DOCSLIB.ORG

Pharmacognosy of the Saururaceae : Microscopy of Powdered Drugs

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Pharmacognosy of the Saururaceae : Microscopy of Powdered Drugs University of the Pacific Scholarly Commons University of the Pacific Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 1984 Pharmacognosy of the Saururaceae : microscopy of powdered drugs Prakash Vaman Mallya University of the Pacific Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds Part of the Life Sciences Commons, and the Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Mallya, Prakash Vaman. (1984). Pharmacognosy of the Saururaceae : microscopy of powdered drugs. University of the Pacific, Thesis. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/481 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of the Pacific Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PHARMACOGNOSY OF THE SAURURACEAE: MICROSCOPY OF POWDERED DRUGS A Thesis Presented to the Graduate Faculty of the University of the Pacific In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree Master of Science by Prakash Vaman Mallya July 1984 This thesis, written and submitted by Prakash Vaman Mallya is approved for recommendation to the Committee on Graduate Studies, University of the Pacific. Department Chairman or Dean: Thesis Committee: Chairman Dated___.;~-----~-~//:,..;....,._, J_...:..,r...;._t+-,'f___ _ ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express sincere gratitude to Dr. Madhukar G. Chaubal for his guidance and encouragement throughout this study. Thanks are due to Dr. Dale W. McNeal for his helpful suggestions, Dr. John K. Brown for objective criticisms and Dr. Paul R. Richmond for help in preparing the photomicrographs. Help from Mrs. Sandra L. McNett-McGowan in preparing the diagrams and plates is gratefully acknowleged. Some plants of the Saururaceae were collected in China by Dr. Hu Shih-Lin, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Peking, China. His help is specially acknowledged. I am indebted to Dean Reuben W. Smith, my brother Dr. Satish V. Mallya, and Drs. Nitin V. Sheth, Lohit V. Tutupalli and to Sas~, Rajesh and Mahmud for support and encouragement. Financial support from the School of Pharmacy, University of the Pacific is gratefully acknowledged. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES. v LIST OF FIGURES vi LIST OF PLATES. vii INTRODUCTION. 1 PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY. 3 THE FAMILY SAURURACEAE 4 FOLKLORE MEDICINAL HISTORY OF THE SAURURACEAE. 6 MATERIALS AND METHODS . 8 CLEARING OF POWDER FOR PHOTOMICROGRAPHS. 9 --------------'GbEARI~G-W~~H-~bQ&AL-H~DR~~E,~. ~. ~. ~~~~~~----M---------- PREPARATION OF SAMPLES FROM CLEARED POWDERED DRUGS. ·. 10 SIZE DETERMINATION OF MICROSCOPIC OBJECTS. 11 IMPORTANT DIAGNOSTIC FEATURES. 13 MICROSCOPIC ELEMENTS OF THE SAURURACEAE 20 ANEMOPSIS CALIFORNI CA LEAF 21 ANEMOPSIS CALIFORNICA STEM 26 ANEMPOSIS CALIFORNICA ROOT/RHIZCME 31 CIRCAEOCARPUS SAURUROIDES LEAF 36 CIRCAEOCARPUS SAURUROIDES STEM 41 GYMNOTHECA INVOLUCRATA LEAF. 46 GYMNGrHECA INVOLUCRATA STEM . 53 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) Page HOUTTUYNIA CORDATA LEAF. 56 HOUTTUYNIA CORDATA STEM. 62 HOUTTUYNIA CORDATA ROOT/RHIZOME. 67 SAURURUS CERNUUS LEAF. 71 SAURURUS CERNUUS STEM. 77 SAURURUS CERNUUS ROOTjRHIZOME. 82 DISCUSSION. 87 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 101 APPENDIX .. 102 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 105 iv LIST OF TABLES Table Page I. Summary Features in the Saururaceae Leaf Powders. 88 II. Summary Features in the Saururaceae Stem and Root/Rhizome Powders 90 III. Starch Grains in the Saururaceae Plant Powders. 92 IV. Pollen in the Saururaceae Leaf Powders 94 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Calibration of Ocular Micrometer Scale. 12 2. Types of Stomatal Apertures . 18 3. POWDERED LEAF: ANEMOPSIS CALIFORNICA 24 4. POWDERED STEM: ANEMOPSIS CALIFORNICA 28 5. POWDERED ROOT/RHIZOME: ANEMOPSIS CALIFORNICA . 34 6. POWDERED LEAF: CIRCAEOCARPUS SAURUROIDES 39 7. POWDERED STEM: CIRCAEOCARPUS SAURUROIDES 44 8. POWDERED LEAF: GYMNOTHECA INVOLUCRATA. 50 9. POWDERED STEM: GYMNOTHECA INVOLUCRATA. 55 10. POWDERED LEAF: HOUTTUYNIA CORDATA. 59 11. POWDERED STEM: HOUTTUYNIA CORDATA. 65 12. POWDERED ROOT/RHIZOME: HOUTTUYNIA CORDATA . 70 13. POWDERED LEAF: SAURURUS CERNUUS. 75 14. POWDERED STEM: SAURURUS CERNUUS. 80 15. POWDERED ROOT/RHIZOME: SAURURUS CERNUUS. 85 16a. Identification 'keys' for the SAURURACEAE Leaf Powders·. 97 16b. Identification 'keys' for the SAURURACEAE Leaf Powders. 98 17. Identification 'keys' for the SAURURACEAE Stem Powders. 99 18. Identification 'keys' for the SAURURACEAE Root/Rhizome Powders. 100 vi LIST OF PLATES Plate Page i. ANEMOPSIS CALIFORNICA LEAF. RANUNCULACEOUS STOMATA. 25 ii . ANEMOPSIS CALIFORNICA STEM 29-30 A. RESIN CELLS B. SINGLE OIL GLAND C. MEDULLARY RAY CELLS iii. ANEMOPSIS CALIFORNICA ROOT/RHIZOME. RESIN CELLS AND LIPID DROPLETS . 35 iv. CIRCAEOCARPUS SAURUROIDES LEAF. ACICULAR RAPHIDES . 40 v. CIRCAEOCARPUS SAURUROIDES STEM . CALCIUM OXALATE PRISMS . 45 vi. A. CALCIUM OXALATE DRUSES B. FUNGAL HYPHAE AND GLANDULAR STALKS Ca. EXCRETORY PRODUCTS b. POLLEN c. RESTING SPORES vii. HOUTTUYNIA CORDATA LEAF .... 60-61 A. GLANDULAR TRICHROME HEADS B. CONE SHAPED TRICHROME C. UNIQUE TRICHROME D. CANDELABRA TRICHOM~ vii LIST OF PLATES (continued) Plate Page viii. HOUTTUYNIA CORDATA STEM ... ...... 66 A. GLANDULAR BODY B. LIVERWORT ix. SAURURUS CERNUUS LEAF. 76 A. COVERING TRICHOMES B. GRIT FILLED CELLS X. SAURURUS CERNUUS STEM. 8 1 A. GROUP OF SCLERIDS B. ELONGATED SCLERIDS xi. SAURURUS CERNUUS ROOT/RHIZOME. CALCIUM 0X~ bA~E-Mi eR0G RYS~-kbS~. --. --. --. --. --. -.--.--. --. ----~&6--------- viii INTRODUCTION Up to the time of recognition of pharmacognosy as a science, in the nineteenth century, the basis for the identification of crude drugs consisted entirely of morphological descriptions and drawings of the various medicinal plants (1) . Since these portrayals were used principally by the physicians or the apothecary in confirming the identity of the plants which he himself gathered and prepared for medicinal use, microscopic desririptions and dimensions of the anatomical elements were unnecessay . Currently drug plants and herbs are part of t he international commerce . The original plant_matE~al-moB~-------­ likely is collected and processed for preservation and transportations a great distance from the consumer e nd . The consumer, r e searchers, manufacturers and herbalists come across only the size-reduced or powde red plant material and require microscopic means of identification and confirmation. Several "keys" are currently available for the microscopic identification of powdered crude drugs: Krae mer ( 2), Newcomb, et al. ( 3), Ga the rcoal and Wirth ( 4), Jackson and Snowdon (5), Eschrish (6), Stahl (7), Iye ngar (8), Wallis 1 2 (9), and Tyler and Schwarting (10). However, in order to utilize these keys, i t is necessary, in most cases, for the analyst to be familiar with all elements and the botanical terms encountered in them. For example, a student beginning microscopic pharmacognosy is not well acquainted with all terms used . An even more difficult task confronts, for example, the analytical chemist whose interest lies principally in chemistry and who occasionally e ncounters powde r e d drugs in his work. There is a possibility that these persons may not recognize one or more of the elements used in the key; as a result, fail or have great difficulty in the identification of the powdered specimen. These keys for identification of crude and powdered p hrllt drugs us rra-l-ty-d-e1r:Lwtth- cummun--dru-gs-o-:E--cummer-c-e--a-rr;r+-- - -­ most frequently include "official" drugs only . Microscopic ide ntification of plant drugs not included in the keys is difficult . "H e rbal medicine" is currently in vogue. Many plant drugs and teas are promoted as remedies for a variety of ailments. These claims may or may not have scientific validity. A great deal of work yet needs to be done r e ­ garding the validation of purporte d physiologic-pharmacologic properties and values of herbal a nd folklore medicines . The difficulties of validation of medicinal value of he rbal medicines begin with establishing the correct identity 3 of the plant being used or examined. As previously stated, if one does not have microscopic data based on an authentic plant specimen, indentification of a commercially available powdered "herb" may be next to impossible (11). Purpose of this Study Plants of the family Sauruaceae are used in folk medicine in v~rious parts of the world. Chemistry of some plants of this family and their chemotaxonomy has been investigated in our laborato ry (12). It is very difficult to e stablish identity and authenticity of commercially available crude drugs and powders of the Saururaceae because a detaile d, collective study of microscopie features of these plants is not ava~lable. Or1g~nal papers estab~1sning plants o r-tl1is family (see later) do not include microscopic f eatures; they de scribe only gross morpholo gic and other classical f eatures required for systematics. The y are not useful for a pharmacologist in e stablis hing identity of comme rcial drugs . Therefore a detailed microscopic examination of powde r e d materials prepared in the laboratory from authentic crude drugs of the Saururaceae was undertaken . The observations are collectively presented in the form of "keys" which could be used by pharmacognosists and 4 others involve d in e xamination of crude drugs and h e rba l medic inals. The Family Saururaceae Saururaceae as here r ecognize d consists of five gen era a nd seven species: Saururus cernuus
Load more

Recommended publications
  • An Environmental History of the Middle Rio Grande Basin
    United States Department of From the Rio to the Sierra: Agriculture Forest Service An Environmental History of Rocky Mountain Research Station the Middle Rio Grande Basin Fort Collins, Colorado 80526 General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-5 Dan Scurlock i Scurlock, Dan. 1998. From the rio to the sierra: An environmental history of the Middle Rio Grande Basin. General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-5. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 440 p. Abstract Various human groups have greatly affected the processes and evolution of Middle Rio Grande Basin ecosystems, especially riparian zones, from A.D. 1540 to the present. Overgrazing, clear-cutting, irrigation farming, fire suppression, intensive hunting, and introduction of exotic plants have combined with droughts and floods to bring about environmental and associated cultural changes in the Basin. As a result of these changes, public laws were passed and agencies created to rectify or mitigate various environmental problems in the region. Although restoration and remedial programs have improved the overall “health” of Basin ecosystems, most old and new environmental problems persist. Keywords: environmental impact, environmental history, historic climate, historic fauna, historic flora, Rio Grande Publisher’s Note The opinions and recommendations expressed in this report are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the USDA Forest Service. Mention of trade names does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the Federal Government. The author withheld diacritical marks from the Spanish words in text for consistency with English punctuation. Publisher Rocky Mountain Research Station Fort Collins, Colorado May 1998 You may order additional copies of this publication by sending your mailing information in label form through one of the following media.
    [Show full text]
  • The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts
    The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts: The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts: A County Checklist • First Revision Melissa Dow Cullina, Bryan Connolly, Bruce Sorrie and Paul Somers Somers Bruce Sorrie and Paul Connolly, Bryan Cullina, Melissa Dow Revision • First A County Checklist Plants of Massachusetts: Vascular The A County Checklist First Revision Melissa Dow Cullina, Bryan Connolly, Bruce Sorrie and Paul Somers Massachusetts Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program The Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program (NHESP), part of the Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife, is one of the programs forming the Natural Heritage network. NHESP is responsible for the conservation and protection of hundreds of species that are not hunted, fished, trapped, or commercially harvested in the state. The Program's highest priority is protecting the 176 species of vertebrate and invertebrate animals and 259 species of native plants that are officially listed as Endangered, Threatened or of Special Concern in Massachusetts. Endangered species conservation in Massachusetts depends on you! A major source of funding for the protection of rare and endangered species comes from voluntary donations on state income tax forms. Contributions go to the Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Fund, which provides a portion of the operating budget for the Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program. NHESP protects rare species through biological inventory,
    [Show full text]
  • State of New York City's Plants 2018
    STATE OF NEW YORK CITY’S PLANTS 2018 Daniel Atha & Brian Boom © 2018 The New York Botanical Garden All rights reserved ISBN 978-0-89327-955-4 Center for Conservation Strategy The New York Botanical Garden 2900 Southern Boulevard Bronx, NY 10458 All photos NYBG staff Citation: Atha, D. and B. Boom. 2018. State of New York City’s Plants 2018. Center for Conservation Strategy. The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY. 132 pp. STATE OF NEW YORK CITY’S PLANTS 2018 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 6 INTRODUCTION 10 DOCUMENTING THE CITY’S PLANTS 10 The Flora of New York City 11 Rare Species 14 Focus on Specific Area 16 Botanical Spectacle: Summer Snow 18 CITIZEN SCIENCE 20 THREATS TO THE CITY’S PLANTS 24 NEW YORK STATE PROHIBITED AND REGULATED INVASIVE SPECIES FOUND IN NEW YORK CITY 26 LOOKING AHEAD 27 CONTRIBUTORS AND ACKNOWLEGMENTS 30 LITERATURE CITED 31 APPENDIX Checklist of the Spontaneous Vascular Plants of New York City 32 Ferns and Fern Allies 35 Gymnosperms 36 Nymphaeales and Magnoliids 37 Monocots 67 Dicots 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report, State of New York City’s Plants 2018, is the first rankings of rare, threatened, endangered, and extinct species of what is envisioned by the Center for Conservation Strategy known from New York City, and based on this compilation of The New York Botanical Garden as annual updates thirteen percent of the City’s flora is imperiled or extinct in New summarizing the status of the spontaneous plant species of the York City. five boroughs of New York City. This year’s report deals with the City’s vascular plants (ferns and fern allies, gymnosperms, We have begun the process of assessing conservation status and flowering plants), but in the future it is planned to phase in at the local level for all species.
    [Show full text]
  • Mcgrath State Beach Plants 2/14/2005 7:53 PM Vascular Plants of Mcgrath State Beach, Ventura County, California by David L
    Vascular Plants of McGrath State Beach, Ventura County, California By David L. Magney Scientific Name Common Name Habit Family Abronia maritima Red Sand-verbena PH Nyctaginaceae Abronia umbellata Beach Sand-verbena PH Nyctaginaceae Allenrolfea occidentalis Iodinebush S Chenopodiaceae Amaranthus albus * Prostrate Pigweed AH Amaranthaceae Amblyopappus pusillus Dwarf Coastweed PH Asteraceae Ambrosia chamissonis Beach-bur S Asteraceae Ambrosia psilostachya Western Ragweed PH Asteraceae Amsinckia spectabilis var. spectabilis Seaside Fiddleneck AH Boraginaceae Anagallis arvensis * Scarlet Pimpernel AH Primulaceae Anemopsis californica Yerba Mansa PH Saururaceae Apium graveolens * Wild Celery PH Apiaceae Artemisia biennis Biennial Wormwood BH Asteraceae Artemisia californica California Sagebrush S Asteraceae Artemisia douglasiana Douglas' Sagewort PH Asteraceae Artemisia dracunculus Wormwood PH Asteraceae Artemisia tridentata ssp. tridentata Big Sagebrush S Asteraceae Arundo donax * Giant Reed PG Poaceae Aster subulatus var. ligulatus Annual Water Aster AH Asteraceae Astragalus pycnostachyus ssp. lanosissimus Ventura Marsh Milkvetch PH Fabaceae Atriplex californica California Saltbush PH Chenopodiaceae Atriplex lentiformis ssp. breweri Big Saltbush S Chenopodiaceae Atriplex patula ssp. hastata Arrowleaf Saltbush AH Chenopodiaceae Atriplex patula Spear Saltbush AH Chenopodiaceae Atriplex semibaccata Australian Saltbush PH Chenopodiaceae Atriplex triangularis Spearscale AH Chenopodiaceae Avena barbata * Slender Oat AG Poaceae Avena fatua * Wild
    [Show full text]
  • Reconstructing the Basal Angiosperm Phylogeny: Evaluating Information Content of Mitochondrial Genes
    55 (4) • November 2006: 837–856 Qiu & al. • Basal angiosperm phylogeny Reconstructing the basal angiosperm phylogeny: evaluating information content of mitochondrial genes Yin-Long Qiu1, Libo Li, Tory A. Hendry, Ruiqi Li, David W. Taylor, Michael J. Issa, Alexander J. Ronen, Mona L. Vekaria & Adam M. White 1Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, The University Herbarium, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1048, U.S.A. [email protected] (author for correspondence). Three mitochondrial (atp1, matR, nad5), four chloroplast (atpB, matK, rbcL, rpoC2), and one nuclear (18S) genes from 162 seed plants, representing all major lineages of gymnosperms and angiosperms, were analyzed together in a supermatrix or in various partitions using likelihood and parsimony methods. The results show that Amborella + Nymphaeales together constitute the first diverging lineage of angiosperms, and that the topology of Amborella alone being sister to all other angiosperms likely represents a local long branch attrac- tion artifact. The monophyly of magnoliids, as well as sister relationships between Magnoliales and Laurales, and between Canellales and Piperales, are all strongly supported. The sister relationship to eudicots of Ceratophyllum is not strongly supported by this study; instead a placement of the genus with Chloranthaceae receives moderate support in the mitochondrial gene analyses. Relationships among magnoliids, monocots, and eudicots remain unresolved. Direct comparisons of analytic results from several data partitions with or without RNA editing sites show that in multigene analyses, RNA editing has no effect on well supported rela- tionships, but minor effect on weakly supported ones. Finally, comparisons of results from separate analyses of mitochondrial and chloroplast genes demonstrate that mitochondrial genes, with overall slower rates of sub- stitution than chloroplast genes, are informative phylogenetic markers, and are particularly suitable for resolv- ing deep relationships.
    [Show full text]
  • Phreatophytes
    Phreatophytes By T. W. ROBINSON GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1423 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON: 1958 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FRED A. SEATON, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D. C. Price 40 cents (paper cover) CONTENTS Page Abstract ................................................... 1 Introduction ................................................ 2 Acknowledgments ......................................... 2 Use of ground water by phreatophytes ..................... 3 Evidence ............................................... 3 Effect .................................................. 3 Future considerations ..................................... 7 Definitions ................................................. 9 The hydrologic cycle ........................................ 10 Plants classified as phreatophytes ............................ 12 Scientific and common names .............................. 13 Factors affecting occurrence of phreatophytes ................ 13 Climate .................................................. 14 Depth to water ........................................... 14 Quality of ground water .................................. 15 Factors affecting the use of ground water by phreatophytes...... 16 Climatic conditions ....................................... 17 Depth to water ........................................... 22 Density of growth .......................................
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of the Plants of the Princeton Chert (Eocene, British Columbia, Canada)
    Botany A review of the plants of the Princeton chert (Eocene, British Columbia, Canada) Journal: Botany Manuscript ID cjb-2016-0079.R1 Manuscript Type: Review Date Submitted by the Author: 07-Jun-2016 Complete List of Authors: Pigg, Kathleen; Arizona State University, School of Life Sciences DeVore, Melanie; Georgia College and State University, Department of Biological &Draft Environmental Sciences Allenby Formation, Aquatic plants, Fossil monocots, Okanagan Highlands, Keyword: Permineralized floras https://mc06.manuscriptcentral.com/botany-pubs Page 1 of 75 Botany A review of the plants of the Princeton chert (Eocene, British Columbia, Canada) Kathleen B. Pigg , School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, PO Box 874501, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA Melanie L. DeVore , Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Georgia College & State University, 135 Herty Hall, Milledgeville, GA 31061 USA Corresponding author: Kathleen B. Pigg (email: [email protected]) Draft 1 https://mc06.manuscriptcentral.com/botany-pubs Botany Page 2 of 75 A review of the plants of the Princeton chert (Eocene, British Columbia, Canada) Kathleen B. Pigg and Melanie L. DeVore Abstract The Princeton chert is one of the most completely studied permineralized floras of the Paleogene. Remains of over 30 plant taxa have been described in detail, along with a diverse assemblage of fungi that document a variety of ecological interactions with plants. As a flora of the Okanagan Highlands, the Princeton chert plants are an assemblage of higher elevation taxa of the latest early to early middle Eocene, with some components similar to those in the relatedDraft compression floras. However, like the well known floras of Clarno, Appian Way, the London Clay, and Messel, the Princeton chert provides an additional dimension of internal structure.
    [Show full text]
  • Piperaceae) Revealed by Molecules
    Annals of Botany 99: 1231–1238, 2007 doi:10.1093/aob/mcm063, available online at www.aob.oxfordjournals.org From Forgotten Taxon to a Missing Link? The Position of the Genus Verhuellia (Piperaceae) Revealed by Molecules S. WANKE1 , L. VANDERSCHAEVE2 ,G.MATHIEU2 ,C.NEINHUIS1 , P. GOETGHEBEUR2 and M. S. SAMAIN2,* 1Technische Universita¨t Dresden, Institut fu¨r Botanik, D-01062 Dresden, Germany and 2Ghent University, Department of Biology, Research Group Spermatophytes, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/aob/article/99/6/1231/2769300 by guest on 28 September 2021 Received: 6 December 2006 Returned for revision: 22 January 2007 Accepted: 12 February 2007 † Background and Aims The species-poor and little-studied genus Verhuellia has often been treated as a synonym of the genus Peperomia, downplaying its significance in the relationships and evolutionary aspects in Piperaceae and Piperales. The lack of knowledge concerning Verhuellia is largely due to its restricted distribution, poorly known collection localities, limited availability in herbaria and absence in botanical gardens and lack of material suitable for molecular phylogenetic studies until recently. Because Verhuellia has some of the most reduced flowers in Piperales, the reconstruction of floral evolution which shows strong trends towards reduction in all lineages needs to be revised. † Methods Verhuellia is included in a molecular phylogenetic analysis of Piperales (trnT-trnL-trnF and trnK/matK), based on nearly 6000 aligned characters and more than 1400 potentially parsimony-informative sites which were partly generated for the present study. Character states for stamen and carpel number are mapped on the combined molecular tree to reconstruct the ancestral states.
    [Show full text]
  • Cultivation of Anemopsis Californica Under Small-Scale Grower Conditions in Northern New Mexico Research Report 758 Charles A
    Cultivation of Anemopsis californica under small-scale grower conditions in northern New Mexico Research Report 758 Charles A. Martin and Robert Steiner1 Agricultural Experiment Station • College of Agriculture and Home Economics ABSTRACT ceous perennial with reputed medicinal properties Anemopsis californica (Nutt.) Hook. & Arn. was native to riparian habitats of northern Mexico and cultivated in upland irrigated felds and in a ripar- the southwestern United States. Called by vari- ian area using techniques typical to small-scale ous names including yerba del manso, manso, yerba growers in the American Southwest. Research was mansa, lizard-tail, and swamp root (Kress, 2006), it carried out in the high-altitude, semi-arid environ- has traditionally been and continues to be used for ment of northern New Mexico at the Sustainable medicinal and antiseptic purposes by indigenous Agriculture Science Center of New Mexico State and Hispanic cultures in its geographic range. Eth- University in Alcalde, New Mexico, during the nobotanical sources report it being used for the 1998–2000 growing seasons. Dormant crowns treatment of colds, chest congestion, stomach ul- were obtained from native stands in late March of cers, and as a wash for open sores (Bean & Saubel, 1998 and 1999 and transplanted into prepared, 1972; Swank, 1932). Manso extract is also a tradi- furrowed, pre-irrigated seedbeds at two locations, tional treatment for uterine cancer (Artschwager- a sandy loam upland soil and a clay loam riparian Kay, 1996). Recent studies validate the in vitro an- soil, and at two planting arrangements, bed tops timicrobial and anti-cancer properties of Anemopsis (BT) and furrow bottoms (FB).
    [Show full text]
  • Firewise Plant List - Texas
    Firewise Plant List - Texas This list was created as a reference and an aid in publishing other list. For that reason many features of a typical list such as flower color and growth rate or final size have been omitted since some characteristics vary greatly over the range that this list is intended to cover. The only two characteristics on this list are for the general form. In the form, "wildflower" is used for almost any plant that is not obviously a tree, woody shrub, groundcover, or vine (even in that regard, many list will disagree with others). Wildflowers include both annuals and perinials This column is not intended as a reference, just to aid in finding and grouping plants. For the most part, varieties were not separated. Disclaimer: 1)There is no such thing as a fire-proof plant. 2)The properties pertaining to plants on this list were compiled from multiple resources regarding the flammability, thermal output, individual observations, and other characteristics. Latin Name Species Common Name Secondary Common Name Plant Plant Form -Firewise Flamibility Crinum americanum swamp lily seven sisters Aquatic Low Pontederia cordata Pickerelweed Aquatic Low Equisetum hyemale horsetail (contained) scouringrush horsetail Aquatic Low Nymphaea odorata white water lily American white waterlily Aquatic Low Nymphoides aquatica Floating Heart banana lilly Aquatic Low Sagittaria sp. arrowhead Aquatic Low Saururus cernuus lizard's tail Aquatic Low Thalia dealbata Powdery Thalia powdery alligator-flag Aquatic Low Andropogon gerardi big bluestem
    [Show full text]
  • Great Lakes Entomologist the Grea T Lakes E N Omo L O G Is T Published by the Michigan Entomological Society Vol
    The Great Lakes Entomologist THE GREA Published by the Michigan Entomological Society Vol. 45, Nos. 3 & 4 Fall/Winter 2012 Volume 45 Nos. 3 & 4 ISSN 0090-0222 T LAKES Table of Contents THE Scholar, Teacher, and Mentor: A Tribute to Dr. J. E. McPherson ..............................................i E N GREAT LAKES Dr. J. E. McPherson, Educator and Researcher Extraordinaire: Biographical Sketch and T List of Publications OMO Thomas J. Henry ..................................................................................................111 J.E. McPherson – A Career of Exemplary Service and Contributions to the Entomological ENTOMOLOGIST Society of America L O George G. Kennedy .............................................................................................124 G Mcphersonarcys, a New Genus for Pentatoma aequalis Say (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) IS Donald B. Thomas ................................................................................................127 T The Stink Bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) of Missouri Robert W. Sites, Kristin B. Simpson, and Diane L. Wood ............................................134 Tymbal Morphology and Co-occurrence of Spartina Sap-feeding Insects (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha) Stephen W. Wilson ...............................................................................................164 Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae, Scutelleridae) Associated with the Dioecious Shrub Florida Rosemary, Ceratiola ericoides (Ericaceae) A. G. Wheeler, Jr. .................................................................................................183
    [Show full text]
  • Origin Inspection Programs (Food and Agricultural Code, Section 6404)
    CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 110.1 PLANT QUARANTINE MANUAL 5 -01-12 Origin Inspection Programs (Food and Agricultural Code, Section 6404) FLORIDA No Approved Nurseries 110.2 CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 10-07-03 PLANT QUARANTINE MANUAL CUT FLOWERS INSPECTED AT ORIGIN MAY BE RELEASED The release of plant material without inspection is limited to the following types when from an approved nursery. This approval does not preclude inspection and sampling and/or testing at the discretion of the destination California Agricultural Commissioner, and rejection is required as a consequence of inspection and/or test(s). (Section 6404, Food and Agricultural Code). Hawaii Approved Nurseries, Certificate Number, and Commodities Asia Pacific Flowers, Inc., Hilo, Hawaii (HIOI-HO104) Dendrobium spp. (orchids and leis), Oncidium spp. (orchids). Big Island Floral, Pahoa, Hawaii (HIOI-O0026) No Longer A Participant. Floral Resources, Inc., Hilo, Hawaii (HIOI-H0043) Anthurium spp., Cordyline terminalis (red & green varigated ti). Goble’s Flower Farm, Kula, Hawaii (HIOI-M0076) No Longer A Participant. Gordon’s Nursery, Haleiwa, Hawaii (HIOI-00171) Dendrobium spp. (orchids), Oncidium spp. (orchids), Rumohra (Polystichum) adiantiformis (leather leaf fern from California). Green Point Nurseries, Inc., Hilo, Hawaii (HIOI-HOOO7) Anthurim spp., Cordyline terminalis (green, red, varigated ti). Green Valley Tropical, Punaluu, Hawaii (HIOI-O0136) Alpinia purpurata (red, pink ginger), Etlingera elatior (torch ginger), Zingiber spectabile (shampoo ginger), Costas pulverulentus, C. stenophyllus,Calathea crotalifera, Strelitzia reginae, Heliconia caribaea, H. bihai, H. stricta, H. orthotricha, H. bourgeana, H. indica, H. psittacorum, H. aurentiaca, H. latispatha, H. rostrata, H. pendula, H. chartacea, H. collinsiana, Anthurium andraeanum , Dendrobium spp.
    [Show full text]