the marine fishes of the Azores is presented. The list is based on a review of the literature combined with an examination of selected specimens available from collections of Azorean fishes deposited in museums, including the collection of fish at the Department of Oceanography and Fisheries of the University of the Azores (Horta). Personal information collected over several years is also incorporated. The geographic area considered is the Economic Exclusive Zone of the Azores. The list is organised in Classes, Orders and Families according to Nelson (1994). The scientific names are, for the most part, those used in Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean (FNAM) (Whitehead et al. 1989), and they are organised in alphabetical order within the families. Clofnam numbers (see Hureau & Monod 1979) are included for reference. Information is given if the species is not cited for the Azores in FNAM. Whenever available, vernacular names are presented, both in Portuguese (Azorean names) and in English. Synonyms, misspellings and misidentifications found in the literature in reference to the occurrence of species in the Azores are also quoted. The 460 species listed, belong to 142 families; 12 species are cited for the first time for the Azores.
    [Show full text]
  • Recycled Fish Sculpture (.PDF)
    Recycled Fish Sculpture Name:__________ Fish: are a paraphyletic group of organisms that consist of all gill-bearing aquatic vertebrate animals that lack limbs with digits. At 32,000 species, fish exhibit greater species diversity than any other group of vertebrates. Sculpture: is three-dimensional artwork created by shaping or combining hard materials—typically stone such as marble—or metal, glass, or wood. Softer ("plastic") materials can also be used, such as clay, textiles, plastics, polymers and softer metals. They may be assembled such as by welding or gluing or by firing, molded or cast. Researched Photo Source: Alaskan Rainbow STEP ONE: CHOOSE one fish from the attached Fish Names list. Trout STEP TWO: RESEARCH on-line and complete the attached K/U Fish Research Sheet. STEP THREE: DRAW 3 conceptual sketches with colour pencil crayons of possible visual images that represent your researched fish. STEP FOUR: Once your fish designs are approved by the teacher, DRAW a representational outline of your fish on the 18 x24 and then add VALUE and COLOUR . CONSIDER: Individual shapes and forms for the various parts you will cut out of recycled pop aluminum cans (such as individual scales, gills, fins etc.) STEP FIVE: CUT OUT using scissors the various individual sections of your chosen fish from recycled pop aluminum cans. OVERLAY them on top of your 18 x 24 Representational Outline 18 x 24 Drawing representational drawing to judge the shape and size of each piece. STEP SIX: Once you have cut out all your shapes and forms, GLUE the various pieces together with a glue gun.
    [Show full text]
  • Guide to the Coastal Marine Fishes of California
    STATE OF CALIFORNIA THE RESOURCES AGENCY DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME FISH BULLETIN 157 GUIDE TO THE COASTAL MARINE FISHES OF CALIFORNIA by DANIEL J. MILLER and ROBERT N. LEA Marine Resources Region 1972 ABSTRACT This is a comprehensive identification guide encompassing all shallow marine fishes within California waters. Geographic range limits, maximum size, depth range, a brief color description, and some meristic counts including, if available: fin ray counts, lateral line pores, lateral line scales, gill rakers, and vertebrae are given. Body proportions and shapes are used in the keys and a state- ment concerning the rarity or commonness in California is given for each species. In all, 554 species are described. Three of these have not been re- corded or confirmed as occurring in California waters but are included since they are apt to appear. The remainder have been recorded as occurring in an area between the Mexican and Oregon borders and offshore to at least 50 miles. Five of California species as yet have not been named or described, and ichthyologists studying these new forms have given information on identification to enable inclusion here. A dichotomous key to 144 families includes an outline figure of a repre- sentative for all but two families. Keys are presented for all larger families, and diagnostic features are pointed out on most of the figures. Illustrations are presented for all but eight species. Of the 554 species, 439 are found primarily in depths less than 400 ft., 48 are meso- or bathypelagic species, and 67 are deepwater bottom dwelling forms rarely taken in less than 400 ft.
    [Show full text]
  • Order Siluriformes Arius Felis (Linnaeus, 1766) Ariidae Sea
    216 Order Siluriformes Selected meristic characters in species belonging to the order Siluriformes, family Ariidae, whose adults or larvae have been collected in the study area. Classification sequence follows Eschmeyer, 1990. Sources: Jones et al. (1978); Acero (2002). Dorsal Anal Caudal Pectoral Pelvic Species Vertebrae Fin Rays Fin Rays Fin Rays Fin Rays Fin Rays Arius felis 50–52 II, 7 18–20 19–20+7+8+19–20 I, 6–10 6 53-55 (total) Bagre marinus 53–54 I, 7 22–28 22–23+7+8+21 I, 11–14 6 58–59 (total) Ariid catfishes are mouth-brooders, the males carrying the eggs until hatching. The large yolk sac is retained by developing larvae until they transform into juveniles. All stages are characterized by an adipose fin, lack of scales, forked caudal fin, strong spines at the origin of dorsal and pectoral fins, and 2 or 3 pairs of barbels near the mouth Arius felis (Linnaeus, 1766) Ariidae Sea catfish Range: Western North Atlantic Ocean from Cape Cod to Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico Habitat: Shallow, coastal water over sand or mud; may penetrate freshwater; toler- ates high water temperatures Spawning: Spring and summer in shallow waters Eggs: Diameter to 14–18 mm, slightly oval, chorion thin, clear and adhesive Larvae: – Hatch at about 29–45 mm, with large yolk-sac, large eyes, rays well-developed (except pectoral fin) – Three pairs of barbels form; 2 near tip of lower jaw, 1 on maxilla ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Bagre marinus (Mitchill, 1815) Ariidae Gafftopsail catfish Range:
    [Show full text]
  • Inventory and Atlas of Corals and Coral Reefs, with Emphasis on Deep-Water Coral Reefs from the U
    Inventory and Atlas of Corals and Coral Reefs, with Emphasis on Deep-Water Coral Reefs from the U. S. Caribbean EEZ Jorge R. García Sais SEDAR26-RD-02 FINAL REPORT Inventory and Atlas of Corals and Coral Reefs, with Emphasis on Deep-Water Coral Reefs from the U. S. Caribbean EEZ Submitted to the: Caribbean Fishery Management Council San Juan, Puerto Rico By: Dr. Jorge R. García Sais dba Reef Surveys P. O. Box 3015;Lajas, P. R. 00667 [email protected] December, 2005 i Table of Contents Page I. Executive Summary 1 II. Introduction 4 III. Study Objectives 7 IV. Methods 8 A. Recuperation of Historical Data 8 B. Atlas map of deep reefs of PR and the USVI 11 C. Field Study at Isla Desecheo, PR 12 1. Sessile-Benthic Communities 12 2. Fishes and Motile Megabenthic Invertebrates 13 3. Statistical Analyses 15 V. Results and Discussion 15 A. Literature Review 15 1. Historical Overview 15 2. Recent Investigations 22 B. Geographical Distribution and Physical Characteristics 36 of Deep Reef Systems of Puerto Rico and the U. S. Virgin Islands C. Taxonomic Characterization of Sessile-Benthic 49 Communities Associated With Deep Sea Habitats of Puerto Rico and the U. S. Virgin Islands 1. Benthic Algae 49 2. Sponges (Phylum Porifera) 53 3. Corals (Phylum Cnidaria: Scleractinia 57 and Antipatharia) 4. Gorgonians (Sub-Class Octocorallia 65 D. Taxonomic Characterization of Sessile-Benthic Communities 68 Associated with Deep Sea Habitats of Puerto Rico and the U. S. Virgin Islands 1. Echinoderms 68 2. Decapod Crustaceans 72 3. Mollusks 78 E.
    [Show full text]
  • SECTION 2 Famous Explorers
    SECTION 2 Famous Explorers 27 Listen to the dialogue. PRONUNCIATION FOCUS Complete the sentence. 29 Listen, repeat and remember. Liza and Roy are going to see ... • a) a comedy about the participants of the Christopher Columbus, Sir Francis festival. Drake, James Cook • b) a detective film about life in Central North America, Central America, America. Australia • India, New Zealand, Spain, France, c) an adventure film about Christopher England Columbus. • the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic 28 Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the South- Read the three definitions ern Ocean of the word an ‘explorer’. Choose • the Hawaiian Islands and read the correct one. An explorer is a person who travels to ... a) unknown places to find out some facts about them. b) different places to find gold and silver there. c) various places to find new friends there. 30 Read the information from the EC website about famous explorers. Answer the questions from the text using the facts in the table. There have been many great explorers in the world. Do you know any of them? What were their names? What countries are they from? What did they do? This page of the website provides a list of names of some famous explorers. You can also find here information about their lives, including personal details, key events, some maps and pictures and other information about these great people. 150 SECTION 2 UNIT 4 Section 2 Names of explorers Their trips Marco Polo (1254—1324) reached China and made Italy (Venice) a detailed description of his travel Afanasy Nikitin (died in 1475) travelled from Russia to Russia India; described his trip in the book ‘The Journey Beyond Three Seas’ Christopher Columbus (1451—1506) discovered the New Italy World (Central America) Ferdinand Magellan (1480—1521) organised the first Portugal successful round-the- world trip (from Europe sailing East) James Cook (1728—1779) studied New Zealand England and Australia LOOK AND LEARN! 31 Do you know any other famous explorers? Say what they discovered.
    [Show full text]