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Home , Carl Hagenbeck, Nuremberg Zoo, Shark tunnel, Tierpark Hagenbeck, Virtual zoo, Zoo Basel

Understanding Animals and Protecting Them

About the World and Strategy

World Association of and WAZA

Global Edition

Texts: Lothar Philips, Cologne Zoo Peter Dollinger, WAZA Executive Office Translation: Doris Linzmeier, Cologne Zoo

Editor: Peter Dollinger WAZA Executive Office 3012 Bern, Telephon: ++41-31-300 20 30 Fax: ++41-31-300 20 31 email: [email protected] Internet: http://www.waza.org Print: Stämpfli Publikationen AG, Bern, Switzerland Edition: 18’000

WAZA (2006): Understanding Animals and Protecting Them – About the World Zoo and Aquarium Conservation Strategy

Photos (page): (3) Christian Walzer, International Takhi Group (Przewalski’s horses at the Gobi B) (4) Goetz Berlik (); Peter Dollinger (Tiergarten Schönbrunn, Zoo , Zoo Zürich); Helmut Mägdefrau (Tiergarten Nürnberg); Neumann (Zoo ); Klaus-Dieter Rudloff (Zoo Hannover) (5) Peter Dollinger (Argelès Wildlife Park, Taipei Zoo, Currumbin Wildlife Sanctuary); Kevin Tanner (UnderwaterWorld, Mooloolaba) (6) Peter Dollinger (Khao Kheow Open Zoo, Basel Zoo, Taman Negara) (7) Miguel Quevedo, Jerez Zoo (testing releasing techniques); Johannes Fritz (migration project) (8) Christian Stauffer, Langenberg Wildlife Park (Alpine ibex); The Living Desert (sand cat); Jörg Hess, Basel Zoo (Indian rhinos) (9) Priska Ketterer (Ivoloina); Ruth Dieckmann (Cologne Zoo); Cheryl Asa, St. Louis Zoo (MACCAP training course) (10) Hendry Coetzee (ground hornbill); Peter Dollinger (painted terrapin); Ron Goellner (hellbender); Jeremy Holden, FFI (Sumatran tiger) (11) Alifereti Naikatini, Fiji (freshwater fish survey training); Felix Weber, Goldau Landscape and Animal Park (bearded vultures) (12) Peter Dollinger (separation of waste); Andreas Hohl, Zurich Zoo (sustainable heating system) (13) Peter Dollinger (Siberian tiger); Jim Marlett, Sedgwick County Zoo (male ) (14) Loro Parque ( ); Taipei Zoo (official group photo) (15) A Brinker, Ft. Worth Zoo (toad); Wendy Kempsell (roadside zoo); Hans Peter Müller, Rabat (Bou Hedma); Jean Thomas (tree kangaroo)

Cover: Sponsors:

Mutual trust – sika doe (Cervus nippon) and little girl at Goldau Landscape and Animal Park, Switzerland

© Felix Weber, Natur- und Tierpark Goldau

3 INTRODUCTION

Why Develop a New Strategy?

‘Today more and more of us live in cities and lose any real connection with wild animals and plants.’ (David Attenborough, 2004)

The first World Zoo Conservation conflicts, droughts, famine and migra- education, training and influencing Strategy published in 1993 was char- tion rather than on the major origin of and advocacy, through to in situ sup- acterised by great hope. It appeared to our problems – namely overexploita- port of species, populations and their be a time of fundamental changes – tion of natural resources. habitats the days of Rio, the beginning of the The future outlook is not totally Today attempts have been made Convention on Biological Diversity negative. National strate- to concentrate the limited financial and IUCN’s conservation strategy. gies and biodiversity action plans have resources for conservation on areas of Sustainable development seemed to be been developed and environmental high biodiversity. It is necessary to en- initiated and the idea that zoos merely regulations strengthened. Zoos and courage local communities living in needed to rescue animals into a better Aquariums have also become progres- these regions to participate in conser- future was regarded as sufficient. This sive and support conservation activi- vation programs in order to optimize hope has not been fulfilled yet, since ties successfully. the chance of success. Without sus- the global situation has not improved. Many people are uncertain as to tainable use of our resources, im- Environmental threats still increase whether or not they should support provement will not be achieved. and are accompanied by a decline of zoos and aquariums. They ask them- Zoos and aquariums must become biological diversity. The last 10 years selves: Why do zoos and aquariums conservationists, teachers, scientists have been characterized by climatic exist? What is their unifying philoso- and form alliances to achieve a changes, overexploitation of natural phy and purpose? What are the rea- change. They must become part of the resources, negative impact of invasive sons that justify their existence? conservation movement. Zoos and species and extensive destruction of “Building a Future for Wildlife”, the aquariums attract about 600 million the environment. World Zoo and Aquarium Conservation visitors per year. This resource can These problems are based on Strategy published by WAZA in May play an important role in raising funds population explosion. Meeting re- 2005 gives answers to these questions. for conservation actions. quirements of an increasing human Zoos and aquariums must focus The new conservation strategy population leads to limitations in on conservation. Only these institu- aims at all zoos and aquariums, and natural resources which ensure the tions and botanic gardens can operate not only the members of the World survival of non-human species. But across the whole spectrum of conser- Association of Zoos and Aquariums,. the worldwide discussion is primarily vation activities, from ex situ breeding It is high time for zoos and aquariums focussed on political and economic of threatened species, research, public to take action!

Long term thinking and planning Less than 100 years after its discovery by Europeans in the year 1877, the Przewalski’s horse – called takhi by the local people - became extinct even in its last retreat in the Dsungarian Gobi in south- west Mongolia. Fortunately a small population survived in zoos. This zoo stock goes back to only 13 founder animals imported by the German animal dealer and the Russian landowner Baron Falz-Fein. Thanks to an International Studbook, kept under the auspices of WAZA by Zoo, the ex situ population of the Przewalski’s horse has dramatically increased and comprises now some 1500 animals. In 1990 the -based Christian Oswald Foundation initiated a reintroduction project in the Gobi B Strictly Protected Area of Mongolia. In 1999, the International Takhi Group was established to continue and expand on the basis of the original project. From 1992 to 2004, no less than 87 takhis bred by 20 different institutions in 8 countries were returned to the Gobi B. In spite of having been bred over several generations in zoos, the takhis adapted readily to the conditions in the wild and the population is growing. Currently several research projects are being undertaken and more releases are planned. With a view to promoting the project it received the WAZA brand in 2003. (WAZA Project 03002)

HISTORY 4

From to Conservation Centres

Since antiquity exhibition of exotic sace was the opportunity for workers ited animals”. Meeting hygiene stan- animals has been undertaken for dif- to enjoy recreation. Most 19th century dards became important which - on ferent reasons. The history of modern zoos had restaurants or cafés and of- the one hand - resulted in enclosures zoological institutions began in 1752 fered different events for visitors. resembling bathrooms rather than when the emperor Franz I. Stephan The first important steps in the high quality habitats, but on the other founded the of Schoen- development of modern zoos were the hand breeding of animal species brunn. With the foundation of the foundation of Hagenbeck’s Tierpark commenced. Menagerie (1793) and in (1907) - with first enclo- The recent development in zoo- Zoo (1826) public zoos began to es- sures offering an unlimited panoramic logical institutions is characterized by tablish in European countries. view - as well as the Animal Parks fundamental changes: Modern zoos One major aspect of early zoos Munich-Hellabrunn (1911) and the offer enclosures meeting behavioural was to satisfy public interest in exotic new Zoo (1939), both de- requirements of animal species. Today animal species which were often kept signed as landscape gardens. enclosure design resembles natural without considering aspects of animal In the middle of the last century habitats and is integrated into the en- welfare. Scientific information already - a Swiss Zoo director tire architectural concept of zoological played a key role, but also the idea of - established a new scientific field gardens. This offers an optimal plat- recreation and education was of great named zoobiology which led to a new form to inform visitors about wildlife importance: Guides and information concept in animal husbandry. The in a comprehensive manner. Zoos fo- boards adjacent to the enclosure al- aim of this concept - guided by the cus more and more on research and ready existed in Schoenbrunn in maxim “changing cages into territo- education, thus they have become 1820. The major motivation for the ries” - was to meet the biological and valuable centres for nature conserva- foundation of Mulhouse Zoo in Al- ethological requirements of the exhib- tion.

Giraffe house in oriental style, Berlin, 1872 Panorama, Hagenbeck, 1907 Landscape zoo, Nuremberg, 1939

Functional architecture, Basel, 1956 Adventure park elements, Hannover, 2000 Integration, Masoala Hall, Zürich, 2003

5 WHY ZOOS?

The Role of Modern Zoos and Aquariums

Close encounter with Alpine marmots at Argelès Wildlife Park (France)

The major goal of zoos and aquariums visitors and associate their zoo internal jects or contribute to such pro- is to protect and secure endangered activities with external conservation jects, either by technical support, species and ecosystems. To achieve programs. Every institution can find education and training or scien- this goal they contribute to nature meaningful ways to participate in tific research. conservation by being part of global global conservation. This is not neces- • work with local institutions, e.g. conservation actions and they pro- sarily a matter of financial support. with local zoos, breeding facilities mote the link between their conserva- Strong engagement is most important or sanctuaries. tion activities and their work routine for the success of nature conservation • conduct or support scientific re- to gain public support. programs. search in the field or in zoos. Re- As far back as a century ago a The modern and complex field of search should contribute to nature small number of zoos became engaged nature conservation deals with a vari- conservation. in conservation. In the 1960’s of the ety of subjects and includes a diversity • stimulate and engage in political last century be- of organisations, all trying to achieve debates with one’s own govern- came a major task of most zoological the same goals. In contrast to many ment and with others. institutions. Today most of them other conservation organisations zoos • raise funds in order to support show great efforts in this field, but of- and aquariums attract large numbers conservation programs or projects. ten without public recognition. of visitors. They have the unique pos-

Zoos and aquariums - as recrea- sibility and capability to inform the WAZA’s main goals tion centres taking care of their ani- public about conservational matters. mals - inform visitors and others A majority of zoos and aquariums All members apply the principle of inte- about the origins of threats to endan- breed endangered animal species in grated nature conservation. They allo- gered species and advertise in order to special programs (EEP, SSP etc.). cate their financial means and staff effec- find support. They are able to: tively and collaborate with others. They describe their mission to • conduct field conservation pro-

Zoos and aquariums are recreational Zoos and aquariums are conservation Zoos and aquariums are places of edu- areas - providing a well designed environ- areas – providing natural habitats for native cation and research – providing formal ment where urban people can take a time species and building time bridges for species and informal education opportunities, coop- out. Meeting animals in enjoyable surround- that are threatened in the wild. Zoo animals erating with research institutions and devel- ings is at the source of people caring for ani- do not perceive themselves as prisoners but oping increasingly into integral conserva- mals and nature and thus becoming conserva- as owners of their enclosures, which territo- tion centres linking their ex situ activities to tionists. rial species will defend against intruders. in situ conservation projects. Photo: Themed children playground at Taipei Photo: Wild lorikeets at Currumbin Wildlife Photo: Children admiring jellyfish at Under- Zoo (). Sanctuary (). Water World Mooloolaba (Australia).

HOW TO PROCEED 6

Back to Nature

Zoos and aquariums focus on opti- successful breeding and rearing and with local governments, learn to speak mizing animal husbandry, breeding they ensure continued monitoring of foreign languages and deal with differ- programs, small population manage- released animals which improves the ent cultures. It is most important to ment and wildlife health. They also success rate of reintroduction. train staff from wildlife, forestry, na- carry out training programs for profes- Experiences gained in wildlife re- tional parks, zoos and aquariums from sionals and offer financial means for introduction programs can be trans- countries with great biological diver- research projects and long term field ferred to translocation programs, since sity. studies. In addition zoos and aquari- the latter can help reduce conflicts be- ums provide a key resource for train- tween humans and wildlife. Translo- ing wildlife veterinarians. Veterinary cation becomes more and more im- WAZA’s main goals professionals can evaluate and treat portant, since habitat fragmentation All members focus their conservation new pathogens and thus contribute to and climate change shift boundaries activities within local, national or re- reintroduction and translocation of and the quality of habitats. gional Biodiversity Action Plans or simi- animal species. If zoos and aquariums want to be- lar Species Recovery Programs. Zoos Zoos and aquariums serve as arks come a major force in conservation and aquariums work together with in which carefully managed animal actions, they must pool their financial other institutions and the appropriate populations are bred and their prog- resources in order to build up nature government authorities of the host eny is reintroduced into the wild. conservation units. The tasks of field country and - whenever possible – re- These institutions can provide their staff vary from short assessment sur- cruit conservation staff for work in the knowledge, skills and the necessary veys to long term field studies. wild. Well managed zoos and aquariums animals for breeding. They are also Nature conservation programs are are refuges for endangered resident able to establish appropriate social often far away from parent institu- animal species. groups which optimize the chance of tions, hence staff must collaborate

Wildlife at the zoo Well-designed zoos contain a large number and variety of microhabitats such as log piles, stone heaps, hedges, brush walls, ponds, walls, groves etc., which support local fauna and flora. Most obvious for the visitors is the sometimes amaz- ing number of wild bird species that have chosen a zoo as their habitat, in particular larger species such as painted storks in many zoos of Southern and South-Eastern Asia (top: Khao Kheow Open Zoo, Thailand), or white storks in European zoos (left: Basel Zoo, Switzerland: Providing habitat for white storks - WAZA Project 05009), herons (right: night heron at Zoo Ne- gara, Malaysia), cormorants, pelicans, waterfowl and many others.

7 RESEARCH

Knowledge is Power

Animal collections in zoos and conservation of populations and habi- ums lack expert teams which can aquariums reveal possibilities for con- tats. Only long-term studies can suc- evaluate publications dealing with servation directed research. They also cessfully reveal problems, help deter- specialized subjects. Therefore popular offer a platform for discussion be- mine those actions which are of high- scientific publications are helpful. tween scientists and visitors. est priority to achieve sound conserva- Evaluation is necessary in ensur- Results of internal research in tion-based solutions and ultimately ing that research work remains focus- zoos and aquariums can further their evaluate the results. sed on stated priorities, is financially own aims e. g. animal husbandry, spe- All fields relevant to nature con- supported, serves conservation efforts cies conservation, visitor preference servation benefit from scientific re- and achieves the required goal. and zoo educational methods etc.. In search. The WAZA network is a valu- addition zoos and aquariums can give able tool for universities, zoos and external research groups access to ma- aquariums. Research work in zoos and WAZA’s main goals terial and animals for comparative aquariums needs greater financial All members encourage research initia- studies. support. The major part of costs is tives, especially those directed towards Scientific research is vital in help- contributed by the institutions them- conservation. They raise funds for re- ing to solve the conservation crisis. In selves. search work. New research fields must order to support local conservation, Research results must be made be monitored for their potential applica- priority must be given to research available to zoo staff in a comprehen- tion to conservation. which has clear implications for the sive manner. Most zoos and aquari-

Research - a prerogative for survival In 1988, ten years after the last importation of wild waldrapp ibises from Morocco, a European En- dangered Species Program, coordinated by the Alpenzoo Innsbruck, was established. The knowl- edge gained in the framework of this program about how to keep and breed the waldrapp ibis led to high breeding success and low mortality. As a consequence the ex situ population managed under the program grew from 333 to about 750 birds. Although the various zoo colonies are all closely related no negative inbreeding effects have been observed to date. It is intended to undertake ge- netic research however. As every year more birds are hatching than are dieing, about 40 to 50 ibises per year are ceded to keepers outside the program. It is obvious that birds could be made available for reintroduction projects, too. However, before this is to happen several research pro- jects need to be completed and favourable conditions must be established in the release areas.

A research project (WAZA Project 04003) implemented by the Konrad Lorenz Research Institute in Grünau, Upper Austria has demonstrated that it is possible to establish permanent free flying colo- nies of waldrapp ibises in Central . The birds are able to avoid predators and to find their food in the wild during the vegetation period. During winter, they have to be kept and fed in an avi- ary however. The “Scharnstein Project” (WAZA Project Nr. 03001) is based on the recognition that young waldrapp ibises learn the migration route and location of the wintering grounds when migrat- ing for the first time with their parents. Using microlights, groups of hand-reared waldrapp ibises are trained to fly from Upper Austria to a suitable wintering area in southern Tuscany. In the following spring it is hoped that the birds will independently return to Austria. If this project succeeds the knowledge gained could be used for the reintroduction of waldrapp ibises to other parts of their original range. A third project operated by Jerez Zoo in is looking into the effectiveness of different releasing techniques (WAZA Project 04004, title picture). The “Bshar el Kh-ir” Project, finally, aims at creating favourable conditions for a future reintroduction at Ain Tijja-Mezguitem in Northern Morocco (WAZA Project 04013).

CONSERVATION BREEDING 8

Lost without Zoos

Ex situ populations must be demog- lation and for the capability to adapt • degree of threat to wild popula- raphically stable, well maintained and to environmental changes. A viable ex tions, i.e. IUCN categories of capable of self-sustaining reproduc- situ population should be of sufficient threat; tion. They should be distributed size to retain 90 % of the founders’ • taxonomic uniqueness; among several institutions and of suf- genetic diversity for 100 years. • species native to a region; ficient size to maintain high levels of All ex situ programs aim at sup- • educational and research value; genetic diversity. Animal collections of porting in situ conservation. This im- • flagship species; some breeding programs are much too plies that zoos and aquariums con- small to be of significant value to tribute their knowledge of small popu- • species with stable and healthy long-term conservation programs. lation management to conservation populations and established hus- How can management of animal col- programs and can also refer to the re- bandry protocols. lections in zoos and aquariums con- introduction of animal species. Today tribute to conservation actions? The many wildlife populations face prob- answer lies in the cooperation of re- lems similar to those of ex situ popula- WAZA’s main goals gional or global breeding programs. tions – they are small and of limited A viable and healthy population gene flow. All breeding programs follow specific requires demographical stability to en- Zoos and aquariums in different program objectives. Data are collected sure survival and self sustaining repro- regions may have different conserva- from ex situ populations, WAZA guide- duction. tion priorities. The following criteria lines are followed before accepting con- Genetic diversity is most impor- may be used for prioritizing species: fiscated animals. tant for the survival of a healthy popu-

World wide coordination of breeding The earliest coordinated conservation breeding efforts by the zoo community date one century back and concern the American bison, Bison bison, and European wisent, Bison bonasus, at North American and European zoos and wildlife parks respectively. In 1923, Central European zoo direc- tors founded the International Society for the Conservation of the Wisent. Exterminated in the wild, 56 individuals of this largest European land mammal had survived in zoos. These animals were inventoried and a studbook was established. Over the years, other studbooks followed, and as of to date no less than 182 International studbooks are kept under the auspices of WAZA. The stud- books provide the basis for the coordinated breeding of the species concerned. WAZA oversees the good functioning of the studbooks through its Committee for Inter-Regional Conservation Co- ordination, and the London has been mandated by WAZA to act as the global coordinator for the international studbooks.

Conservation breeding programs are usually run at the regional (ARAZPA, AZA, EAZA, PAAZAB) or occasionally national (BIAZA, JAZA, SAZA) level, as transferring animals from one continent to another is always a cumbersome exercise. In addition, regional associations maintain regional studbooks for species which are not in need of global coordination. As an example, the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria (EAZA) manages a total of 314 regional breeding programs or studbooks. Photos: The Alpine ibex (title), exterminated in Switzerland in the 18th Century, could be reintroduced thanks to successful breeding by Swiss zoos and wildlife parks. As of today, 14'000 ibexes roam the Swiss Alps, and also many colonies in neighbouring countries trace their origins to founder animals bred by Swiss Zoos. The International Studbook for the Sand Cat (above) is kept by The Living Desert at Palm Desert, Cali- fornia, and that for the Great Indian Rhino (right) by Basel Zoo, Switzerland.

9 EDUCATION

Learning for Life

Education and training are major depends on the development of un- The illegal trade with meat of poached tasks of zoos and aquariums. Every derstanding in the interaction between African animals – for example – can institution should have a defined pol- species and environment as well as on be compared to the problem of over - icy to allow it achieve educational human attitude and behaviour. fishing in Europe. Therefore visitors aims - especially conservation of bio- Zoos and aquariums have of European zoos and aquariums be- diversity and environmental sustain- changed into educational centres for come aware of the omnipresence of ability - and must operate in an eco- local experts and therefore support lo- environmental problems. friendly manner. Only then will edu- cal capacities for conservation. Zoo cation gain credibility. staff becomes qualified by means of Zoo education is an integral dis- adequate education for future en- WAZA’s main goals cipline which aims at visitors and the gagements. Education is one major task of zoos and public as well as at zoo staff. Zoo edu- All employees and volunteers aquariums and should be given adequate cation must turn into education for should have an overview of the goals support. Collaboration between other nature conservation. The exchange of and tasks of their organisations and be education institutions, organisations, ideas is fundamental to the effective- aware of their common goal. ministries and participation in the de- ness of educational work. For this rea- Conservation campaigns of zoos velopment of formal curricula activities son educational staff and staff from and aquariums harness public interest creates a basis for enhancing the effec- other fields cooperate in networks and therefore gain political support. tiveness of conservation education. (e.g. International Zoo Educators As- Zoological institutions unite envi- Educational programs available for the sociation). ronmental matters in everyday life entire staff support common aims. Progress of nature conservation which leads to a better understanding.

Living classrooms Most zoos and aquariums attract groups from a variety of educational institutions. By provide exciting, interactive, structured educational workshops, programmes or classes and resources, tailored to meet the specific needs of these groups, zoos and aquariums can contribute to learning and understanding as part of local and national curricula frame- works. At the same time, zoo educators can raise the profile of envi- ronmental and conservation issues and advocate positive attitudes about, and action for, nature from schools, colleges and universities into the community. Photos: School classes at Ivoloina (Madagascar) and Cologne Zoo (Ger- many).

The Mesoamerican and Caribbean Conservation Action Partnership (AZA/MACCAP) and the Asociación de Mesoamérica y del Caribe de Zoológicos y Acuarios (AMACZOOA) embarked on a collaborative workshop series for zoo staff that has combined two approaches: one focuses on areas of professional development and zoo operation, while the other considers larger issues in conservation. WAZA supports the collaborative training efforts of its constituency by the CIRCC Training Grant Scheme established in 1996. Every year three to four inter-regional training programmes or events receive financial support. Photo: Workshop participants from the Dominican Republic receiving computer training.

COMMUNICATION 10

…and talk about it

Zoos and aquariums are engaged in our environment. They are encour- two issues of conservation: direct con- conservation, education, recreation aged to conserve biodiversity and servation, support of field studies and and research. And visiting the zoo is habitats. wildlife programs – and indirect con- fun! Nature conservation and fun are Visiting zoos can lead to a change servation, change of attitude and be- not mutually exclusive. If zoos want to in opinion and behaviour. Zoos and haviour. point this out, they must improve the aquariums must give visitors practical Staff members of zoos and communication strategy of their staff. advice and make it easy for people to aquariums must choose a simple and Messages should be simple and clear become active – to whatever extent. direct language and should avoid and involve people with an anti-zoo Visiting zoos and aquariums technical terms, where possible. They attitude into the debate. brings benefits to urban populations. should listen to criticism, correct Many people still have reserva- Today’s urban children are the con- wrong statements and invite those tions about keeping animals in zoos or servationists of tomorrow. Zoos and who are against zoos to look at our aquariums. This discomfort is sup- aquariums are localities of relative record in conservation in recent dec- ported by militant anti-zoo activists peace and tranquillity. They should ades. The out-of-date views of such and some animal welfare organisa- emphasize the value of uniting people people must be challenged and cor- tions. When zoos and aquariums are with nature – in other words reconcil- rected. forced to defend themselves, valuable ing human beings with their natural

resources of time and energy are di- surrounding. WAZA’s main goals verted from conservation activities. People will support zoos and Institutions should take every op- aquariums, if it is explained how their All members apply a communication portunity to inform people about money directly supports nature con- strategy that considers aims, addressees their achievements and demonstrate servation and how it improves the and key messages, chooses tactics and how to participate. Effective commu- wellbeing of animals in zoological in- methods, identifies resources available nication influences people’s attitude stitutions. and develops monitoring and evaluation towards zoological institutions and Communication must point out techniques.

The public at large and even many government authorities and NGOs do not perceive zoos as conservation organisations. With a view of increasing awareness of the zoos’ involvement in conservation, WAZA has begun to brand, on application, suitable projects. These projects are publicized on www.waza.org and in WAZA’s print publications. Photos: The tiger (title) was the theme of a large campaign run by EAZA in 2003/04. 129 member institutions participated and raised more than 700,000 EUROS for selected tiger conservation projects. Two of these projects operated by the Zoological Society of London and Fauna and Flora International respectively, and funded through the UK based charity 21st Century Tiger have received the WAZA brand in 2005 (WAZA Projects 05037 and 05038). The hellbender (left) con- servation program is one of seven WAZA branded projects operated by the St. Louis Zoo’s WildCare Institute (WAZA Project 05001). The Allwetter Zoo of Münster, Germany, has the lead in five WAZA-branded projects jointly operated by consortia of zoos and other stakeholders, including the International Centre for the Conservation of Turtles (WAZA Project 04011). The Mabula Ground Hornbill Project (WAZA Project) is only one of 15 WAZA-branded projects in Southern Africa, in which member institutions, PAAZAB, regional conservation organisations and others participate.

11 COOPERATION

Networking

The joint IUCN/Wetlands International Freshwater Fish Specialist Group is chaired by the Director of Chester Zoo

Zoos and aquariums cannot take over Professional associations are effec- ships to the Species Survival Commis- all tasks to preserve biological diver- tive instruments in achieving im- sion (SSC), together with its numer- sity. They must associate with other provements in zoos and aquariums. ous specialist groups for certain ani- institutions. In cooperation with oth- Zoo associations must develop a con- mal species, animal health, conserva- ers even small zoos can make an im- sciousness for conservation that unites tion breeding (CBSG), or reintroduc- portant contribution in conservation, the activities of its members within an tions. e.g. animal breeding, educational ethical and technical framework. work or field projects. WAZA furthers the collaboration Field projects offer opportunities between zoos and aquariums world- to create networks between zoos of wide and like–minded professional different continents. Local zoos – on organisations. WAZA improves rela- WAZA’s main goals the one hand – are familiar with local tionships with governments, govern- Zoos and aquariums establish strong customs and thus have the ability to ment-organisations and major non- partnerships at every level. They par- convince local communities to sup- government organisations (NGOs). ticipate in the work of national and / or port field conservation projects. On WAZA coordinates the activities of regional zoo associations. Zoo associa- the other hand cooperation with well zoo associations and of single zoos and tions advise their local governments on resourced zoos helps local institutions aquariums at international meetings the improvement of zoo legislation and become acquainted with the standards e.g. conferences of parties to interna- put their members under the obligation and professional ethics of the interna- tional agreements. IUCN offers a vari- to represent a conscience for conserva- tional zoo association and learn about ety of opportunities for cooperation. tion in compatibility with their culture. animal welfare. Zoos worldwide have close relation-

A network for the bearded vulture In 1913 the bearded vulture was exterminated in the Alps. 74 years later, the first bearded vul- ture fledglings bred by zoo birds were reintro- duced to the Rauris Valley of Austria. This was the start of an international project, in which about 30 zoos, Vienna University, the Zoologi- cal Society of , WWF, national park administrations and other stakeholders partici- pated. In 1997 project birds reproduced for the first time in the wild, and as of today more than 100 of these majestic birds populate the Alps of France, Italy, Switzerland and Austria. The Goldau Landscape and Animal Park is the Swiss breeding centre of the project. They have built a large exhibit, behind-the scenes breeding and an information centre. To date the zoo has invested more than 2 million Swiss Francs into the project. (WAZA Project 04023) Photos: Young bearded vulture up to be re- leased (left), adult breeding bird at Goldau Landscape and Animal Park (right).

SUSTAINABILITY 12

Give Children a Chance

Separation of waste for recycling at Johannesburg Zoo (South Africa)

Zoos and aquariums are mandated to and try to use energy produced • Use the educational resources of participate in conservation of biodi- from renewable resources. zoos to explain people the neces- versity and must not undermine this • Use products that embody the sity of changing attitudes and be- aim in any way that leads to the deple- most efficient and least environ- haviour and to give advice as to tion of natural resources. They work mental damaging use of natural how to participate. increasingly sustainably, use natural resources (this applies to all prod- • Set an example for other busi- resources without exploiting them and ucts from major construction ma- nesses in the use of ecologically show their visitors how to adopt sus- terials to daily consumables). beneficial operations. tainable life styles. If zoos and aquari- • Ensure that animal acquisitions ums become models of sustainability, and dispositions are not only sus- One frequently asked question: they can take a leading position in en- tainable environmentally but also What will sustainability cost? The an- vironmental conservation, propose ethically and culturally. swer is simple: Sustainability is profit- beneficial ecological methods and en- • Avoid environmental pollution. able to all of us! courage studies to solve regional prob- • Maximize the proportion of goods lems. and services that come from local The following principles help to providers. maintain the inevitable influence on • A reduction in differences of liv- WAZA’s main goals environment on a small level. ing conditions across the world is • Apply the three “Rs”: reduce, re- essential for sustainable develop- All institutions practice environmental use, recycle. ment. Therefore contribute to an sustainability. They maintain natural re- • Separate waste at source in order equitable development by sup- sources and show how to achieve sus- to support reuse and recycling. porting conservation projects and tainability. Institutions demonstrate how • Maximize energy efficiency in all adjusting purchasing policies and social attitudes and behaviour can be fields, reduce energy consumption practices to help. changed. during travelling, transportation

Sustainable heating system at Zurich Zoo’s Masoala Rain Forest The climatic characteristics in the huge green- house hosting Zurich Zoo’s Masoala Rainforest are the same as those on Madagascar’s Masoala peninsula. That means temperature oscillates between 17 and 35 ºC and air humidity is above 65%. The greenhouse has been constructed in a way to permit maximum penetration of sunlight. On sunny days, the greenhouse is heated by the sun only. If the air temperature rises above a defined threshold, a 30 m chimney sucks out the warm air, which is then cooled by water and forced back into the hall. The surplus heat is stored in a 250 m3 large reservoir for being used for heating on cooler days, or for producing warm water for the restaurant. Dur- ing extended periods of cold, heating is pro- vided by an environmentally-friendly, CO2- neutral, wet woodchip heating system.

13 ETHICS AND WELFARE

Ethics and Animal Welfare in Conservation

Siberian tiger at (USA) busy with a cattle bone

Zoos and aquariums follow ethical population. Acquiring individuals of logical requirements and considering principles and maintain highest stan- from wild popula- stimuli needed to encourage species- dards in wildlife management and tions is acceptable only, if this action specific behaviour. These enrichment breeding which usually exceed legisla- contributes to the long – term survival activities trigger a variety of behav- tion standards. The Code of Ethics of threatened populations and legal ioural reactions and give individuals adopted by the members of WAZA is obligations are fulfilled. the opportunity to gain experience as the common ground on which nature Zoos and aquariums participating expected in the wild. Zoo and aquar- conservation activities are based. in breeding programs are responsible ium staff must always focus on animal Breeding actions should not affect for the regulation of their animal col- welfare which will influence enclosure animal welfare. lections. Absence of predators and design. Animal welfare is understood as food shortage as well as continued In addition to all of the above, it human behaviour towards individual medical care may result in a surplus of should be remembered that invasive animals. If conflicts of interest exist individuals in successful breeding pro- exotic animal and plant species are a between welfare of individual animals grams. Surplus individuals can be potential threat to the indigenous and the conservation of species or transferred to other institutions or fauna and flora, therefore steps must populations, zoos and aquariums must semi-reserves or they may be reintro- be taken to prevent escape of exotic decide on the setting of priorities. duced within the framework of a con- animals and plants.

Zoological institutions do not only servation project. Temporarily these pursue goals of conservation, but also individuals can also be excluded from WAZA’s main goals attempt to meet the requirements of breeding. If none of these possibilities the individuals they are responsible are feasible without causing suffering, All institutions permanently strive after for. adversely affecting group behaviour or an improvement of methods and pro- Zoos and aquariums should main- without hazarding the maintenance of fessional techniques. If the killing of sur- tain animals without risk of injury or ex situ populations, euthanasia might plus animals is not justifiable and repro- disease to visitors. be considered. duction cannot be prevented without Animals should only be removed Design and structure of animal causing health problems, then institu- from their natural environment, if it is enclosures should mirror the species’ tions should not have these animals in essential for the survival of an ex situ native environment, meeting physio- their collection.

Balancing animal welfare versus conservation Breeding animals is necessary to maintain viable ex situ populations and allows the animals to express their normal reproductive behav- iour – from courtship to the dispersal of the offspring. On the other hand, it is almost impossible to breed without producing surplus animals. Prevention of reproduction, however, has negative effects not only on the continued existence of the ex situ population and on the behaviour of the individuals or groups, it often has also a negative impact on body functions. Sexual cycles that do not lead to preg- nancy have a pathological effect and can lead to premature infertility by irreversibly damaging the genital tract. The use of contraceptives suppresses cycle activity and, if used over the long term, may lead to dramatic changes in the female reproductive organs. Thus, reproduc- tive management has both population/genetic and animal welfare im- plications. Photo: Male lion at Sedgwick County Zoo (USA))

WAZA 14

About WAZA

WAZA is the acronym of the World • to promote and coordinate coop- Association of Zoos and Aquariums, eration between national and re- which was founded in 1946 as the In- gional associations and their con- ternational Union of Directors of stituents; Zoological Gardens (IUDZG). • to assist in representing zoological WAZA unites, at a global level, zoo- gardens and aquariums in other logical gardens, aquariums, national international organisations or as- and regional associations, like-minded semblies; organisations and individuals willing • to promote environmental educa- to abide by its bylaws and all other tion, wildlife conservation and rules and regulations set by the Asso- environmental research. 1300 zoos and aquariums worldwide. ciation, including its Code of Ethics These institutions have more than and animal Welfare. WAZA unites more than 220 zoos 100.000 employees and are hosts to and aquariums, 24 regional or more than 600 million visitors each The objectives of the Association are: national zoo associations and a small year. approximately 10% of the • to promote cooperation between number of affiliate members who also world's population. This gives the zoological gardens and aquariums support the Vision and Mission of the WAZA access to larger number of with regard to the conservation, Association. The result of this is that visiting public, more than any other management and breeding of WAZA has, either directly or group of public, conservation-oriented animals in ; indirectly, influence over more than institutions.

Delegates at an Annual Conference of WAZA

15 WAZA

WAZA’s Association Members

ACOPAZOOA – Asociación Colombiana de Parques Zoológicos y Acuarios (Colom- bian Association of Zoos and Aquariums) AIZA - Asociación Ibérica de Zoos y Acuarios (Iberian Association of Zoos and Aquaria) ALPZA - Asociación Latinoamericna de de Parques Zoológicos y Acuarios (Latin WAZA closely cooperates with the Secre- In situ, or combined ex situ-in situ, projects American Zoo & Aquarium Association) tariats of international Conventions (CITES, implemented or supported by members of AMACAZOOA - Asociación de Meso- CMS) and participates in their Conferences of the WAZA Network may receive the WAZA américa y del Caribe de Zoológicos y the Parties. WAZA is a member of IUCN and brand. Applications are accepted either from Acuarios (Mesoamerican & Caribbean Zoos & maintains also close working relationships WAZA members or from project organisa- Aquaria Association) with a number of conservation NGOs and tions. WAZA promotes the branded projects ANPZ - Association Nationale Française des national governments. Picture: Addaxes and by publicizing them on the web site and in Parcs Zoologiques (French Zoo Association) scimitar-horned oryxes reintroduced at Bou paper publications. Picture: Golden tree ARAZPA - Australian Regional Association Hedma NP, Tunisia (WAZA Project 05039). kangaroo (WAZA Project 04016). of Zoological Parks and Aquaria

AZA - American Zoo & Aquarium Associa- tion AZCARM - Asociación de Zoológicos, Criaderos y Acuarios de Mexico BIAZA – British & Irish Association of Zoos & Aquariums DAZA - Danish Association of Zoological Gardens DWV – Deutscher Wildgehege-Verband e.V. EARAZA - Eurasian Regional Association of Zoos and Aquariums About half of the world’s amphibians are “Zoo” is not a registered trade mark, and all threatened or endangered. In many cases the kind of establishments call themselves zoos, EAZA - European Association of Zoos and only solution is to conserve them ex situ with even if they have nothing in common with Aquaria the hope that the species can be reintroduced WAZA institutions, except that they also FUNPZA - National Foundation of Zoologi- to the wild at a later stage. WAZA has there- keep wild animals. WAZA regards substan- cal Parks and Aquaria, Venezuela fore called upon its constituency to undertake dard “zoos” as a major problem and has JAZA - Japanese Association of Zoological a massive coordinated effort in addressing the established a working group to look into ways Gardens and Aquariums global amphibian crisis. and means of dealing with such institutions. Photo: Crested toad (WAZA Project 06002). Photo: Roadside zoo, VietNam PAAZAB - African Association of Zoological Gardens and Aquaria

SAZARC - South Asian Zoo Association for Regional Cooperation SEAZA – South-East Asian Zoo Association SNDPZ - Syndicat National des Directeurs de Parcs Zoologiques (French Zoo Directors’ Federation) SAZA (SDF) - Swedish Association of Zoo- logical Parks and Aquaria SZB - Sociedade de Zoológicos do Brazil UCSZ - Union of Czech and Slovak Zoological Gardens WAZA produces several series of publica- WAZA’s website- www.waza.org – is an tions: News, Directories, Magazines, Facts, important resource for all those interested UIZA - Italian Union of Zoos and Aquaria Conference Proceedings, Technical Meet- in zoos and aquariums and in conservation. VDZ - Verband Deutscher Zoodirektoren ings Proceedings, as well as Strategy and It contains amongst other things major e.V. (German Zoo Directors’ Federation) Policy Documents. While some of these sections on “Zoos and Aquariums of the including: are primarily intended for members, others World”, Conservation, including strategies, are widely distributed, e.g. to International ex situ breeding and WAZA-branded pro- OZO – Österreichische Zoo Organisation Governmental Organisations, CITES Au- jects, Welfare and Ethics, an Events Calen- zooschweiz – Swiss Association of Scientific thorities world wide, and major NGOs. dar and “WAZA’s Virtual Zoo”. Zoos

WORLD ASSOCIATION OF ZOOS AND AQUARIUMS

- UNITED FOR CONSERVATION -