Development of Gut Microbiota in the Pig: Modulation of Bacterial Communities by Different Feeding Strategies

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Development of Gut Microbiota in the Pig: Modulation of Bacterial Communities by Different Feeding Strategies UNIVERSITAT AUTONÒMA DE BARCELONA Development of gut microbiota in the pig: modulation of bacterial communities by different feeding strategies. MEMÒRIA PRESENTADA PER MARIA SOLEDAD CASTILLO GÓMEZ PER ACCEDIR AL GRAU DE DOCTOR DINS EL PROGRAMA DE DOCTORAT DE PRODUCCIÓ ANIMAL DEL DEPARTAMENT DE CIÈNCIA ANIMAL I DELS ALIMENTS BELLATERRA, MARÇ DE 2006 Susana M. Martín-Orúe, investigadora del departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments de la Facultat de Veterinària de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, certifica: Que la memòria titulada “Development of gut microbiota in the pig: modulation of bacterial communities by different feeding strategies”, presentada per Maria Soledad Castillo Gómez per optar al grau de Doctor en Veterinària, ha estat realitzada sota la seva direcció i, considerant-la acabada, autoritza la seva presentació per que sigui jutjada per la comissió corresponent. I per que consti als efectes oportuns, signa la present a Bellaterra, 20 de Març de 2006. Dra. Susana M. Martín-Orúe. The author was in receipt of a grant from the Departament d’Universitats, Recerca i Societat de la informació (DURSI) of the Generalitat de Catalunya for this study. Sin duda, en la elaboración de una tesis y en el periodo de formación predoctoral participan muchas personas además del doctorando, por ello, quiero en primer lugar, agradecer el apoyo recibido durante estos años. En primer lugar, al equipo docente e investigador del grup de Nutrició, en especial a Susana, gracias por tu apoyo y ayuda durante estos años. Josep, Francisco, Mariola, AnaCris y Roser, gracias por brindarme la oportunidad de formar parte del equipo de Nutrición, por vuestra colaboración, consejos y cafés que hemos compartido. Y, sobre todo a Olga, muchísimas gracias por tu apoyo. A todos los becarios, aquellos que me brindaron su ayuda y consejos cuando empezaba (Joaquin, Jaume, Dani, Lucía), y a todos los demás con los que he compartido estos años: Montse, Eva, Alba, Núria, Edgar, Ceci, Arantza, Marta, Gabri, Walkiria, Juan Carlos, José, Sandra, Carol, Muzzafer, Francesc, gràcies!!!, A todos con los que he compartido despacho, Aina, Luciano, Glaubert, Feliu, Vincent…També als altres becaris amb els que he compartit l’aventura del doctorat: Mercè, Miquel, Maribel, Montse, Anna, Laura, gràcies! Also, I would like to thank to the Gut microbiology and Immunology division of the Rowett Research Institute, in particular to Harry Flint, Sylvia Duncan and Gail Skene, for their collaboration and support; as well to the rest of the staff and students who shared with me the adventure of the FISH, thanks a lot!! With special regards to Justin and Vanessa (and the little Maria Isabella), because they were my american family in Aberdeen, Scotland. Guillem, Pablo, David, Àlex, Joan, Beti, Anna i Laura, per ser els de sempre; Javier, por estar siempre, gracias. Muy especialmente a mi familia por su ayuda y apoyo incondicional, sin vosotros esta tesis no hubiera sido posible. Y, por supuesto a todos aquellos que en algún momento han sido cómplices en la elaboración de este trabajo, gracias. PARA MIS PADRES, Resumen RESUMEN El objetivo de esta tesis fue el estudio de la microbiota gastrointestinal porcina, para mejorar el conocimiento existente de este complejo ecosistema y así, ayudar de alguna forma en el desarrollo de nuevas estrategias alimentarias para sustituir los antibióticos promotores del crecimiento recientemente prohibidos en la Unión Europea. Para alcanzar este objetivo, se diseñaron diferentes pruebas experimentales (capítulo 4-9). En la Prueba I, se desarrolló la técnica de PCR cuantitativa para cuantificar bacterias totales, lactobacilli y enterobacteria en muestras de contenido digestivo. Con el fin de validar su utilidad, los resultados obtenidos se compararon con los que se obtuvieron con métodos tradicionales (cultivo en medio selectivo para lactobacilli y enterobacteria, y microscopía directa para bacterias totales). La PCR mostró valores superiores, en términos de copias del gen 16S rRNA que la microscopía directa y los cultivos. Sin embargo, a pesar de la diferencia, la ratio lactobacilli:enterobacteria fue similar entre métodos. Diferentes motivos pueden estar detrás de la diferencia entre métodos, tanto una sobreestimación con la PCR como una subestimación con los métodos tradicionales. No obstante, los contajes para el total de bacterias y lactobacilli mostraron una correlación significativa. Por ello, este método se consideró como válido para cuantificar cambios bacterianos en el tracto gastrointestinal del cerdo. Con el fin de estudiar el establecimiento de la microbiota en el cerdo tras el destete, se diseñó la Prueba II. En ésta, 12 lechones (20 ± 2 días) de 6 camadas diferentes fueron divididos en un grupo control, el cual permaneció con la madre, y un grupo experimental el cual fue destetado y alimentado con una dieta pre-starter commercial. Tras una semana, los animales fueron sacrificados y se recogieron muestras de contenido de ciego. Para estudiar el cambio en la microbiota, se cuantificó el total de bacterias, lactobacilli y enterobacterias mediante PCR a tiempo real. Además, para obtener una imagen global del cambio producido por el destete, se utilizó la técnica del t-RFLP (“Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism”). La población total bacteriana, así como la biodiversidad, medida como número de bandas obtenidas por t- RFLP, fue similar entre grupos, pero hubo un descenso importante en el ratio lactobacilli:enterobacteria. Además, el análisis de similaridad de los perfiles obtenidos i Resumen por t-RFLP, mostró una agrupación separada de los grupos experimentales. Inferiendo con los fragmentos teóricos se observaron diferencias entre grupos. Los cerdos lactantes mostraron una mayor diversidad de fragmentos compatibles con bacterias ácido lácticas y se observó la presencia de algunos picos compatibles con Clostridium coccoides, C. butyricum y Lactobacillus delbruekii que no se encontraron en los animales destetados. Estos resultados confirman el destete como un punto crítico en el establecimiento de la microbiota gastrointestinal. En la Prueba III, se utilizaron cerdos en crecimiento para estudiar la microbiota gastrointestinal y a su vez, el potencial de la fibra para modificar este ecosistema. Para ello, 32 cerdos (15 ± 0.38 kg de peso vivo) se distribuyeron en 4 tratamientos: una dieta control, una dieta rica en almidón resistente por la inclusion de maíz con un mayor tamaño de particula, una dieta rica en polisacáridos no amiláceos solubles por la inclusion de pulpa de remolacha, y una cuarta dieta rica en polisacáridos no amiláceos insolubles por la inclusion de salvado de trigo. Tras seis semanas de alimentación ad líbitum, los animales fueron sacrificados y el contenido digestivo fue muestreado. La técnica del FISH (“Fluorescent in situ hybridization”) se utilizó con el fin de describir los grupos bacterianos mayoritarios a lo largo del tracto gastrointestinal. Se utilizaron diferentes sondas para cuantificar bacterias pertenecientes al Bacteroides/Prevotella grupo, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, Ruminococcus bromii, clostridia cluster IV, clostridia cluster IX, Streptococcus/Lactococcus y Lactobacillus/Enterococcus sp. en estómago, yeyuno distal, colon proximal y recto. Los resultados obtenidos revelaron marcadas diferencias en la composición de estos grupos a lo largo del tracto, que no fueron marcadamente afectados por la dieta. En estómago, streptococci y lactobacilli fueron los grupos predominanates, mientras que en intestino grueso, el grupo de Bacteroides/Prevotella, clostridial cluster XIVa, IV, y ruminococci fueron los más abundantes. Los resultados obtenidos por RFLP (“restriction fragment length polymorphism”) mostraron cambios en el perfil bacteriano dependiendo de la dieta administrada. Los animales que recibieron salvado de trigo mostraron una menor biodiversidad con unos perfiles más similares entre animales. Además, se hallaron cambios en la fermentación mediante la determinación de ácidos grasos volatiles; Las dietas ricas en polisacáridos no amiláceos mostraron una menor concentración de ácidos grasos ramificados y valerico. ii Resumen En las pruebas IV y V, se estudiaron diferentes aditivos comerciales como posibles alternativas a los antibióticos promotores del crecimiento, con especial interés en sus efectos en la microbiota gastrointestinal. En concreto, en la Prueba IV, se testaron 3 aditivos: avilamicina (como control positivo), butirato sódico y un extracto de plantas (carvacrol, cinamaldehido y capsicum). Un total de 40 (18-22 días) cerdos se distribuyeron en cuatro tratamientos: una dieta control, ésta con 0.04% de avilamicina, con 0.3% de butirato sódico o con 0.03% de extracto de plantas. Después de dos semanas los animales fueron sacrificados y el contenido digestivo fue muestreado. Como en las pruebas anteriores, la PCR a tiempo real se utilizó para estudiar los cambios en la microbiota. No se encontraron diferencias en el total de bacterias a lo largo del tracto gastrointestinal con ninguna de las dietas, aunque la ratio lactobacilli:enterobacteria en ciego fue superior para los animales que recibieron el extracto de plantas. La técnica del RFLP mostró diferencias en el perfil bacteriano, agrupando los animales en función de la dieta administrada. La actividad bacteriana total medida como bases púricas también mostró diferencias entre dietas. Estos resultados podrían indicar que el efecto de los diferentes aditivos testados no se debería a una reducción en el total de bacterias sinó
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