Georgia's Constitution of 1995 with Amendments Through 2018
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Javakheti After the Rose Revolution: Progress and Regress in the Pursuit of National Unity in Georgia
Javakheti after the Rose Revolution: Progress and Regress in the Pursuit of National Unity in Georgia Hedvig Lohm ECMI Working Paper #38 April 2007 EUROPEAN CENTRE FOR MINORITY ISSUES (ECMI) ECMI Headquarters: Schiffbruecke 12 (Kompagnietor) D-24939 Flensburg Germany +49-(0)461-14 14 9-0 fax +49-(0)461-14 14 9-19 Internet: http://www.ecmi.de ECMI Working Paper #38 European Centre for Minority Issues (ECMI) Director: Dr. Marc Weller Copyright 2007 European Centre for Minority Issues (ECMI) Published in April 2007 by the European Centre for Minority Issues (ECMI) ISSN: 1435-9812 2 Table of Contents I. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................4 II. JAVAKHETI IN SOCIO-ECONOMIC TERMS ...........................................................5 1. The Current Socio-Economic Situation .............................................................................6 2. Transformation of Agriculture ...........................................................................................8 3. Socio-Economic Dependency on Russia .......................................................................... 10 III. DIFFERENT ACTORS IN JAVAKHETI ................................................................... 12 1. Tbilisi influence on Javakheti .......................................................................................... 12 2. Role of Armenia and Russia ............................................................................................. 13 3. International -
Law of Georgia on the Legal Status of Aliens and Stateless Persons
Law of Georgia on the Legal Status of Aliens and Stateless Persons Section I General Provisions Chapter I General Provisions Article 1 - Aims, objectives, and scope of the Law 1. Under the rights and freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution of Georgia, as well as universally recognised principles and norms of international law, this Law is intended to: a) establish legal guarantees for aliens and stateless persons in Georgia according to universally recognised human rights and freedoms, and in line with state interests; b) protect universally recognised rights of aliens and stateless persons irrespective of race, colour, language, gender, religion, political, and other views, nationality, ethnic and social belonging, origin, property status and rank; c) promote the development of relations between Georgia and foreign states in economy, culture, education, and science; d) strengthen the rights of free movement and free choice of residence, as well as the free choice of activity and profession as guaranteed by the Constitution of Georgia; e) strengthen the conformity of Georgian legislation governing the legal status of aliens and of persons having the status of stateless person in Georgia, with universally recognised standards of international law and international agreements of Georgia; f) support international cooperation in preventing illegal migration; avoid spontaneous and unorganised migration; ensure the implementation of a targeted migration policy. 2. This Law regulates the legal basis and mechanisms for entry, stay, transit, and departure of aliens into/in/through/from Georgia; defines the rights and obligations of aliens and stateless persons, the types and procedures for removal of aliens staying in Georgia, and the scope of competence and responsibility of state institutions involved in the process of removal. -
Abkhazia: Deepening Dependence
ABKHAZIA: DEEPENING DEPENDENCE Europe Report N°202 – 26 February 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS................................................. i I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1 II. RECOGNITION’S TANGIBLE EFFECTS ................................................................... 2 A. RUSSIA’S POST-2008 WAR MILITARY BUILD-UP IN ABKHAZIA ...................................................3 B. ECONOMIC ASPECTS ....................................................................................................................5 1. Dependence on Russian financial aid and investment .................................................................5 2. Tourism potential.........................................................................................................................6 3. The 2014 Sochi Olympics............................................................................................................7 III. LIFE IN ABKHAZIA........................................................................................................ 8 A. POPULATION AND CITIZENS .........................................................................................................8 B. THE 2009 PRESIDENTIAL POLL ..................................................................................................10 C. EXTERNAL RELATIONS ..............................................................................................................11 -
Language Policy and National Identity in Georgia
Language Policy and National Identity in Georgia A thesis submitted for the degree of PhD to Queen Mary University of London 2011 Rusudan Amirejibi-Mullen Linguistics Abstract Language has been long recognised as a powerful marker of national identity, as has its role in transforming multi-ethnic societies into unified nations. Such is the case of multi-ethnic and multilingual Georgia, where language has today become a crucial factor in interethnic relations and in the Georgian nation-building process. This thesis sheds light on the nature of kartveloba (Georgianness) by examining Georgian language policy over the entire history of the nation. Despite the country’s long-standing civilisation and its established culture, Georgian statehood began to decline from the second half of the thirteenth century, until the country was eventually incorporated into the Russian empire at the beginning of the nineteenth century. Since then, there have been several attempts to instigate a ‘national revival’: 1) the cultural/linguistic movement of the nineteenth century, 2) the struggle to build a nation-state in 1918-1921, 3) the national liberation movement during the Soviet period (1921-1991), and 4) nation- state building in the post-Soviet period. All of these periods display common features with regard to language policy. 2 After investigating language policy and identity developments in the pre- modern period, this thesis examines Georgia under Russian rule (both Tsarist and Soviet), which made the country vulnerable to ethnic conflicts, and tries to explain the violent outcomes. The thesis goes on to examine public debate of language and minority issues, as well as efforts to elaborate inclusive language and ethnic policies in contemporary Georgia. -
A Historical-Geographic Review of Modern Abkhazia
A Historical-Geographic Review of Modern Abkhazia by T. Beradze, K. Topuria, B Khorava Abkhazia (Abkhazeti) – the farthest North-Western part of Georgia is situated between the rivers Psou and Inguri on the coast of the Black Sea. The formation of Abkhazia within the borders is the consequence of complicated ethno-political processes. Humans first settled on the territory of modern Abkhazia during the Paleolithic Era. Abkhazia is the place where Neolithic, Bronze and Early Iron Eras are represented at their best. The first Georgian state – the Kingdom of Egrisi (Kolkheti), formed in 15. to 14. century BC, existed till the 2.century BC. It used to include the entire South-Eastern and Eastern parts of the Black Sea littoral for ages. The territory of modern Abkhazia was also a part of the Egrisi Kingdom. Old Greek historical sources inform us that before the new millennium, the territory between the rivers Psou and Inguri was only populated with tribes of Georgian origin: the Kolkhs, Kols, Svan-Kolkhs, Geniokhs. The Kingdom of Old Egrisi fell at the end of the 2.century BC and was never restored till 2.century AD. Old Greeks, Byzantines and Romans called this state - Lazika, the same Lazeti, which was associated with the name of the ruling dynasty. In 3. and 4. centuries AD, entire Western Georgia, including the territory of present Abkhazia, was part of this state. Based on the data of Byzantine authors, the South-East coastline part of the territory – between rivers Kodori and Inguri - belonged to the Odishi Duchy. The source of the Kodori River was occupied by the Georgian tribe of Misimians that was directly subordinated to the King of Egrisi (Lazeti). -
IFES Faqs on Elections in Georgia
Elections in Georgia 2018 Presidential Election Frequently Asked Questions Europe and Eurasia International Foundation for Electoral Systems 2011 Crystal Drive | Floor 10 | Arlington, VA 22202 | www.IFES.org October 22, 2018 Frequently Asked Questions When is Election Day? ................................................................................................................................... 1 Who are citizens voting for on Election Day? ............................................................................................... 1 Why is the presidential election important? ................................................................................................ 1 What is the current political situation in Georgia? ....................................................................................... 1 Will there be public candidate debates ahead of the election? ................................................................... 2 When will the results be announced? .......................................................................................................... 3 What if there is a second round? .................................................................................................................. 3 What laws regulate the presidential elections in Georgia? .......................................................................... 3 Who is eligible to run for office?................................................................................................................... 3 Who are the -
Law of Georgia on Legal Status of Aliens
Unofficial translation LAW OF GEORGIA ON LEGAL STATUS OF ALIENS Title One General Provisions Chapter I General Provisions Article 1 Objectives of the Law and the Scope of Regulation 1. According to human rights and freedoms provided by the Constitution of Georgia, as well as universally recognized principles and provisions of international law, the present Law has the following objectives: (a) to provide legal guarantees for aliens residing on the territory of Georgia either on a temporary or a permanent basis, in accordance with the universally recognized human rights and freedoms and the interests of the state; (b) to protect the universally recognized rights of aliens irrespective of their race, color, religion, nationality, citizenship, social background, political views, language, sex, property, and title; (c) to facilitate the development of relations between Georgia and foreign countries in economic, cultural, educational and scientific fields; (d) to enhance the freedom to choose his/her residence, freedom of movement and right to select a profession stipulated by the Constitution of Georgia; (e) to ensure the Georgian legislation is compatible with the internationally recognized norms and international agreements to which Georgia is a party in the state policy pertaining to aliens; (f) to support international cooperation to prevent illegal and uncontrolled migration, as well as to preclude spontaneous and disorderly migration, to ensure the implementation of the purposeful migration policy and the involvement of state agencies in such processes; 2. The present Law regulates legal grounds and mechanisms for aliens’ entry, stay in, transit and leave Georgia and defines the rights and responsibilities of aliens, legal grounds for deportation of aliens residing in Georgia, the forms and procedure of deportation, as well as the field of competence and responsibilities of the state institutions participating in the process of deportation for the implementation of legal standards provided for in this Law. -
Georgia Country Handbook This Handbook Provides Basic Reference Information on Georgia, Including Its Geography, History, Govern
Georgia Country Handbook This handbook provides basic reference information on Georgia, including its geography, history, government, military forces, and communications and trans- portation networks. This information is intended to familiarize military per sonnel with local customs and area knowledge to assist them during their assignment to Georgia. The Marine Corps Intel ligence Activity is the community coordinator for the Country Hand book Program. This product reflects the coordinated U.S. Defense Intelligence Community position on Georgia. Dissemination and use of this publication is restricted to official military and gov- ernment personnel from the United States of America, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, NATO member countries, and other countries as required and desig- nated for support of coalition operations. The photos and text reproduced herein have been extracted solely for research, comment, and information reporting, and are intended for fair use by designated personnel in their official duties, including local reproduction for training. Further dissemination of copyrighted material contained in this document, to include ex- cerpts and graphics, is strictly prohibited under Title 17, U.S. Code. CONTENTS KEY FACTS .................................................................... 1 U.S. MISSION ................................................................. 2 U.S. Embassy .............................................................. 2 Travel Advisories ........................................................ 3 -
Georgia's Political Challenges and Prospect After the Conflict
Instructions for authors, permissions and subscription information: E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.uidergisi.com Between Russian Assertiveness and Insecurity: Georgia’s Political Challenges and Prospect after the Conflict Kornely K. Kakachia Associate Professor, Tbilisi State University, Department of Political Science To cite this article: Kakachia , Kornely K., “Between Russian Assertiveness and Insecurity: Georgia’s Political Challenges and Prospect after the Conflict”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, Volume 7, No 26 (Summer 2010), p. 87-104. Copyright @ International Relations Council of Turkey (UİK-IRCT). All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored, transmitted, or disseminated, in any form, or by any means, without prior written permission from UİK, to whom all requests to reproduce copyright material should be directed, in writing. References for academic and media coverages are boyond this rule. Statements and opinions expressed in Uluslararası İlişkiler are the responsibility of the authors alone unless otherwise stated and do not imply the endorsement by the other authors, the Editors and the Editorial Board as well as the International Relations Council of Turkey. Uluslararası İlişkiler Konseyi Derneği | Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi Söğütözü Cad. No. 43, TOBB-ETÜ Binası, Oda No. 364, 06560 Söğütözü | ANKARA Phone: (312) 2924108 | Fax: (312) 2924325 | Web: www.uidergisi.com | E- Mail: [email protected] Between Russian Assertiveness and Insecurity: Georgia’s Political Challenges and Prospect after the Confl ict ∗ Kornely K. KAKACHIA1 ABSTRACT Since its independence, Georgia has been one of the most vocally independent- minded countries among the Soviet Union’s successor states. As Georgia’s ambiti- ons to draw closer to Europe and the transatlantic community have grown, its re- lations with Russia have deteriorated. -
The Georgian-South Ossetian Conflict Marietta König
In: IFSH (ed.), OSCE Yearbook 2004, Baden-Baden 2005, pp. 237-249. Marietta König The Georgian-South Ossetian Conflict As late as autumn 2003, the discussions involving the parties to the Geor- gian-South Ossetian conflict and the OSCE Mission to Georgia were still dominated by the danger of growing alienation between the two ethnic groups, war-weariness among the Georgian and South Ossetian populations, and the counterproductive insistence of both sides on maintaining irreconcil- able positions. Discussions of how to end the conflict were largely sup- pressed as a result of South Ossetian demands for economic aid to enable re- construction, and the insistence of South Ossetian authorities that their pri- mary goal was unification with North Ossetia-Alania, an Autonomous Re- public in the Russian Federation. For its part, the Georgian side had never accepted the local rulers of South Ossetia as equal negotiating partners. Nor was the Georgian promise of “the broadest autonomy” for South Ossetia and other separatist regions ever put in writing. Regime Change in Georgia The lethargy affecting all sides in the Georgian-South Ossetian conflict- resolution process was finally overcome by the rapidly escalating events that took place in Tbilisi in November 2003. Ballot forging on a massive scale by the government of incumbent President Eduard Shevardnadze in the election of 2 November triggered what became known as the “Rose Revolution”. Thanks to Shevardnadze’s resignation on 23 November, this took place en- tirely without bloodshed. With the leaders of the “National Movement” (Mikhail Saakashvili) and the “Burjanadze Democrats” (Nino Burjanadze and Zurab Zhvania) electoral alliances in the vanguard – the groups denied victory in the November 2 poll by the official results – the Rose Revolution brought about a regime change that was watched with considerable concern by the separatist regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia and the Autonomous Republic of Ajaria. -
Georgia: Background and U.S. Policy
Georgia: Background and U.S. Policy Updated June 10, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45307 SUMMARY R45307 Georgia: Background and U.S. Policy June 10, 2021 Georgia is one of the United States’ closest partners among the post-Soviet states that gained their independence after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. With a Cory Welt history of strong economic aid and security cooperation, the United States has deepened Specialist in Russian and its strategic partnership with Georgia since Russia’s 2008 invasion of Georgia and 2014 European Affairs invasion of Ukraine. U.S. policy expressly supports Georgia’s sovereignty and territorial integrity within its internationally recognized borders, and Georgia is a leading recipient of U.S. aid in Europe and Eurasia. Many observers consider Georgia to have a “hybrid” political system, containing both democratic and nondemocratic elements. The center-left Georgian Dream-Democratic Georgia (GD) party has governed Georgia since 2012. Controversy over the October 2020 parliamentary elections, an opposition boycott of parliament, and the February 2021 arrest of opposition leader Nika Melia led to heightened political tensions. European Union (EU) efforts to mediate Georgia’s political crisis led to a negotiated agreement in April 2021 that included opposition parties’ entry into parliament and Melia’s release. Although Georgia faces high rates of poverty and underemployment, its economy entered a period of relatively strong growth in 2017. In 2020, due to the impact of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, Georgia’s gross domestic product (GDP) declined by an estimated 6%. Georgia’s GDP is expected to grow 3.5% to 4% in 2021. -
Annex E.4.12 Public
ICC-01/15-4-AnxE.4.12 13-10-2015 1/44 EK PT Annex E.4.12 Public ICC-01/15-4-AnxE.4.12 13-10-2015 2/44 EK PT GEORGIA: A VOIDING WAR IN SOUTH OSSETIA 26 November 2004 international crisis group Europe Report N° I 59 Tbilisi/Brussels GEO-OTP-0008-0615 ICC-01/15-4-AnxE.4.12 13-10-2015 3/44 EK PT TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ANO RECOMMENDATIONS i 1. INTRODUCTION 1 II. UNDERLYING CAUSES OF THE CONFLICT 2 A. H1sTORIC/\1, CAust-:s 2 1. Competing narratives of South Ossetia's past.. 2 2. The 1990- 1 992 conflict and its aftermath 3 3. The peace agreement and peace implementation mechanisms 4 B. HUlvl/\N RlGHTS VIOL.I\ TIONS J\ND POPULATION DISPL./\CE:tviEl\T 5 I. Ossetian and Georgian population settlement and displacement.. 5 2. War-time atrocities 7 c. POLITICAL CA USES or rnt CONfLICI 7 D. GEOPOLITICALC AUSES 8 E. POLITICAL-ECONOlvflCC AUSES Of CONfLICT 9 III. UNFREEZI~G THE CONFLICT 11 A. FOCUSING ON THE POLTTTC'\L ECONO\ifTC CAUSES OF CONFLICT I I 1. Attacking greed 1 I 2. Addressing grievance 12 3. The South Ossetian reaction 12 B. THE START OF VIOLENT CONFLICT 14 C. THE UNEASY TRUCE 15 IV. INTER OR INTRA-STATE CONFLICT? 16 A. Gt-:C)R(tl1\N ALLl-:0/\TIONS ON RUSSJ/\'S ROLi·: ] 6 8. Tm: Vn.w FROM RUSSI/\ 17 C. UNITED STATES INVOLVElviENT 18 D. THE OSCE ·19 E. THE EUROPR/\>J UNTOK I 9 F.