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ZOO BASEL GREATER ONE-HORNED RHINOCEROS (RHINOCEROS UNICORNIS) INTERNATIONAL STUDBOOK 2017 Zoo Basel International Studbook Greater One-Horned Or Indian Rhinoceros

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ZOO BASEL GREATER ONE-HORNED RHINOCEROS (RHINOCEROS UNICORNIS) INTERNATIONAL STUDBOOK 2017 Zoo Basel International Studbook Greater One-Horned Or Indian Rhinoceros ZOO BASEL GREATER ONE-HORNED RHINOCEROS (RHINOCEROS UNICORNIS) INTERNATIONAL STUDBOOK 2017 Zoo Basel International Studbook Greater One-horned or Indian Rhinoceros INTERNATIONAL STUDBOOK 2017 Greater One-Horned or Indian Rhinoceros Rhinoceros unicornis Linné, 1758 Updated, 31 December 2017 International Studbook Keeper Dr. Friederike von Houwald Zoo Basel EEP Species Coordinator Dr. Olivier Pagan Zoo Basel SSP Coordinator Randy Rieches San Diego Wild Animal Park Studbook 2017 published by Zoo Basel Switzerland, 2017 (first edition 1967) ZOO BASEL Binningerstrasse 40, PO Box, 4011 Basel, Switzerland Phone ++41 61 295 35 35, Fax ++41 61 281 00 05 [email protected], www.zoobasel.ch Imprint Dr. Friederike von Houwald Zoo Basel International Studbook Keeper [email protected] Dr. Olivier Pagan Zoo Basel EEP Species Coordinator [email protected] Cover Copyright Zoo Basel Copyright 2018 by Zoo Basel. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in hard copy or other formats without advance written permission from Zoo Basel. Members of the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA) may copy this information for their own use. WAZA and the Zoo Basel recommend that users of this information consult with the ISB keeper for any interpretation and for the most current data. Reference: von Houwald, F. 2018. International Studbook for the greater one-horned rhinoceros 2017. Zoo Basel, Switzerland 1 Zoo Basel Zoo Basel International Studbook Greater One-horned or Indian Rhinoceros Content 1 Acknowledgment ...................................................................................................................................... 3 2 Biological Data ........................................................................................................................................ 4 3 Status and Conservation .......................................................................................................................... 6 3.1 History (credit to Save the Rhino / SRI) ........................................................................................... 6 3.2 Current status (credit to Save the Rhino / SRI) ............................................................................... 6 4 Summary of the current status of GOHs at the end of 2017 ..................................................................... 8 5 Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................................... 9 5.1 Births in 2017 ................................................................................................................................ 10 5.2 Deaths in 2017 .............................................................................................................................. 10 5.3 Moves in 2017 ............................................................................................................................... 11 6 Appendix I – International Studbook Population .................................................................................... 12 7 Appendix II – Current Studbook Population ........................................................................................... 36 8 Location Glossary 2017 .......................................................................................................................... 52 2 Zoo Basel Zoo Basel International Studbook Greater One-horned or Indian Rhinoceros 1 Acknowledgment On 31st of December 2017, 215 (111.104) animals were living in 78 zoological institutions worldwide. The age distribution is healthy, with 5.4 (9) animals born in 2017. 5.3 (8) animals died during 2017 and 9.5 (14) animals were moved between zoos / safari parks. Most data were taken from ZIMS, unfortunately not all zoo in all regions use ZIMS and the information flow from certain zoos is more than poor. The information provided to ZIMS from some zoos does not match the information from previous data that were put into SPARKS. I did not remove animals from SPARKS upon an assumption that they are dead or have been moved to another facility just because they were not recorded in ZIMS. The reason for not doing so is that the entry (of what actually has happened to that individual) would rely on an assumption and would not match reality. Therefore, the data were left as previously recorded in SPARKS and I hope that I will receive more information – especially from India – in order to sort out these mismatches. Nevertheless, I very much appreciate the input I received from various people (especially from the director of Assam Zoo who provided me with very valuable information) over the year and hope that the data are getting better with each new studbook. Dr. Friederike von Houwald International Studbook Keeper for the greater one-horned rhinoceros 3 Zoo Basel Zoo Basel International Studbook Greater One-horned or Indian Rhinoceros 2 Biological Data Present distribution India (Assam, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh), Nepal Population status Vulnerable, CITES Appendix I Habitat Riverine grasslands of the Terai and Brahmaputra basins Food Greater one-horned rhinos feed predominantly on grass, but are known to consume a wide range of other plants, such as leaves, branches, shrubs, cultivated crops and fruits. In addition, the rhinos frequently visit areas rich in minerals. Behaviour Social groupings Adult males and adult females without calves live mostly solitarily. Males defend loosely defined territories, which can overlap with territories of other males. The strongest male usually has the best food area. As territories depend strongly on the availability of food, they change during the different seasons. A female and a calf stay together at least until the calf reaches the age of 3 - 4 years. Female calves are tolerated for a longer period, whereas young bulls leave the mother and form loose ‘boy groups’. Females wander loosely between the territories of the bulls and mate usually with the strongest one. Short-term aggregations The most common aggregations occur in mud wallows. As rhinos graze in the morning and afternoon, they use the hottest time of the day to submerge in wallows or water. At those places, rhinos seem to be more tolerant against each other. After wallowing they separate again. During the monsoon the water level is rising to extreme levels. Although adults as well as young animals are good swimmers, it often occurs that calves are separated from their mothers. Reproduction Birth weight in captivity: 64.5kg (44 - 91kg) Gestation length in captivity: 479.1 days (425-496 days) Oestrus cycle in captivity: 30-45 days Interbirth interval in the wild: 34 - 50 months Interbirth interval in captivity: 32.6 months Sexual maturity: Females: 4 – 6 years 4 Zoo Basel Zoo Basel International Studbook Greater One-horned or Indian Rhinoceros Males: 7 - 10 years First reproduction in captivity: Male of known age: 6 years, 3 months, 24 days Female: 4 years and 7 days Mating takes place throughout the year (wild) and there is no specific calving season. A calf drinks on average 20 - 30 litres of milk per day. The milk is very rich in lactose and low in fat. On average a calf gains 1 – 2 kg weight per day. Calves suckle for a long period (up to 20 months) but do start feeding on roughage at an early age (3 months). Sizes and weights Body weight in the wild: Up to 2000kg Body weight in captivity: Males: 1800 - 2300kg Females: 1500 - 2100kg Shoulder height in the wild: 150 - 180cm, with males being taller Shoulder height in captivity: Males up to 195cm, females up to 172cm Head-body-length: Between 3 -4m (with captive animals usually being taller and larger than wild animals). Horn length in captivity: Typically between 20 – 60cm Longevity Animals in captivity live on average up to 40 years, maximum recorded age is 45 years. 5 Zoo Basel Zoo Basel International Studbook Greater One-horned or Indian Rhinoceros 3 Status and Conservation 3.1 History (credit to Save the Rhino / SRI) The biggest threat that Greater one-horned rhinos face is human harassment and encroachment. For centuries, rhinos have been hunted for sport and for their horn. In the early 19th century, the Greater one- horned rhino was almost hunted to extinction. The remaining animals were only found in protected reserves, where, under the monitoring of certain organisations, populations are currently being brought back from the edge of extinction. With strict protection from Indian and Nepalese wildlife authorities, Greater one-horned rhino numbers have recovered from under 200 last century to around 3,500 today. However, poaching has remained high, and the success is precarious without continued and increased support for conservation efforts in India and Nepal. Habitat destruction and loss are further threats to the rhinoceros population. As Greater one-horned rhinos live in areas with very fertile soil, people use the same land for farming purposes. Conflicts between humans and animals are inevitable, and consequently damaging to the Greater one-horned rhino population. The Mughal emperors of South Asia used Greater one-horned rhinos in fights against elephants as entertainment. The rhinos would often win. Thankfully, this sport is no longer practised or permitted. 3.2 Current status (credit to Save the Rhino / SRI) Greater one-horned rhino numbers in Kaziranga National Park have increased by 12 since 2015, totalling 2,413. While any increase in rhinos makes us smile, this is just the tip of
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