Contents Foreword. iii Contributors. .vii The.Solidarity.Decade.in.Eastern.Europe,.1980–1989:.. An.Australian.perspective. 1 Jan Pakulski and Stefan Markowski Part 1: Reminiscences Poland,.1980–1984:.A.witness.to.history. 13 John Burgess My.Solidarity.Memories.from.Gdańsk. 21 Andrzej Snarski 1989–2009:.‘In.Poland.everything.is.possible,.. .n eve .changes.for.the.better’. 27 Martin Krygier The.Solidarity.Days:.A.short.reminiscence. 33 Nicolas Rothwell The.Solidarity.Decade . 37 Jan Zubrzycki Part 2: Analysis The.Solidarity.Decade:.1980–1989. 51 Jan Pakulski One.Summer.in.Gdańsk:.Poland’s.leadership.in.transition.. .m fro .the.socialist.legal.model . 69 Murray Raff The.Contribution.of.the.Polish.Intelligentsia.. to.the.Breakthrough.of.1989. 89 Tracey Rowland The.Breakthrough:.Polish.elections.in.June.1989.. 101 Jan Pakulski The.‘Cooperative’.Mode.of.Dismantling.Communism:.. From.groundbreaking.to.ordinary. 117 Antoni Z. Kamiński and Bartłomiej Kamiński The.European.Union’s.Politics.of.Identity.. .d an .the.Legacy.of.1989. 135 Stefan Auer HUMANITIES RESEARCH GUEST EDITORS Stefan Markowski and Jan Pakulski EDITORIAL BOARD Paul Pickering (Chair), Ned Curthoys, Melinda Hinkson, Kylie Message, Kate Mitchell, Adrian Walter, KarenWestmacott (Managing Editor) EDITORIAL ADVISORS Tony Bennett, University of Western Sydney; James K. Chandler, University of Chicago; Deidre Coleman, University of Melbourne; W. Robert Connor, Teagle Foundation, New York; Michael Davis, University of Tasmania; Saul Dubow, University of Sussex; Christopher Forth, University of Kansas; William Fox, Center for Art and Environment, Nevada; Debjani Ganguly, The Australian National University; Margaret R. Higonnet, University of Connecticut; Caroline Humphrey, University of Cambridge; Mary Jacobus, University of Cambridge; W. J. F. Jenner, The Australian National University; Peter Jones, University of Edinburgh; E. Ann Kaplan, State University of New York, Stony Brook; David MacDougall, The Australian National University; Iain McCalman, University of Sydney; Fergus Millar, University of Oxford; Anthony Milner, The Australian National University; Howard Morphy, The Australian National University; Meaghan Morris, Lingnan University, Hong Kong; Tessa Morris-Suzuki, The Australian National University; Paul Patton, University of New South Wales; Kim Rubenstein, The Australian National University; Gillian Russell, The Australian National University; Monique Skidmore, University of Canberra; Mandy Thomas, The Australian National University; Caroline Turner, The Australian National University; Andrew Vincent, University of Sheffield; James Walter, Monash University. Humanities Research is published by the Research School of Humanities & the Arts at The Australian National University. The Research School of Humanities & the Arts came into existence on 1 January 2010 and brings together the following schools and centres: School of Archaeology & Anthropology, School of Art, School of Cultural Inquiry, School of Language Studies, School of Music, Australian National Dictionary Centre, ANU Centre for European Studies, Digital Humanities Hub, Freilich Foundation, Humanities Research Centre, Institute for Professional Practice in Heritage & the Arts, and the Rock Art Research Centre. Humanities Research was first published in 1997 and in 2005 was transformed into an electronic journal published by ANU E Press. Issues are thematic with guest editors and address important and timely topics across all branches of the humanities. Enquiries: Managing Editor, Humanities Research Centre, Research School of Humanities & the Arts, Sir Roland Wilson Building (120), The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia. 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Cover image: Anonymous. Solidarity Poster c.1981 (provided by MSZ, Warsaw). Printed in Australia Vol XVI. No. 3. 2010 ISSN: 1440-0669 (print), ISSN: 1834-8491 (Online) Foreword A Message from President Lech Wałęsa for the Special Issue of Humanities Research published by The Australian National University, Canberra.1 Thirty years ago Solidarity was born—the movement that changed the face of Poland and Europe. It was a mass, multi-generational and peaceful movement that challenged the communist system in many ways and many places. The echoes of our struggle, and the emissaries of Solidarity with their message of freedom and democracy, were reaching all corners of the world. Thirty years ago in the Gdańsk Shipyard we sensed the support coming from abroad, from all generations and social circles. This supra-national solidarity was giving us hope that the values we were fighting for would triumph not only in Poland, but would also dominate in other captive countries. I am confident that this wide support and pressure from abroad prevented communist authorities from immediate suppression of our movement. International assistance— material, moral and political—enabled the survival of Solidarity also during the dark days of martial law, and it accompanied the movement during the bloodless collapse of the totalitarian system in Poland in 1989. After thirty years, on the occasion of this important publication that reflects on the times of struggle and the difficult period of successful transformation in Poland, I would like to thank all friends of Solidarity in Australia for their unwavering trust and support. Celebrations of this important anniversary—the thirtieth anniversary of the formation of the Solidarity movement—should also give us an opportunity for celebrating international friendship and solidarity in supporting the ideals of freedom, democracy and justice. I am very glad that The Australian National University and a group of prominent scholars from Australia and overseas are issuing a publication that testifies to solidarity without borders. Lech Wałęsa 1 The original message in Polish is reproduced below. iii Humanities.Research.Vol.XVI ..No.3 ..2010. Lech Wałęsa celebrating victory in August 1980. (Provided by MSZ, Warsaw). iv Foreword Posłanie Prezydenta Lecha Wałęsy Do specjalnego numeru Humanities Research opublikowanego przez The Australian National University, Canberra. Trzydzieści lat temu narodziła się Solidarność, która odmieniła oblicze Polski i Europy. Był to ruch masowy, wielopokoleniowy i pokojowy, który zmagał się z systemem komunistycznym na wiele sposobów i wielu miejscach. Echa naszej walki i emisariusze Solidarności docierali z posłaniem wolności i demokracji do wszystkich zakątków świata. Trzydzieści lat temu w Stoczni Gdańskiej czuliśmy pochodzące z różnych pokoleń i środowisk wsparcie nadchodzące z zagranicy. Ta ponadnarodowa solidarność dawała nam nadzieję, że wartości, o które walczymy zwyciężą nie tylko w Polsce, ale zapanują także w innych krajach zniewolonych. Jestem przekonany, że to szerokie wsparcie i zagraniczna presja uniemożliwiły władzom natychmiastowe zdławienie naszego ruchu. Międzynarodowa pomoc, materialna, moralna i polityczna umożliwiła także przetrwanie Solidarności podczas ciemnych dni stanu wojennego i towarzyszyła jej w czasie bezkrwawego upadku systemu totalitarnego w Polsce. Po trzydziestu latach, z okazji tej ważnej publikacji będącej refleksją nad minionymi latami zmagań i trudnym okresem udanej transformacji w Polsce, pragnę podziękować wszystkim przyjaciołom Solidarności w Australii za ich niezachwiane zaufanie oraz wsparcie. Świętowanie doniosłej rocznicy—30 rocznicy powstania ruchu Solidarności— powinno być także okazją do uczczenia międzynarodowej przyjaźni i solidarności we wspieraniu ideałów wolności, demokracji i sprawiedliwości. Pragnę wyrazić radość, że Australian National University i grono wybitnych naukowców z Australii i zagranicy wydaje publikację, która jest świadectwem pamięci i solidarności bez granic. Lech Wałęsa v Contributors Stefan.Auer Dr Stefan Auer is Senior Lecturer in History and Politics, Jean Monnet Chair in EU Interdisciplinary Studies and Director of the Innovative Universities European Union (IUEU) Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne. His book Liberal Nationalism in Central Europe (Routledge, 2004, pb 2006) won the prize for Best Book in European Studies (2005) awarded by the University Association for Contemporary European Studies (UACES). His recent publications include ‘“New Europe”: between cosmopolitan dreams and nationalist nightmares’ (Journal of Common Market Studies, vol. 48, no. 5, 2010). John.Burgess John Burgess was the Australian Ambassador to Poland from 1980 to 1984. His earlier diplomatic experience included a posting in the Australian Embassy in Indonesia from 1965 to 1967, which covered