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Paleoindian Chronology, Technology, and Lithic Resource Procurement at Nesquehoning Creek

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Paleoindian Chronology, Technology, and Lithic Resource Procurement at Nesquehoning Creek PALEOINDIAN CHRONOLOGY, TECHNOLOGY, AND LITHIC RESOURCE PROCUREMENT AT NESQUEHONING CREEK A Dissertation Submitted to the Temple University Graduate Board In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY by Jeremy W. Koch August, 2017 Examining Committee Members: Dr. R. Michael Stewart, Advisory Chair, Department of Anthropology Dr. Paul Farnsworth, Department of Anthropology Dr. Patricia Hansell, Department of Anthropology Dr. Anthony Ranere, Department of Anthropology Dr. Kurt Carr, External Member, The State Museum of Pennsylvania © Copyright 2017 by Jeremy W. Koch All Rights Reserved ii ABSTRACT Nesquehoning Creek (36CR142) is a stratified, multicomponent site situated on a late Wisconsin age terrace in Lehigh Gorge State Park, Carbon County, Pennsylvania. Cultural occupations represented at Nesquehoning Creek include Colonial (late 17th-early 18th century); Late, Middle, and Early Woodland; Transitional, Late, Middle and Early Archaic; and Paleoindian. The Paleoindian component is deeply buried, contextually secure, and produced a Crowfield fluted point with associated radiocarbon dates of 12,422 ± 164, 12,255 ± 177, and 11,398 ± 110 cal BP. This dissertation focuses on: 1) assessing the Paleoindian occupation history at Nesquehoning Creek, 2) analyzing the organization of Paleoindian lithic technology, and 3) examining Paleoindian residential mobility patterns in the Middle Atlantic and Northeast regions. The history of research at Nesquehoning Creek, Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene environmental data, and Paleoindian culture history are reviewed in order to provide background information. By examining the stratigraphy and geomorphology at the Nesquehoning Creek site, this study was able to propose a model of landscape evolution and determine excavation areas with the greatest potential for stratified Paleoindian occupations. A lithic refitting and artifact distribution analysis of these excavation areas was able to identify a single Crowfield Paleoindian occupation zone. The Crowfield component lithic assemblage displayed production and reduction strategies similar to Clovis and later Paleoindian complexes. Lithic raw material types represented in the Crowfield toolkit suggest a relatively small territorial range on the order of 50 km. An evaluation of Early and Late Paleoindian residential mobility patterns in the Middle iii Atlantic and Northeast showed continuity in the relative occupation span of sites from both periods. This suggests that although Late Paleoindian groups had smaller territorial ranges, they appear to have moved from site to site within those territories about as frequently as Early Paleoindians in the Middle Atlantic and Northeast regions. Detailed analysis of contextually secure Paleoindian assemblages are crucial to identifying similarities and differences between archaeological complexes. This research demonstrates the importance of lithic refitting studies in the assessment of stratified, multicomponent archaeological sites. Detailed examination of the Crowfield lithic assemblage improved our understanding of Paleoindian technological organization in the Middle Atlantic region. The evaluation of Paleoindian residential mobility patterns has complimented previous studies and presented data that may be updated and reassessed in the future. iv This dissertation is dedicated to my parents, Patty and Denny Koch. I couldn’t have done it without your love and support. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, I would like to thank my dissertation committee members, Dr. R. Michael Stewart, Dr. Anthony Ranere, Dr. Patricia Hansell, Dr. Paul Farnsworth (Temple University), and Dr. Kurt Carr (State Museum of Pennsylvania) for their help in making this dissertation possible. Special thanks are owed to Dr. Stewart for inviting me to participate in excavations at Nesquehoning Creek, and entrusting me to direct investigations and field schools since 2010. It was an invitation that changed my life and I can’t thank you enough. I am forever thankful to Dr. Ranere for always providing advice and guidance when I needed it most, and for introducing me to flintknapping years ago. Your class on lithic analysis began an obsession with all things stone that continues to this day. Dr. Hansell mentored me during my years as a teaching assistant and provided valuable advice for which I am forever grateful. Dr. Farnsworth kindly agreed to join my dissertation committee despite the subject being many miles and years from his area of expertise. Dr. Carr was one of the first archaeologists I had the pleasure of working with in the field many years ago. Thanks for your support throughout the years and for agreeing to serve as my external committee member. There are many people to thank for their contributions to the work that has been accomplished at Nesquehoning Creek. I owe a debt of gratitude to Del Beck who has been an integral part of archaeological investigations at the Nesquehoning Creek site from the very beginning. Thank you for being such dedicated collegue, understanding friend, and relentless detective. Advocational archaeologists Tommy Davies, Don Kline, and Kirk Spurr all kindly voluenteered their time and energy to help with field vi excavations. Tommy Davies, in particular, may have moved more dirt at Nesquehoning Creek than anyone not named Del Beck. Thank you for your enthusiasm, friendship, and the many conversations we have shared over the years. Volunteers and students from the 2010, 2011, and 2012 Temple University archaeological field schools were invaluable during controlled excavations. Temple University graduate students Susan Bachor, Jennifer Falchetta, Lou Farrell, and Jen Rankin provided valuable assistance during various phases of the project. Funding for AMS radiocarbon dates was provided by Del Beck, Temple University, and the National Science Foundation. Accommodations at the Mauch Lake County Park Campground, courtesy of director Dave Horvath and staff, made field schools a very enjoyable and productive endeavor. They have our thanks and gratitude. The Reading Blue Mountain and Northern Railroad, the Carbon County Railroad Commission, and Nesquehoning Sewer Treatment Plant are acknowledged for allowing us to cross their properties in gaining access to the site. Staff of the State Museum of Pennsylvania and the Bureau for Historic Preservation of the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission including Jim Herbstritt, Andrea Johnson, Janet Johnson, and Doug McLearen have played a critical role in the initiation and continued operation of work at the site. Equally important has been the cooperation of staff of the Lehigh Gorge State Park. Dustin Drew, former Manager, Dave Madl, current Manager, Assistant Manager, Kevin Blair, Michael Dinsmore (now with Greenwood Furnace State Park), David Fry, Harry Melber, and Jennifer Naugle (now with Tobyhanna State Park) have facilitated our work on-site. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................. iii DEDICATION ................................................................................................................ v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .............................................................................................. vi LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................... xi LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................... xiv CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION AND PROBLEM STATEMENT ................................................. 1 1.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Organization of Dissertation ........................................................................... 3 2. THE NESQUEHONING CREEK SITE AND PALEOINDIAN CULTURE HISTORY BACKGROUND ..................................................................................... 7 2.1 Site Setting ..................................................................................................... 7 2.2 History of Investigations .............................................................................. 16 2.3 Paleoenvironment ......................................................................................... 23 2.4 The Clovis Complex..................................................................................... 31 2.5 Paleoindians in the Eastern Woodlands ........................................................ 38 3. STRATIGRAPHY AND GEOMORPHOLOGY AT NESQUEHONING CREEK.................................................................................................................... 50 3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 50 3.2 Site Setting ................................................................................................... 50 viii 3.3 Materials and Methods ................................................................................. 51 3.4 Results ......................................................................................................... 54 3.5 Conclusions .................................................................................................. 84 4. PALEOINDIAN OCCUPATION AND SITE FORMATION PROCESSES AT THE NESQUEHONING CREEK SITE ............................................................. 87 4.1
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