FEDERAL OCEAN AND COASTAL ACTIVITIES REPORT TO THE U.S. CONGRESS

For Fiscal Years 2010 and 2011

Prepared by

The White House Council on Environmental Quality and The White House Office of Science & Technology Policy

Issued July 19, 2013

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction……………………………………………………………………………1

Federal Funding Summary…………………………………………………………..…3

Federal Agency Highlights…………………………………………………………….4

Appendix: Agency Budget Tables and Narratives

Department of Agriculture …………………………………………….……………...A2

Department of Commerce …………………………………………….………………A11

Department of Defense ………………………………………………….……….……A20

Department of Energy …………………………………………………………….…..A26

Environmental Protection Agency ……………………………………………………A30

Department of Health and Human Services …………………………………………..A36

Department of Homeland Security ……………………………………………………A42

Department of the Interior .……………………………………………………………A48

Marine Mammal Commission ……………………………………………………...…A66

National Aeronautics and Space Administration .……………………….……...……..A68

National Science Foundation …………………………………………………….……A73

Smithsonian Institution ………………………………………………………………..A77

Department of State and USAID ……………………………………………………...A79

Department of Transportation …………………………………………………………A85

Department of Treasury ……………………………………………………………….A91

2010-2011 Federal Ocean and Coastal Activities Report to the U.S. Congress

INTRODUCTION

The Oceans Act of 2000 requires that a report of Highlighting Efforts in Support Federal ocean and coastal activities be submitted to Congress every two years. This report of the National Ocean Policy provides an overview of Federal programs related to ocean, coastal, and Great Lakes activities for The National Ocean Policy provides a framework Fiscal Years (FY) 2010 and 2011. to pursue national and regional stewardship goals through coordinated actions across the Federal The ocean, our coasts, and the Great Lakes Government informed by State, tribal, and local deeply impact the lives of all Americans, whether authorities, stakeholders, and the public. This we live and work in the country’s heartland or report for FY 2010 and 2011 provides narrative along its shores. America’s rich and productive examples of department and agency activities that coastal regions and waters support tens of align with the Policy. millions of jobs and contribute trillions of dollars to the national economy each year. They also In January of 2012, the NOC sought public host a growing number of important activities, comment on a draft National Ocean Policy including commerce, transportation, energy Implementation Plan (Plan) that identified development, national security, recreation, and specific actions Federal agencies would take to science, and they provide a wealth of natural carry forward the National Ocean Policy. The resources and ecological benefits. Yet the ocean, final Implementation Plan, released in April coasts, and Great Lakes face a wide range of 2013, reflects stakeholder and public comments. threats from human activities. For this report, the Council on Environmental Two bipartisan ocean commissions recognized Quality (CEQ), Office of Science and that if Americans are to enjoy the maximum Technology Policy (OSTP), and the Office of benefit from our ocean resources, Federal Management and Budget (OMB) worked with agencies managing ocean-related activities need departments and agencies to identify and provide to share data and coordinate better. On July 19, information on activities in 2010 and 2011 that 2010, President Barack Obama signed an work to carry forward the National Ocean Policy. Executive Order (E.O.) establishing for the first Consistent with the last report, these activities are time a national policy for the stewardship of the organized by the nine national priority objectives ocean, our coasts, and the Great Lakes – identified in the Executive Order that established commonly referred to as the National Ocean the National Ocean Policy, and are presented in Policy (Policy).1 The E.O. adopted the Final the “Federal Agency Highlights” section. The Recommendations of the Interagency Ocean next report may organize these activities Policy Task Force and directed Federal agencies differently based on the Implementation Plan. to implement them under the guidance of the National Ocean Council (NOC). Agency Budget Information

Budgetary data from all agencies involved in ocean and coastal activities are collected in the Appendix, with information provided for the FY 2010 and FY 2011 actual obligations and the FY 1 Executive Order 13547, Stewardship of the Ocean, 2012 enacted level. Consistent with past reports, Our Coasts, and the Great Lakes, July 19, 2010, can the agency budget information as presented in the be found at http://www.whitehouse.gov/files/documents/2010stew ardship-eo.pdf

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2010-2011 Federal Ocean and Coastal Activities Report to the U.S. Congress

Appendix is presented to support four ocean policy-related themes. The themes are:2

• Enhancing the Use, Conservation and Management of Ocean, Coastal, and Great Lakes Resources, • Advancing Our Understanding of Oceans, Coasts, and Great Lakes, • Supporting Maritime Transportation, and • Advancing International Ocean Science and Policy.

Looking Ahead

As implementation of the National Ocean Policy continues, the information presented in future reports will evolve with the implementation of the Policy to reflect how existing Federal ocean and coastal activities and programs align with the Policy and the themes in the Implementation Plan.

2 These four themes are based on the U.S. Ocean Action Plan of 2004. Consistent with past reports, the themes of “enhancing the use and conservation of our ocean, coastal, and Great Lakes resources” and “managing coasts and their watersheds” have been combined into the single category of “enhancing the use, conservation and management of ocean, coastal, and Great Lakes resources.” 2

2010-2011 Federal Ocean and Coastal Activities Report to the U.S. Congress

FEDERAL FUNDING SUMMARY

Table 1 shows the amount of funding for ocean supporting maritime transportation, (3) advancing and coastal activities for FY 2010 (actual), FY our understanding of oceans, coasts, and Great 2011 (actual), and FY 2012 (enacted). Consistent Lakes, and (4) advancing international ocean with past reports, these figures are based on science policy. These data are intended to subjective determinations regarding the various provide a general understanding of the agency programs that align, in whole or in part, investments the Federal Government is making in with each of the four thematic areas of (1) ocean and coastal activities. Funding for future enhancing the use, conservation and management fiscal years will be determined through the of ocean, coastal, and Great Lakes resources, (2) Administration’s annual budget process.

Table 1: Summary of Funding by Agency (Dollars in Millions) FY 2010 Actual FY 2011 Actual Agency FY 2012 Enacted Obligatio ns Obligatio ns Department of Agric ulture 544.0 552.5 591.7 De pa rt me nt o f Co mme rc e 2,544.9 2,187.5 2,116.6 Department of Defense 814.0 863.1 1,759.7 Department of Energy 94.6 97.8 126.4 Environmental Protection Agency 2,062.8 1,526.6 1,475.6 Department of Health and Human Services 81.6 99.2 82.6 Department of Homeland Security 3,557.5 3,598.3 3,644.9 Department of the Interior 730.7 886.4 934.2 Ma rine Ma mma l Co mmis s io n 3.3 3.3 3.3 National Aeronautic s and Spac e Administration 104.5 100.6 85.6 National Sc ienc e Foundation 531.0 552.2 527.2 Smithsonian Institution 3.1 2.9 3.1 Department of State 72.5 68.6 54.5 Department of Transportation 574.2 573.0 559.2 Department of Treasury 8.0 9.0 12.0 U.S. Agency for International Development 38.1 51.1 47.3 TOTAL 11,764.7 11,172.1 12,023.9

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2010-2011 Federal Ocean and Coastal Activities Report to the U.S. Congress

FEDERAL AGENCY HIGHLIGHTS

Listed below are examples of Federal agency management decisions. Both agencies were activities for FY 2010 and 2011 that support the primary contributors to the development of National Ocean Policy’s priority objectives. It is ocean.data.gov. In addition, the Energy Policy important to note that this list is not exhaustive in Act of 2005 directed Federal agencies to develop that it only represents a portion of those activities an outer continental shelf mapping initiative to that most closely align with each objective. assist in renewable energy use decision-making. NOAA and BOEM collaborated to develop the HOW WE DO BUSINESS Multipurpose Marine Cadastre, a multi-purpose online information system that provides the Ecosystem-Based Management (EBM) necessary geospatial framework for broader regional marine planning initiatives including National Oceanic and Atmospheric renewable energy siting. Administration (NOAA) - National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS): NMFS continued the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG): Consistent with the advancement of ecosystem-based management goals and principles of marine planning, the through the creation of Integrated Ecosystem USCG initiated a comprehensive Atlantic Coast Assessments (IEA) for large marine ecosystems. Port Access Route Study (ACPARS) to promote IEAs bring scientific and technological rigor to safe, efficient maritime operations in conjunction resource management decisions by incorporating with the development and production of diverse sources of data, including socio-economic renewable offshore energy. Among other things, data, into ecosystem models that evaluate trade- this ACPARS supports DOI’s Smart from the offs between ecosystem and societal goals. The Start initiative to establish large wind energy multi-line office initiative leverages existing data areas off the Atlantic Coast. For the first time, and expertise to provide a more comprehensive this ACPARS will include all coastwise shipping science-based decision-making framework for routes from Maine to Florida and the approaches NOAA’s management of coastal and marine to U.S. Atlantic coastal ports throughout the ecosystem resources, with the potential to inform Exclusive Economic Zone. The data gathered comprehensive regional marine planning. during the ACPARS process will determine if the establishment of new vessel routing measures or U.S. Department of State (DOS): At the May modification or elimination of existing routing 2011 Arctic Council Ministerial meeting, the measures will promote safe and efficient United States successfully worked with other maritime navigation in the Atlantic coastal Arctic nations to establish an Arctic ecosystem- region. based management framework to improve future Arctic activities and multilateral decision- U.S. Department of Defense (DOD): At the making. The National Ocean Policy was one of regional level, marine planning provides the the bases the United States included in its Navy, Marine Corps and the Army Corps of proposal for an ecosystem-based management Engineers (and to a lesser extent, the Army and initiative. Air Force) a previously unavailable avenue for proactively engaging in planning with our Marine Planning Federal, State, local, and tribal partners. The Department has significantly benefited from National Oceanic and Atmospheric marine planning programs such as California’s Administration (NOAA) and the Bureau of Blue Ribbon Task Force, Rhode Island’s Ocean Ocean Energy Management (BOEM): NOAA Special Area Management Plan, and DOI’s Smart and BOEM are concentrating their efforts in data from the Start Initiative. DOD supports CMSP collection and aggregation to inform timely ocean efforts in every region identified by the Executive Order. Accordingly, both the DOD and the Joint 4

2010-2011 Federal Ocean and Coastal Activities Report to the U.S. Congress

Staff have appointed representatives for all nine MREC will galvanize scholarly interest and Regional Planning Bodies established by EO expand public education on important issues 13547 and will serve as the Federal Co-lead for affecting the health of tropical marine CMSP efforts in the South Atlantic and Gulf of ecosystems. The MREC campus will occupy Mexico Regions. about eight acres of NPS’s Salt River Bay National Historical Park and Ecological Preserve. Inform Decisions and Improve Understanding The campus will house 48 undergraduate students, 12 researchers and graduate students, National Science Foundation (NSF): In 2010, and 12 lab modules to support marine science numerous NSF science directorates provided research projects. researchers with Grants for Rapid Research Response (RAPID) funding in response to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Deepwater Horizon oil spill. This support Administration (NOAA), the Bureau of Ocean enabled mobilization of equipment and personnel Energy Management (BOEM), and the U.S. to collect data and samples from this sudden, Geological Survey (USGS): Since 2005, NOAA unprecedented event. These projects have has partnered with BOEM on multi-disciplinary identified how the spill drove evolutionary exploration and research projects in the Gulf of responses of exposed populations and impacted Mexico and mid-Atlantic, including the baseline regional ecology. Combined with prior work in characterization of potential U.S. deep-water the Gulf, these projects will enable us to better lease blocks. The objective of these projects has understand the impacts of the spill as they play been to discover, explore, and characterize deep out over many years. biological communities in areas that have the potential to be leased for offshore oil and gas National Oceanic and Atmospheric exploration. The first project focused on Administration (NOAA) - National Marine chemosynthetic communities in the deep Gulf Fisheries Service (NMFS): NMFS’s vision for and building on its success, the second project sustainable seafood includes aquaculture as a focused on hard-bottom and artificial substrate complement to wild-caught fisheries in meeting communities in the same area. The current seafood demand and sustaining jobs and working project, Atlantic Deepwater Canyons, is looking waterfronts in coastal communities. Shellfish for deep communities in the mid-Atlantic. USGS make up about two-thirds of all commercial integrated into the team for the second project marine aquaculture in the U.S. as well as deliver through a separate agreement with BOEM and is critical ecosystem services through commercial a partner in the current project as well. This and restoration shellfish projects. Shellfish partnership has resulted in thousands of square aquaculture represents a quadruple win: the kilometers being mapped and explored industry creates jobs, improves the environment, throughout the Gulf and mid-Atlantic, and provides healthy food, and invites partnerships. discovery and characterization of new deep-water With last year’s release of the DOC’s national ecosystems. marine aquaculture policies, NOAA announced a National Shellfish Initiative in partnership with Coordinate and Support the shellfish industry and restoration community to increase shellfish aquaculture. This initiative Departments of Energy (DOE) and the Interior is one of the milestones of the National Ocean (DOI): In February of 2011, the Departments of Policy Implementation Plan and includes pilot Energy and the Interior released the first-ever projects to identify ways to simultaneously interagency plan on offshore wind energy. The maximize the ecosystem benefits and commercial plan demonstrates a strong Federal family value of shellfish aquaculture. commitment to expeditiously develop a sustainable, world-class offshore wind industry in National Park Service (NPS): A new Marine a way that reduces conflict with other ocean uses Research and Education Center (MREC) is being and protects resources. The plan focuses on planned for St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. overcoming three key challenges: (1) the

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2010-2011 Federal Ocean and Coastal Activities Report to the U.S. Congress

relatively high cost of offshore wind energy; (2) U.S. Department of State (DOS): The Extended technical challenges surrounding installation, Continental Shelf (ECS) Task Force, led by the operations, and grid interconnection; and (3) the DOS, coordinates the collection and analysis of lack of site data and experience with project data among a dozen Federal agencies in an effort permitting processes. to establish the outer limit of the U.S. ECS. This effort will delineate an enormous area where the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS): The United States can exercise sovereign rights over National Fish Habitat Partnership (NFHAP) the resources on and below the seabed. Data Board released a first-of-its-kind report, as called analysis and collection will be completed for for in the National Fish Habitat Action Plan, an fifteen areas off the U.S. coast where there may effort to protect, restore, and enhance our be extended shelf. In June 2010, the ECS Project Nation’s aquatic habitats. The report, titled completed a month-long bathymetric cruise off “Through a Fish’s Eye: The Status of Fish the coast of Kingman Reef and Palmyra, and two Habitats in the United States 2010,” summarizes month-long cruises off the Northern Mariana the results of a nationwide assessment of the Islands, as well as the third United States-Canada human effects on fish habitat in the rivers and joint expedition to the Arctic Ocean. In 2011, the estuaries of the United States. The report fourth and final collaborative Arctic cruise with includes the National Fish Habitat Action Plan Canada was completed and two seismic data map and data web tool. Developed by the U.S. collection cruises were carried out, one in the Geological Survey's Biological Informatics Gulf of Alaska and one in the Bering Sea. Program under guidance of the NFHAP Science and Data Committee, this tool not only enables AREAS OF SPECIAL EMPHASIS users to see multiple views depicting the condition of stream and coastal habitats across Resiliency and Adaptation to Climate Change the country, but also means that users are only a and Ocean Acidification mouse click away from more detailed information at finer scales, as well as the option National Science Foundation (NSF): Coral reef to download data files. ecosystems hold significant cultural and economic value, both nationally and National Oceanic and Atmospheric internationally. Ocean acidification (the decrease Administration (NOAA): NOAA’s Regional in seawater pH), driven by the increase in Ocean Partnership Funding Program is a atmospheric CO2, is expected to negatively competitive grant program established in FY impact organisms that precipitate calcium 2011 that provides funding to advance effective carbonate, such as coral. Increasing evidence ocean management and implement activities in indicates that calcifying corals may be able to the actions plans of existing and emerging maintain rates of calcification and mitigate loss of Regional Ocean Partnerships. Regional Ocean their calcium carbonate skeletons as seawater pH Partnerships are largely State-led initiatives and declines, but the extent of this physiological involve collaboration between governors on resilience, whether it varies over species, and coastal issues of shared importance. In FY 2011, ranges of pH is unknown. This research, using a NOAA awarded approximately $6.2M in unique set of coral tissue cultures, is focused on competitive grants to eight regions to both determining the molecular basis for calcification develop and coordinate Regional Ocean in corals in order to understand how corals will Partnership efforts and to implement the priorities respond to ocean acidification in the next century. identified by each of the regions. Regions The project is being conducted by a research receiving funding included: Northeast, Mid- team at Rutgers working with scientists in Atlantic, Southeast, Caribbean Islands, Gulf of Taiwan and Israel, and will engage K-12 teachers Mexico, West Coast, Alaska, Hawaii, and the in developing lesson plans. Pacific Islands.

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2010-2011 Federal Ocean and Coastal Activities Report to the U.S. Congress

U.S. Department of Commerce (DOC): DOC’s and Florida (Timucuan Ecological & Historic Ocean Acidification and Monitoring Network Preserve and Cape Canaveral NS) are in decline. consists of dedicated ocean acidification (OA) Threats include invasive species, loss of top-level research cruises, ships of opportunity, wave predators, and environmental stresses (e.g., boat gliders, and 31 fixed OA moorings around the wakes, overharvest, poor water quality) and continental U.S., Hawaii, and Alaska – all of disease. The NPS has partnered with university which measure parameters that allow changes in researchers to quantify the growth and viability of atmospheric CO2 and the ocean’s carbonate the reef systems in these parks to help park chemistry to be quantified. Programs, both managers develop plans to protect these special within the agency, outside academic institutions, habitats to develop long-term restoration goals. and private industry are integral contributors to Similar work is occurring along much of the this monitoring network. The real-time data southeast Atlantic coast and in the Gulf of provided from fixed platforms is accessible and Mexico, and NPS results will contribute to has been used to map rates and dynamics of OA understanding the status of oyster reefs on a in certain ecologically and commercially regional scale. important ecosystems and fisheries, and can be used to predict future changes in OA. New National Oceanic and Atmospheric autonomous technologies are being developed to Administration (NOAA): NOAA was on-scene improve spatial and temporal resolution of these for the April 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill products. There are efforts to begin from the earliest moments of the crisis. NOAA’s implementation and standardization of an Office of Response and Restoration (OR&R) international OA monitoring network with immediately mobilized and launched response representation from OA scientists and data efforts, coordinating with existing State and local managers from around the world. partners to assess the extent of the spill and ecological impacts on local ecosystems. NOAA, Department of State (DOS): DOS takes a lead DOI, five states, and members of the Trustee role in promoting international actions to reduce Council reached an unprecedented agreement the impact of short-lived climate forcers (SLCFs with BP in 2011 to provide $1 billion for early include black carbon, methane, and tropospheric restoration projects in the Gulf of Mexico. The ozone) on the Arctic. SLCFs exert a powerful Trustees will use the money to fund projects such warming effect on the Arctic and accelerate the as the rebuilding of coastal marshes, melting of Arctic sea ice. The U.S. is co-chairing replenishment of damaged beaches, conservation with Norway and Sweden, the Arctic Council's of sensitive areas of ocean habitat for injured SLCF Task Force, which is developing wildlife, and restoration of barrier islands and recommendations for mitigation policies that the wetlands that provide natural protection from eight Arctic States could take to reduce the storms. To ensure a swift and coordinated warming impact of SLCFs. In addition, the response to future oil spills, OR&R continues to Department of State announced the creation of a train State and local emergency responders $5 million fund to finance projects with throughout the U.S. with over 700 responders international partners to demonstrate the trained in 2011. feasibility of early action to reduce SLCF impacts. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS): In FY 2012, The Nature Conservancy and other private Regional Ecosystem Protection and Restoration and public partners provided over $2 million to match a $1,000,000 National American Wetlands National Park Service (NPS): Oyster reefs are in Conservation Act (NAWCA) grant that will decline; more than 85 percent have been lost protect 3,730 acres, including 2,951 wetland world-wide. Overharvest, poor water quality, and acres and 780 acres of associated uplands, to disease are just a few of the stressors on these benefit breeding, migrating, and wintering birds. habitats. Oyster reefs (Crassostrea virginica) at Waterfowl species that will benefit from this NPS units in Georgia (Cumberland Island NS) project include the American black duck, mottled

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2010-2011 Federal Ocean and Coastal Activities Report to the U.S. Congress

duck, mallard, American wigeon and wood duck. million acres of farmland, and is a region with The project area will also support neo-tropical general economic activities estimated at over migratory birds during the breeding season and $400 billion annually. However, increased migration, including the swallow-tailed kite, demand for limited water resources and declining prothonotary warbler, black-throated green water quality threaten the continued economic warbler, Swainsons warbler, and wood thrush. and environmental well-being of the Bay Delta This project represents the first of a three-phase area. The NRCS Bay Delta Initiative accelerates effort to permanently protect strategic tracts in agency investment by addressing the critical the Santee Delta and Winyah Bay region of water quantity, water quality, and habitat northern coastal South Carolina. restoration needs as outlined in the Administration’s Interim Federal Action Plan for Water Quality and Sustainable Practices on the Bay Delta area. In FY 2011, NRCS made a Land $21.5 million investment with the Wetlands Reserve Program (WRP) in the Bay Delta U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ): DOJ is Initiative and, through WRP, provided assistance securing significant commitments for projects to 48 landowners and restored over 21,000 acres that resolve liability for damages to ocean and of wetlands. These projects can be expected to coastal natural resources under statutes such as reap water quality and habitat benefits. Also in the Clean Water Act, the Oil Pollution Act, the FY 2011, NRCS provided over $6.5 million in National Marine Sanctuaries Act, and the Park Environmental Quality Incentives Program System Resource Protection Act. For example, in funding in collaboration with the Bureau of September 2011, DOJ signed and lodged a Reclamation to achieve water conservation for consent decree that requires Regal Stone Limited both district water delivery and on-farm water use and Fleet Management Ltd., the owners and efficiency. operators of the M/V COSCO BUSAN, to pay $44.4 million for natural resource damages and National Oceanic and Atmospheric penalties and to reimburse Federal, State, and Administration (NOAA): In 2011, scientists local governmental entities for response costs from NOAA’s Great Lakes Environmental incurred as a result of the 53,000 gallon oil spill Research Laboratory (GLERL) were instrumental that occurred when the vessel struck the San in detecting, delineating the extent, characterizing Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge in 2007. The the toxicity, and predicting the expansion of a event killed thousands of birds, impacted a massive harmful algal bloom in Lake Erie. significant portion of the Bay’s 2008 herring GLERL’s Observing Systems, Ecology, and spawn, spoiled miles of shoreline habitat, and Modeling research groups all contributed to the closed the bay and area beaches to recreation and effort. The algal bloom was tracked by satellite, fishing. Of the settlement amount, approximately field measurements were made from buoys and $9.75 million will go to the National Park Service vessels, and models were used to forecast how to improve coastal access and facilities the bloom would grow and move. Hundreds of surrounding the impacted area, and drinking water and beach managers, fishermen, approximately $9 million will be disbursed to and boaters were informed of the bloom’s status local governments or through a grant program to and forecast extent by a weekly bulletin. A fund shoreline recreational projects in the meeting of the International Joint Commission impacted area. was hosted by GLERL in March 2012 to communicate the state of knowledge about the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS): 2011 bloom, and to discuss expectations and The Bay Delta region, located in the Sacramento appropriate management actions in the U.S. and and San Joaquin watersheds of California, Canada for 2012 and beyond. encompasses over 38 million acres and is one of the most important estuary systems in the Nation. Changing Conditions in the Arctic This area provides drinking water for more than 23 million people and irrigation water to four

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2010-2011 Federal Ocean and Coastal Activities Report to the U.S. Congress

National Park Service (NPS): ShoreZone is a increased overwash and flooding with seawater mapping project involving the Alaska of protected lagoon systems will affect those Department of Natural Resources, U.S. Fish and ecosystems. Wildlife Service, National Park Service, and Burea of Ocean Energy Management. It collects National Science Foundation (NSF): NSF funded high-resolution images of the coast along with the deployment of the first autonomous, ice- biological and geological information, which is supported atmospheric chemistry measurement available online to the public. It will map the system in the Arctic Ocean. The first O-Buoy, as area from Point Hope to Point Wales, which it is known, has been operating on an ice floe includes Bering Land Bridge and Cape since September 2009 and another was deployed Krusenstern NM. The U.S. Coast Guard and spill a year later. The O-Buoy is a potentially response units use ShoreZone to identify transformative system for acquisition of long- locations for immediate response strategies. term, ocean-based datasets needed to quantify seasonal and inter-annual variability in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric atmosphere above fast-changing Arctic sea-ice Administration (NOAA): As multi-year sea-ice cover. Logistical challenges of long-term continues to disappear at a rapid rate, vessel observations in the Arctic have produced very traffic in the Arctic is on the rise. This is leading few measurements of ozone (O3), bromine to new maritime concerns, especially in areas monoxide (BrO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and increasingly transited by the offshore oil and gas meteorological variables over Arctic sea ice. industry, cruise liners, military craft, tugs and Recent technical developments have allowed the barges, and fishing vessels. Keeping all of this researchers to meet the data acquisition new ocean traffic moving smoothly is important challenges. This autonomous, buoy-based to the U.S. economy, environment, and national instrument platform will be deployed as part of security. That is why the Office of Coast Survey the Arctic Observing Network. (OCS) is hard at work updating Arctic nautical charts. Working with stakeholders and Observations, Mapping, and Infrastructure government partners in FY 2011, OCS analyzed Arctic maritime operations and navigational U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE): needs to set priorities for better charts and USACE navigation data are distributed to States, additional hydrographic surveys. The Arctic academia, and industry, and to USGS and NOAA Nautical Charting Plan, issued by OCS in June where they remain available for download 2011, provides a detailed scheme for additional through Federal data archives. As of December nautical chart coverage in U.S. Arctic waters and 2010, there had been 8,565 individual downloads reports on what additional resources would be of over 375 billion data points from the National necessary to produce and maintain the charts. Coastal Mapping public distribution website. The data were used to assess regional and project U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS): The hurricane impacts. The 2011 USACE survey Arctic Landscape Conservation Cooperative season included bathymetric and topographic (LCC), led by FWS, is a conservation science lidar data collection on over 1.5 billion lidar partnership to improve conservation planning and elevations and depths, 630,000 aerial photos, and design at the landscape scale and inform a 2,000 hyperspectral image strips for 600 miles of strategic response to climate change impacts. In shoreline in the Great Lakes, Northeast, and Gulf FY 2011, the Arctic LCC provided over $1.4 of Mexico regions. This data supports the million to 21 projects that address the impacts of operation and maintenance of coastal navigation climate change and landscape level threats in the projects that contribute to the Nation's marine Arctic. Most notable among these is the Alaska transportation system, which provides direct Integrated Ecosystem Model, which will provide value to coastal navigation, flood risk the most comprehensive view of future landscape management, and aquatic ecosystem restoration. conditions available. Another project seeks to assess how rising sea-levels and the likelihood of

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2010-2011 Federal Ocean and Coastal Activities Report to the U.S. Congress

National Aeronautics and Space Administration National Science Foundation (NSF): The Ocean (NASA): In 2010 and 2011, NASA continued to Observatories Initiative (OOI) is a multi-scale improve our understanding of the ocean via the observatory system that will enable researchers to implemention of technological advances and study complex, interlinked physical, chemical, cutting-edge research as a component of NASA's biological, and geological processes operating Earth Science program. NASA develops space- throughout the global ocean. OOI will be borne, global-observing capabilities and research composed of a vast network of interactive nodes programs to expand understanding of the Earth and over 770 sensors that will enable the study of system. While data from the Earth Systematic complex-ocean processes, such as climate and Pathfinder Missions do not necessarily variability, ocean circulation, carbon cycling, and directly support management or policy making, ocean acidification. The system will operate the fundamental and applied research they are across coastal, regional, and global spatial scales used to support can inform management and and a continuum of time scales. Open access policy decisions for water quality, climate data streams from the air-sea interface through impacts and adaptation, as well as Earth’s the water column to the seafloor will be openly resilience (e.g., within high latitude regions such available to educators and researchers in any as the Arctic). NASA programs are coordinated discipline, making oceanography available to with complementary domestic and international citizens and scholars who might never go to sea. programs that have an interest in using or The OOI will provide a cyber-infrastructure, utilizing NASA satellite observations or data. which will deliver all OOI data to the research Many of the systematic missions have science community, educators, students, and the public teams associated with them, whose members via the Internet. support mission science objectives.

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2010-2011 Federal Ocean and Coastal Activities Report to the U.S. Congress

APPENDIX: AGENCY BUDGET TABLES AND NARRATIVES

A-1 2010-2011 Federal Ocean and Coastal Activities Report to the U.S. Congress

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Natural Resources compatible goals. EQIP is not an “oceans” program, but does provide major benefits to Conservation Service (NRCS) improving water resources including ocean and near-shore coastal ecosystems. Through EQIP, Conservation Technical Assistance producers may receive financial and technical (CTA) assistance to install or implement conservation practices to address soil, water, and air quality,

wildlife habitats, surface and groundwater NRCS, working in partnership with local conservation, energy conservation, and related conservation districts and others, is a major natural resource concerns on eligible land. provider of technical assistance. CTA is based on Eligible land includes cropland, grassland, effective, science-based technology. Assistance rangeland, pasture, non-industrial private forest is provided to land users voluntarily applying land; and other agricultural lands, as determined conservation, and to those who must comply with by the Secretary. local or State laws and regulations. CTA helps

landowners and land users make informed EQIP activities are carried out according to a plan decisions about how to improve soil and water of operations developed in conjunction with the quality, improve and conserve wetlands, enhance producer. Practices are subject to NRCS fish and wildlife habitat, and reduce flooding. technical standards adapted for local conditions. Land-based conservation practices applied EQIP may pay up to 75 percent of the costs through the CTA program provide benefits to incurred to install or implement conservation near-shore ocean habitats, including coral reef practices important to improving and maintaining ecosystems, by reducing sediment and nutrient the health of natural resources in the area. loading into receiving water bodies. Payments may be made to encourage a producer

to adopt conservation practices that improve Coastal and ocean ecosystems can be impacted water quality, such as nutrient management, by runoff from agricultural operations. A manure management, integrated pest significant portion of CTA funds are used to management, irrigation water management, and assist farmers in the development of wildlife habitat management, or to develop a Comprehensive Nutrient Management Plans CNMP and components of a CNMP. Socially (CNMPs). Nutrient management reduces animal disadvantaged, limited resource, and beginning waste runoff to water bodies through the farmers and ranchers may be eligible to receive development and implementation of practices up to 90 percent of the cost incurred to install or related to the handling and storing of animal implement conservation practices. manure and the application of the manure on land. The process for developing such Producers within ocean and coastal watersheds management plans also encourages landowners to are eligible for EQIP financial and technical assess and address the condition of all natural assistance to address water quality resource resources on their property. concerns. Through the implementation of various

conservation practices, NRCS helps producers to Environmental Quality Incentives control soil erosion and manage nutrient runoff Program (EQIP) and drainage water for improved water quality. As erosion and runoff from agricultural The Environmental Quality Incentives Program operations may impact ocean and coastal (EQIP) is a voluntary conservation program that ecosystem health, EQIP is an integral tool for promotes agricultural production, forest improving these ecosystems. management and environmental quality as

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Wetland Reserve Program (WRP) Great Lakes Restoration Initiative

The Wetlands Reserve Program is a voluntary NRCS is one of 11 Federal agencies supporting program that provides technical and financial the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative (GLRI). assistance to eligible landowners to restore, NRCS is helping landowners and land users to enhance, and protect wetlands. Although this plan and implement activities to improve and program is not an “oceans” program, restoring protect the natural resources in locally identified wetlands and associated upland buffer areas on watersheds within the eight GLRI states -- the Nation’s landscape benefits the ocean waters. Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, New Once restored, wetlands filter nutrients and York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin. sediment from surface runoff that flows into NRCS conservation professionals are providing ocean receiving waters. Landowners enjoy the technical and financial assistance to landowners benefits that come from both new and improved and producers to install scientifically-proven wildlife habitat, better water quality, and conservation practices on the land. increased biodiversity. Landowners can choose either permanent or 30-year easements or In 2010 and 2011, NRCS received $50.4 million restoration cost-share agreements that generally for the Initiative through Interagency Agreements last 10 years. In all instances landowners with the Environmental Protection Agency maintain fee-title ownership and control of access (EPA). NRCS funding from EPA has been to the land. There are 2.6 million acres on 13,000 primarily focused in three conservation programs: easements or agreements enrolled in the WRP. Environmental Quality Incentives Program The number of projects offered from landowners (EQIP), Wildlife Habitat Incentives Program always exceeds the program’s acreage enrollment (WHIP), and Conservation Technical Assistance authority. Therefore, NRCS State (CTA). NRCS is focusing on the following topic Conservationists determine project selection areas: invasive terrestrial species control; priority within broad national guidelines. nearshore and non-point source pollution; habitat and wildlife protection and restoration; and Chesapeake Bay Watershed Initiative accountability, education, monitoring, evaluation, communication and partnerships. Through the Chesapeake Bay Watershed Initiative (CBWI), farmers, ranchers, and The NRCS Great Lakes Restoration Initiative forestland owners voluntarily install conservation strives to accelerate agency investment practices on hundreds of thousands of acres addressing the critical water quality, invasive annually to support rural economies, protect species, and habitat restoration needs as outlined wildlife habitat, and improve water quality in the in the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative multi- Watershed. The Chesapeake Bay Watershed, the year action plan. In FY 2010 and 2011, NRCS largest estuary in North America, covers 64,000 made a $40 million investment with the square miles and receives inflow from over 150 Environmental Quality Incentives Program in rivers and streams. More than 300 species of targeted watersheds in the eight state Great Lakes fish, shellfish, and crab species and a wide array basin. $1 million was provided for the Wildlife of other wildlife call the Bay home. With almost Habitat Incentives Program during the same two- 30 percent of the Watershed in agriculture, the year period. NRCS also allocated $4 million to region’s over 83,000 farms guarantee more than purchase conservation easements through the $10 billion of agricultural production annually. Farm and Ranchland Protection Program (FRPP) The CBWI is a focused effort to reduce nitrogen, and $3.7 million to the Emergency Watershed phosphorus, and sediment loads coming from Protection Program-Flood Plain Easements private lands. Farmers and forest landowners are (EWP-FPE). planting stream buffers, restoring wetlands, properly managing manure, and implementing other conservation practices as part of CBWI.

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National Institute of Food and This account supports fundamental and applied research on the processes that control the quality Agriculture (NIFA) of waters exported from agricultural lands and new, improved technologies for managing the NIFA supports a national program area in Nation's agricultural water resources in aquaculture including marine aquaculture in watersheds draining into priority marine, partnership with recipients of competitively- estuarine, and coastal ecosystems (e.g., awarded grants, other Federal agencies, and Chesapeake Bay; Mississippi River Basin/Gulf of diverse stakeholders, including those directly Mexico; Great Lakes), to maintain the health of involved in commercial marine aquaculture. the American people. Regional Aquaculture Centers provide multi-state problem-solving and integrated research, and The Marine Aquaculture Account extension approaches to advance a responsible and sustainable marine aquaculture sector in our This account supports mapping shellfish Nation. Marine aquaculture creates new aquaculture operations, eelgrass beds, and economic opportunities for renewed working burrowing shrimp populations at an estuarine waterfronts in coastal communities and connects landscape scale. The account supports spatial our Nation's heartland of feed-grain production to analyses in order to quantify the interaction new and improved feed formulations for marine between oyster aquaculture practices, fish finfish. Improved sciences and technologies are utilization of these estuarine habitats as predators needed for this emerging sector that offers a and parasite hosts, and burrowing shrimp variety of shellfish and fish products for our recruitment and movement. seafood markets. Science is addressing critical conservation and protection issues related to integrating marine aquaculture production into Economic Research Service our coastal waters. New and improved practices, data, and scientific knowledge are improving The Economic Research Service (ERS) provides permitting processes for locating farming economic and other social science research and operations to minimize potential multi-user analysis to inform public and private decision conflicts and address marine environmental and making on agriculture, food, natural resources, conservation goals. and rural America. The Agency's mission is to anticipate food, agricultural, agri-environmental, Agricultural Research Service and rural development issues that are on the horizon, and to conduct sound, peer-reviewed The Agricultural Research Service (ARS) economic research. Most of the agency's provides research and technical information to research is conducted by a highly-trained staff of develop sustainable aquaculture programs that economists and social scientists through an will provide opportunities for fish farmers and intramural program of research, market outlook, healthy, high-quality seafood for consumers. and analysis. ARS also conducts a significant amount of research on developing best management ERS provides data and conducts periodic analysis practices to minimize the delivery of on U.S. imports and exports of fish and shellfish agriculturally derived pollutants to aquatic that may be products of aquaculture, such as ecosystems. In several regions of the U.S. (e.g. salmon, shrimp, and oysters. Further information the Mississippi River Basin and the Chesapeake is available in the ERS-USDA Aquaculture web Bay), this research has an impact on the health of briefing room at coastal ecosystems. http://www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/Aquaculture/. In addition, ERS provides analysis of farm Managing Coasts and Their management practices that affect water quality, Watersheds Account and alternative policy mechanisms for persuading farmers to adopt management practices that

A-4 2010-2011 Federal Ocean and Coastal Activities Report to the U.S. Congress improve water quality. The goal of this research treated wood installations in aquatic is to inform policy makers and program managers environments. on policy choices that can be used to address water quality issues, including those associated Perennialization of agricultural landscapes: with salt-water ecosystems. ERS is currently Forest Service researchers are exploring the assessing policy approaches for improving water ecological, social and economic aspects of quality in the Chesapeake Bay watershed. perennialization of agricultural landscapes by examining nutrient, water and carbon cycling United States Forest Service processes and biodiversity-function relationships in different configurations of annual and

perennial plants, and by understanding how The Forest Service provides research and stakeholders make conservation decisions. technology tools to understand basic ecosystem processes in nearly all forest and rangeland Center for Forest Watershed Research: ecosystems. Emerging research includes the Changes in historical and contemporary human dimensions in exploring the urban disturbance regimes, invasive species, climatic ecosystem. The Forest Service uses this research extremes, and human population growth and to develop sustainable ecosystem-based resultant land use change are putting considerable management plans and decision tools. These stresses on upland, wetland, and aquatic tools are integrated into training and educational ecosystems from the mountains to the coast. The programs to transfer scientific knowledge to the rapid demise of Southern Appalachian hemlock public, State and private organization, and other trees due to infestation by the wooly adelgid has Federal agencies. Examples of regional efforts the potential to alter temperature and chemical contributing to ocean, coastal, and Great Lakes regimes and impact aquatic species in cold-water issues are noted below. streams that are often lined with hemlock.

Fundamental knowledge of ecosystem structure Gulf of Mexico Research and and function is required to restore, enhance, or Development maintain healthy watersheds and sustainable hydrologic cycles across the southeastern Forest Service scientists have developed a landscape. conceptual approach that builds the likelihood of hurricane damage into forest management. This Center for Bottomland Hardwood Research: has resulted in an adaptive strategy that owners Re-establishment of bottomland hardwood forest and managers can use in the short-term to ecosystems on the Lower Mississippi Alluvial respond to hurricane damage, and in the long- Valley previously converted to agriculture, term to manage recovery efforts. Studies are also particularly on flooded and marginally productive designing agroforestry and riparian forest-buffer sites, which will protect freshwater resources and systems for use within agricultural systems to habitats for terrestrial and aquatic fauna and short reduce non-point source pollution, stabilize rotation woody crops for the Nation’s bioenergy stream banks, and restore other ecological needs. functions, which will reduce nitrogen fertilizer runoff causing widespread hypoxia in the Gulf of Restoration of Mississippi Barrier Islands: Mexico. Research in the development of complex plantations are being explored in the context of Water basins coming into contact with treated afforestation in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial wood: Minimize the environmental impact of Valley. existing preservative-treatments to ensure that treated wood and its disposal does not adversely Hurricane Resilience & Restoration of Coastal affect water quality. Realistically evaluate and Plain Forests: Re-establishing abandoned predict releases of wood preservative from monitoring plots and augmenting existing monitoring plots, improving hurricane storm

A-5 2010-2011 Federal Ocean and Coastal Activities Report to the U.S. Congress surge model performance in mangroves, The work involves providing technical assistance developing plans for remotely sensed surveys of and incentives payments to private-forest vegetation to identify areas affected by oil landowners for proper forest management in the spillage, establishing baseline information on the Mississippi River basin. This includes forest type and extent of damage, identifying management for water quality such as pre-harvest physiological impacts and mechanisms of oil on planning, streamside and wetland area mangrove systems and to experimentally assess management, road construction and maintenance, planned restoration strategies. timber harvesting, re-vegetation, and chemical management. Crayfishes of Mississippi: Mississippi possesses one of the richest collections of Great Lakes Research and crayfish in the world. Seventeen species of the Development State’s crayfish are found nowhere else, and at least 10 species have yet to be scientifically NW Indiana Urban Waters Pilot: In 2011, the described and named. Crayfish are important Northwest Indiana area was one of seven pilot ecologically by serving as food for fish, locations selected across the country for the new mammals, and birds; and by recycling decaying Urban Waters Federal Partnership. The goal of matter by eating both live and dead animal and the national Urban Waters Partnership initiative plant material. Southern Research Station is to reconnect urban areas, particularly those that continues to maintain and add to a website about are under-served or economically distressed, with the crayfish of Mississippi developed together their waterways and to improve collaboration with the Mississippi Museum of Natural Science, among the Federal agencies and local partner Smithsonian National Museum of Natural organizations working to improve those waters. History, and the Illinois Natural History Survey. Specifically, the Urban Waters Federal The site serves as a resource for scientists, Partnership is attempting to: coordinate across managers, planners, teachers, and students. SRS Federal agencies to energize existing water- continues to study crayfish to further understand related programs and create meaningful new their unique ecological roles in the natural world. ones, ensure that local communities are full

partners in restoring and protecting their National Agroforestry Center: Research is waterways, and work with local officials and conducted and tools and technologies are effective community-based organizations to developed and delivered that assist in designing leverage area expertise and funding. The and locating agroforestry and riparian forest- Northwest Indiana Partnership territory includes buffer systems for use within agricultural the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore and cropland to reduce non-point source pollution of adjacent areas. The partnership has identified surface waters, stabilize stream banks, and restore priority projects, and work is underway on other ecological functions. These buffers reduce several, either with Federal funding or technical the input of sediment, fertilizers, pesticides, and assistance. livestock waste into surface waters and can be strategically placed within a watershed to optimize benefits. Most agroforestry practices Influence of Fire on Mercury Cycling in W. Great Lakes: Studies which assessed the are eligible for Farm Bill conservation programs. influence of fire on the deposition of mercury in An important contribution of upland and riparian aquatic ecosystems shows that conifer canopies forest buffers is their role in reducing nitrogen are very important contributors of mercury inputs fertilizer runoff which has been documented to to watersheds, and fires mobilize considerable cause widespread hypoxia in important estuarine stored mercury that is deposited locally. ecosystems such as the Gulf of Mexico and the

Chesapeake Bay. Great Lakes State & Private Forestry Gulf State and Private Forestry Unit-Great Lakes Restoration Initiative

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Brownfields Restoration: Restore brownfields the Pacific salmon; and conservation and and reduce toxic substances by planting trees and restoration of the habitats. vegetables to take up or trap contaminants and reduce storm-water runoff. Coastal headwater riparian management research: Understanding the structure, function, Emerald Ash Border - Forest Habitat and processes of aquatic and riparian ecological Restoration/Prevention: Prevention in areas not systems. yet impacted by and forest habitat restoration and rehabilitation in areas that have been impacted by Assessing risk of invasive aquatic species in the Emerald Ash Borer. Also, the development coastal watersheds: Invasion of streams by of seed collection protocols to protect and restore Atlantic salmon escaped from marine salmon culturally significant black-ash swamps in tribal farms and the potential impact to native fishes areas. inhabiting streams.

Ecosystem Services Program Development: Scientific review of Columbia Basin Salmon Create and deploy one or more payments for restoration: Use of science in the assessment ecosystem services programs (structured in the and evaluation phases of one large-scale (multi- form of payments or rebates) that will incentivize region) ecosystem management effort on Federal measurable actions that result in carbon storage, lands in the Columbia River basin. water, and /or biodiversity benefits and will compensate private individuals and entities for Role of salmon ecology in the success of land stewardship that provides public benefits. population recovery program: Nutrients derived from salmon make up a large portion of Urban and Community Forestry Assessment those plants and animals living in aquatic and Tools: Utilize management plans and tree terrestrial habitats associated with salmon assessment tools such as i-Tree Urban Tree populations. Canopy Assessment and Hazard Risk Assessment, to plant trees in urban areas and to Assessing the risk of climate change and assess and protect ecosystem and stream health. wildfire to salmon habitat in the interior Columbia River basin: Use of science in the Terrestrial Invasive Species Control: Establish assessment and evaluation phases of one large- and enhance four weed management areas in PA, scale (multi-region) ecosystem management WI and NY to help plan and carry out programs effort on Federal lands in the Columbia River for the reduction of invasive plants within the basin. Great Lakes basin. How watershed processes affect Alaska coastal Pacific Ocean Research & flux: Stream biogeochemistry, hyporheic ecology, wetland-stream interactions, effects of Development marine derived nutrients on streams, and

indicators of watershed condition. Mapped Atmosphere Plant Soil System (MAPSS): MAPSS is a landscape- to global- Yellow cedar decline in Alaska coastal forest scale vegetation distribution model that was ecosystem: Tree death results from freezing developed to stimulate the potential biosphere injury and is related to cedar's premature loss of impacts and biosphere-atmosphere feedbacks cold resistance in spring. from climate change.

Assessing the risk of climate change, timber Land and Watershed Management Program harvest, and wildfire to Marbled Murrelet (Pacific Salmon): Investigations of the habitat and their population: Pacific cumulative effects of land management on Northwest scientists are gathering data on ocean watersheds, riparian zones, and fish habitats of indicators such as sea surface temperature,

A-7 2010-2011 Federal Ocean and Coastal Activities Report to the U.S. Congress chlorophyll, and water depth to better understand Chesapeake Bay Research & the role that coastal waters play in structuring the Development spatial and temporal distribution of marbled murrelets along the coast of the Pacific Baltimore Ecosystem Study: FS research in Northwest. This information will help land use Baltimore has shown the strong interactions planners and conservation biologists assess the among social, ecological, and hydrological relative strengths of marine versus terrestrial systems in urban and surrounding areas, forest factors in setting conservation objectives including the relationship of water quality to for this threatened bird. urban land uses. This knowledge has helped

increase water quality through urban planning, Wetlands research at Institute of Pacific ecological restoration, and the development of Islands Forestry: Provide Pacific Islanders with best management practices and has supported the the understanding they need to be able to successful implementation of the Urban Waters appreciate and conserve their forested wetlands Federal Partnership in the Baltimore pilot project. and to determine the best management practices that contribute to sustainable patterns of use. Chesapeake Bay Scientific and Technical Advisory Committee: The Scientific and Cumulative effects of forest management on Technical Advisory Committee provides hill slope processes, fishery resources, and independent scientific and technical advice based downstream environments: Gain a better on the long term data from urban, and forested understanding of the physical and biological ecosystem projects in the area, to the Chesapeake processes that integrate terrestrial, riparian, and Bay Program. aquatic ecosystems at the watershed scale. Study the production and transport of watershed products such as water, sediment, woody debris, Chesapeake State and Private Forestry nutrients, and heat. Atlantic Ocean Research and Development Maintaining faunal diversity in forest ecosystems of coastal & intermountain west: State and Private Forestry leads the effort to Improve understanding of the interplay among demonstrate how trees and forests improve the species, habitat conditions, and resource health of the Chesapeake watershed by management at multiple spatial scales and levels coordinating with partners and providing grants of ecological organization. Efforts are often to exemplary conservation and restoration focused on issues of immediate regional and projects at the local, State, and regional scales. national interest.

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Percentage of Funds Dedicated to Each Ocean- Do llars in Millio ns Related Pro gram Functio n Other FY Actual 2010 FY Actual 2011 FY Enacted 2012 Science and Policy and Science Great Lakes resources Lakes Great Advancing International Ocean Advancing our understanding of oceans, coasts, and Great Lakes Great and coasts, oceans, management of ocean coastal and and coastal of ocean management Supporting Maritime Transportation Enhance the use, conservation, and

Natural Resourc es Conservation Servic e Conservation Techincal Assistance 100% 69.50 70.80 66.30 Environmental Quality Program 100% 176.10 184.60 210.00 Wetlands Reserve Program 100% 201.60 182.10 226.30 Chesapeake Bay Watershed Initiative 100% 44.00 72.50 51.60 National Institute of Food and Agriculture Habitat Marine (HM), Freshwater 100% 2.50 2.50 2.50 HM, Estuary 100% 0.05 0.05 0.05 HM, Marine 100% 0.05 0.05 0.05 Non-point Source (NS) Estuarine Water, Physical 100% 1.30 1.30 1.30 NS Estuarine Water, Chemical 100% 1.10 1.10 1.10 NS Freshwater, Chemical 100% 3.10 3.10 3.10 NS Freshwater, Physic al 100% 3.20 3.20 3.20 NS Marine, Physic al 100% 0.02 0.02 0.02 NS Marine, Chemic al 100% 0.08 0.08 0.08 Point Pollution 100% 0.03 0.03 0.03 Agric ultural Researc h Servic e Managing Coasts and Their Watersheds 100% 4.00 3.90 3.40 Marine Aquaculture 100% 8.70 5.60 3.20 Economic Research Service Economic Research Service 25% 75% 0.37 0.50 0.42 Forest Servic e Gulf of Mexico / Research & Development FPL - Water basin coming into contact with treated wood 100% 0.01 0.01 0.02 NRS - Perennialization of agric ultural landsc apes 100% 0.02 0.02 0.02 SRS - Center for Forest Watershed Research 100% 1.90 2.10 1.70 SRS - Center for Bottomland Hardwood Research 100% 4.60 4.10 4.70 SRS - Restoration of Mississippi Barrier Islands 100% 0.03 0.03 0.00 SRS - Hurric ane Resilienc e & Restoration of Coastal Plain 100% 0.05 0.06 0.06 Forests SRS - Crayfish of Mississippi 50% 50% 0.05 0.03 0.03 SRS - Alabama shad research 100% 0.02 0.02 0.02 WO - National Agroforestry Center 100% 0.68 0.68 0.68 Gulf of Mexico / State & Private Forestry Gulf - State and Private Forestry 100% 0.50 0.50 0.50 Great Lakes / Research & Development NRS - NW Indian Urban Waters Pilot 90% 10% 0.00 0.07 0.20

NRS - Influence of Fire on Mercury Cycling in W.Great Lakes 100% 0.07 0.07 0.07

Great Lakes / State & Private Forestry Great Lakes - State and Private Forestry 100% 6.90 3.90 3.10 Brownfields Restoration 100% 2.00 1.80 1.30

Emerald Ash Borer - Forest Habitat Restoration/Prevention 100% 3.00 1.40 1.30

Ecosystem Services Program Development 100% 0.65 0.25 0.19 Urban and Community Forestry Assessment 100% 1.00 0.30 0.19 Terrestrial Invasive Species Control 100% 0.25 0.15 0.12 Pacific Ocean / Research & Development PNW - Mapped Atmosphere Plant Soil System 50% 50% 0.40 0.40 0.00 PNW - Land and Watershed Management Program (Pacific 50% 50% 1.10 1.10 0.90 S a lmo n) PNW - Coastal headwater riparian management research 100% 0.10 0.10 0.09 PNW - Role of salmon ecology in the success of population 100% 0.13 0.13 0.11 rec overy PNW - Sc ientific review of Columbia Basin Salmon restoration 100% 0.04 0.04 0.03

PNW - Assessing the risk of c limate c hange and wildfire to 100% 0.13 0.13 0.11 salmon habitat in the interior c olumbia

PNW - How watershed processes affect Alaska coastal flux 100% 0.10 0.10 0.09 PNW - Yellow c edar dec line in Alaska c oastal forest 50% 50% 0.11 0.11 0.09 ecosystem

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE (continued)

Percentage of Funds Dedicated to Each Ocean- Do llars in Millio ns Related Pro gram Functio n Other FY Actual 2010 FY Actual 2011 FY Enacted 2012 Science and Policy and Science Great Lakes resources Lakes Great Advancing International Ocean Advancing our understanding of oceans, coasts, and Great Lakes Great and coasts, oceans, management of ocean coastal and and coastal of ocean management Supporting Maritime Transportation Enhance the use, conservation, and

Forest Service (continued) Pacific Ocean / Research & Development (continued) PNW - Assessing the risk of climate change, timber harvest, 100% 0.25 0.25 0.25 and wildfire to Marbled Murrelet habitat and their population PSW - Wetlands researc h at Institute of Pac ific Islands 100% 0.50 0.50 0.50 Forestry PSW - Cumulative effects of forest management on hillslope 100% 0.60 0.60 0.60 processes, fishery resources & downstream environments

PSW - Maintaining faunal diversity in forest ec osystems of 100% 0.20 0.20 0.20 coastal & intermountain west Chesapeake / Research & Development NRS - Baltimore Ecosystem Study 50% 50% 1.00 1.00 1.00

NRS - Chesapeake Bay Scientific & Tech Advisory Committee 100% 0.02 0.02 0.02

Chesapeake / State & Private Forestry Chesapeake - State and Private Forestry 100% 1.90 0.90 0.90 TOTAL 543.99 552.47 591.72

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DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Oceanic and providing financial and technical assistance and other applied research and capacity-building Atmospheric Administration resources. (NOAA) Mapping and Charting: The Office of Coast Survey is an integral part of NOAA’s overall National Ocean Service (NOS) mission to support the Nation's commerce with information for safe, efficient, and NOS primarily focuses on observing, measuring, environmentally sound transportation. The assessing, and managing the Nation's coasts, Office of Coast Survey works closely with oceans, and Great Lakes, as well as conducting NOAA’s Office of Marine and Aviation response and restoration activities to protect vital Operations (OMAO) to chart the 3.4 million coastal and ocean resources. NOS also works square nautical miles in the U.S. Exclusive with coastal communities to enhance their Economic Zone. resilience to disasters and the impacts of a changing climate. Geodesy: NOAA's Geodesy Program provides a common reference framework, the As a national leader for ocean and coastal National Spatial Reference System (NSRS), for stewardship, NOS promotes a wide range of establishing the coordinate positions of all research and operational activities aimed at better geographic and geospatial data. NSRS provides understanding ocean, coastal, and Great Lakes the underlying positioning framework for ecosystems. NOS provides improvements in the transportation, mapping, charting, and a quality, quantity, geographic distribution, and multitude of scientific and engineering timeliness of ocean and coastal observations. applications. Observations by NOS assets and partners are critical components of the Nation’s Integrated Tides and Currents: The Tide and Current Data Ocean Observing System (IOOS), as well as Program is managed end-to-end by the NOS fundamental contributors to the Global Earth Center for Operational Oceanographic Products Observation System of Systems (GEOSS) and and Services (CO-OPS). CO-OPS adheres to Global Sea Level Observing System (GLOSS). international standards used by other countries NOS mapping, charting, geodetic, and and entities seeking to provide similar geospatial oceanographic activities build on marine and reference systems and data. Observations, coastal observations collected to increase the forecasts and other water level and current efficiency and safety of maritime commerce, products and services are generated and support ocean and coastal resource management, distributed to the marine transportation and address coastal flooding, sea level rise, and community and other users. water quality concerns. Ocean Assessment Program: Within this NOS also protects and manages the special program, NOAA supports a number of offices marine areas of the Nation’s marine sanctuaries, that provide the data and tools that the Nation the Papahānaumokuākea and Rose Atoll Marine needs to manage its ocean and coastal resources. National Monuments, and through partnerships For example, the NOAA Coastal Services Center with coastal states, manages and protects the works with other Federal agencies and local and Nation's valuable coastal zones and nationally State governments to bring information, services, significant estuarine reserves. NOS helps and technology to the Nation's coastal resource Federal, State, local, and international managers managers. The Center is a partner in over 100 build the suite of skills and capacity needed to ongoing projects geared to site-specific coastal protect, restore, and use coastal ecosystems by issues.

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Coastal Management: The Office of Ocean and waters including State waters. NMFS provides Coastal Resource Management (OCRM) provides critical support, scientific and policy leadership in national leadership, strategic direction, and the international arena, and plays a key role in the guidance to State and territory coastal programs, management of living marine resources in coastal and to estuarine research reserves. OCRM works areas under State jurisdiction. NMFS implements with State and territory coastal resource managers science-based conservation and management to implement the Coastal Zone Management Act, actions aimed at sustaining long-term use and with a range of partners to develop a promoting the health of coastal and marine scientifically-based national system of marine ecosystems. These actions result in maximized protected areas and estuarine reserves, and with benefits to the Nation from the use of living numerous stakeholders to protect, sustain, and marine resources. Programmatic authority for restore coral reef ecosystems. fisheries management, species protection, and habitat conservation activities is derived Office of Response and Restoration (OR&R): primarily from the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery NOAA's OR&R protects coastal and marine Conservation and Management Act (MSA), resources, mitigates threats, reduces harm, and Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA), and restores ecological function. The OR&R Endangered Species Act (ESA). Other acts provides comprehensive solutions to provide additional authority for enforcement, environmental hazards caused by oil, chemicals, seafood safety, habitat restoration, and and marine debris and served as NOAA’s front cooperative efforts with States, tribes, interstate line during the Deepwater Horizon BP oil spill fishery commissions, and other countries. All of response. OR&R also conducts oil spill and other these activities rely on a strong scientific and hazard research to improve our ability to respond research competency to support the challenging to events in the future. public policy decision process associated with NMFS’s stewardship responsibility. National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science: NOS’ National Centers for Coastal Ocean Fisheries Research and Management: Science (NCCOS) conduct research, monitoring, The Office of Sustainable Fisheries, the NOAA and assessments to build the scientific foundation regional offices, and the Regional Fishery essential for sustainable use of coastal resources. Management Councils all work cooperatively to Coordinating activities with partner manage fish stocks important to commercial, organizations, NCCOS ensures research activities recreational, and subsistence fisheries. NOAA meet the highest priority science needs, provide a Fisheries Service’s Science Centers and the balanced response to local, regional and national Office of Science and Technology provides the issues, and are utilized by decision makers to research and technology development activities sustain the viability of coastal ecosystems and (including field surveys and catch monitoring, communities. biology, ecology, economic and social sciences, oceanography, engineering, and other disciplines) National Marine Fisheries Service and the analyses of these data to inform the conservation and management of living marine (NMFS) resources.

The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) Protected Species Research and Management: is responsible for the management and NOAA's Office of Protected Resources works to conservation of living marine resources under the conserve, protect, and recover species under the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation Endangered Species Act (ESA) and the Marine Management Act within the U.S. Exclusive Mammal Protection Act (MMPA). Different Economic Zone (EEZ)—the area extending divisions of the program focus on developing generally from three to 200 nautical miles policies and regulations to implement the offshore and, for marine mammals and species provisions of the ESA or MMPA to protect and listed under the Endangered Species Act, in all recover endangered and threatened marine and

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anadromous species, marine mammals, sea The Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research turtles, and the habitat required by each of these (OAR) leads NOAA’s research enterprise, the animals. driving force behind NOAA environmental products and services that protect life and Enforcement and Observers: NOAA’s Office property and promote sustainable economic of Law Enforcement (OLE) is the only Federal growth. It consists of Federal laboratories, law enforcement program that is exclusively Cooperative Institutes, the National Sea Grant dedicated to Federal fisheries and marine College Program, the NOAA Climate Program resource enforcement. OLE is charged with Office, the Office of Weather and Air Quality, enforcing NOAA’s natural resource protection and the Office of Ocean Exploration and laws and improving compliance with Federal Research. These programs are enhanced by regulations to conserve and protect our Nation’s formal and informal partnerships with academia, living marine resources and their natural industry, and governmental agencies. habitat. OLE’s jurisdiction spans more than three million square miles of ocean, more than 85,000 OAR has world-class observational, modeling, miles of U.S. Coastline, the country’s 13 National and technology-development capabilities used to Marine Sanctuaries and its two Marine National understand ocean-atmosphere systems. These Monuments. OLE is responsible for carrying out capabilities better characterize the role of the more than 35 Federal statutes and international oceans in weather and climate, and support agreements related to living marine resources. modeling efforts to predict major coastal storms and hurricanes. Developing and enhancing The goal of the Observer Programs is to provide sophisticated climate models further advances accurate and timely information and analyses on NOAA’s ability to provide climate services. OAR the biological, ecological, economic, and social also provides sustained in situ observations for aspects of the Nation’s fisheries. The scientific understanding the role of the oceans in climate data collected by observer programs are critical variability and potential change. OAR is a world input for population assessments of threatened leader in monitoring and understanding the and endangered species such as sea turtles, influence of natural and anthropogenic seabirds, and marine mammals, and for effective atmospheric constituents, including greenhouse management of the Nation’s fish stocks. gases and aerosols, that may affect climate or influence air quality. Habitat Conservation and Restoration: The Habitat Conservation and Restoration Program’s OAR, in partnership with academic and Federal mission is to protect and restore habitats for a scientists, provides research-based information broad range of societal benefits. This includes and predictive capabilities to assist management conserving habitat for living marine resources of U.S. territorial waters. OAR information such as stocks of commercial and recreational supports decisions regarding fisheries, coral reefs, fisheries, protected species, increasing the and water-resource management; the resiliency of coastal communities, providing for biotechnological and geological potential of the public’s use and enjoyment, and supporting hydrothermal vent systems; depleted populations the biodiversity on which marine and coastal of exploited or protected species; and ecosystems depend. The program provides development and understanding of the physical, technical support for many Federal programs on chemical, and biological aspects of the oceans matters such as minimizing adverse impacts, and Great Lakes. restoration, and post-hoc evaluation. The National Sea Grant College Program: Sea Grant fosters scientific and economic Oceanic and Atmospheric Research advances in sustainable marine aquaculture, (OAR or NOAA Research) marine biotechnology, commercial and recreational fishing, aquatic nuisance species

A-13 2010-2011 Federal Ocean and Coastal Activities Report to the U.S. Congress research and outreach, marine education, seafood infrastructure activities (including research, technology, and harmful algal blooms. technology development and observing system implementation) that are central to meeting Ocean, Coastal, & Great Lakes Research NOAA’s climate goals and has a strong history of Laboratories & Cooperative Institutes: Ocean, innovation to meet the challenge of fielding a Coastal and Great Lakes Research develop robust, accurate observation activity. innovative management tools through a better understanding of our ocean, coastal, and Great National Weather Service (NWS) Lakes habitats and resources. The research serves to increase understanding of coastal and The mission of the National Weather Service is to marine processes for the purpose of protecting provide weather, hydrologic, and climate and restoring ecosystems. Efforts include forecasts and warnings for the United States, its predicting, monitoring, and mitigating the effects territories, adjacent waters, and ocean areas for of change on ecosystems over time (e.g., invasive the protection of life and property as well as the species, human activities such as energy enhancement of the national economy. NWS production, land-based sources of pollution, supports the infrastructure of critical ocean climate change) and gaining a better observations; telecommunication and data understanding of the current state of those management functions; and the provision of a systems in order to help decision makers manage number of advisory, warning, and forecast the resources. services. Most NWS ocean program activities support the national observation infrastructure Ocean Exploration: Ocean Exploration efforts and related advisories, warnings, and forecasts focus on the first step of the scientific process – needed for the safety of life and the overall initial investigation of the unknown to quality of the earth’s environment. Important characterize natural features and ocean-related activities supported within the phenomena. Areas to be explored are identified NWS are: by working with other NOAA programs and Federal agencies, as well as the academic Marine Observations: Continuous, real-time community, and emphasis is given to areas where monitoring of ocean and atmospheric elements there is consensus that the potential for discovery supports weather, water, and seasonal climate is high. prediction. The NWS operates the National Data Buoy Center, which designs, develops, operates, Other Ecosystem Programs – Ocean and maintains a marine observational network of Acidification: NOAA’s investment in the over 150 data collection buoys and 55 coastal research described in the NOAA Ocean and Great stations. Lakes Acidification Research Plan accelerates understanding to a pace that can adequately Marine Weather Services: The NWS issues inform national and international mitigation and marine forecasts and warnings for the U.S. adaptation decision-making that will best coastal, Great Lakes, offshore areas, as well as conserve marine ecosystems and sustain the for high-sea areas of international waters that are critical services that oceans, coastal, and Great the responsibility of the U.S. Lakes ecosystems provide to the national economy. Tropical Cyclone Support: The NWS issues forecasts, watches, and warnings for tropical Climate Research Laboratories & Cooperative cyclones for the United States and its territories. Institutes/AOML & PMEL: OAR’s Climate It operates the National Hurricane Center in Observations and Monitoring program provides Miami, Florida, and the Central Pacific Hurricane and interprets oceanographic data and conducts Center in Honolulu, Hawaii. research relevant to decadal climate change and coastal ecosystems. OAR’s Climate Observations and Analysis program provides core

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Tsunami Program: The NWS operates the Ocean Remote Sensing: The Ocean Remote West Coast/Alaska Tsunami Warning Center in Sensing program directly addresses NOAA’s Palmer, Alaska and the Pacific Tsunami Warning mission to describe and predict changes in the Center in Ewa Beach, Hawaii; hosts the Earth’s environment by supporting integrated, International Tsunami Information Center; quality, end-to-end ocean remote sensing maintains the Deep-ocean Assessment and research and applications. ORS provides the Reporting of Tsunamis buoy station network; oceanographic user community with a suite of operates a local network of seismic stations; and multi-disciplinary, high-quality space-based data, contributes to the national water level network. products, and services sourced from domestic and international satellite constellations. These data, Arctic Ocean Marine Weather Service: With products, and services support the U.S. Integrated the permanent Arctic sea-ice cover diminishing, Ocean Observing System (IOOS), which is part the Arctic Ocean is anticipated to become of the international Global Ocean Observing seasonally navigable. In 2009, the National System (GOOS). Weather Service (NWS) Alaska Region established a new experimental offshore marine National Ice Center: NESDIS is the home of weather service zone in the Arctic Ocean north of the National Ice Center, a multi-agency Alaska that extends out to 200 nautical miles operational center whose mission is to provide from Alaska’s north shore to cover the entire U.S. the highest-quality strategic and tactical ice exclusive economic zone (EEZ) in the Arctic services tailored to meet the operational Ocean. The NWS currently provides operational requirements of U.S. interests and to provide marine weather and sea-ice forecast services for specialized meteorological and oceanographic the new offshore marine zone to ensure weather services to U.S. government agencies. and sea-ice safety for the expected increase in Comprehensive ice forecasts will be essential to maritime commercial and recreational activities advancing U.S. interests in the Arctic. in the Arctic. NOAA Data Centers and Information National Environmental Satellite, Services: NOAA’s National Data Centers provide stewardship and access to the world’s Data, and Information Service largest collection of publicly available national (NESDIS) and international climatic, oceanographic, and geophysical data and information. The National The National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Oceanographic Data Center (NODC) provides Information Service ensures continuous scientific stewardship to marine data. The operational availability and access to National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) focuses environmental satellite data and information from on stewardship and access to the Nation’s both NOAA and non-NOAA satellites as well as resource of global climate and weather-related global in-situ observation networks. data and information, and assesses and monitors climate variation and change. The National Environmental Satellite Observing Systems: Geophysical Data Center focuses on Nation's NESDIS’s remote sensing activities address an geophysical data, ensuring quality, integrity, and expanded suite of ocean, coastal, and terrestrial accessibility. Implementation of the U.S. sensing needs. NESDIS also supports research Academic Fleet and NOAA Rolling-deck to partnerships to enable the transition of remote Repository (R2R) efforts as part of the Integrated sensing products into operational availability. Ocean and Coastal Mapping Program further These products and services range from ensures data collected aboard the university and worldwide operational sea-ice analyses and NOAA fleet will be described, managed, and forecasts; search and rescue of aviators, mariners, available for re-use. and land-based users in distress; and the detection and prediction of coral reef bleaching and Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS): JPSS harmful algal blooms. addresses NOAA’s requirements to provide

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global environmental data such as cloud imagery, environmental literacy efforts through sea-surface temperature, atmospheric profiles of collaboration with external partners. temperature and moisture, atmospheric ozone concentrations, search and rescue, direct read-out, Office of Marine and Aviation and data collection services. These data are used Operations (OMAO) in numerical weather prediction models primarily

for 2 to7 day forecasts and for climate The mission of NOAA’s Office of Marine and monitoring. The JPSS satellites include the Aviation Operations is to provide high-quality Visible Infrared Radiometer Suite instrument— ship and aircraft operations and scientific support a technological advanced sensor designed to to NOAA. It operates and maintains 12 aircraft collect radiometric imagery in visible and and the NOAA fleet of 18 commissioned research infrared wavelengths of the land, atmosphere, ice, and survey vessels, provides guidance and and ocean. assistance for outsourced ship and aircraft

support, conducts the NOAA Diving Program, Satellite Altimetry Mission – Jason-3: Jason-3 and administers the NOAA Commissioned is a joint-satellite-altimetry mission between Corps. The NOAA Commissioned Corps – the NOAA, the European Organization for the smallest of the Nation’s seven uniformed services Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites – operates ships and aircraft, leads mobile field (EUMETSAT), and the Centre National d'Etudes parties, manages research projects, conducts Spatiales (CNES). NOAA, with assistance from diving operations, and serves in program NASA, will provide three instruments: Advanced positions throughout NOAA. Microwave Radiometer, GPS Payload, (GPSP),

Laser Retroreflector Array (LRA), Launch The NOAA fleet provides platforms for the Vehicle, and Launch Services, in addition to collection of oceanographic and atmospheric data Ground System and Operations. Jason-3 will required to meet NOAA’s environmental and provide continuity of precise measurement of sea scientific missions. The fleet conducts complex [ocean] surface heights for applications in ocean hydrographic surveys to support nautical climatology and ocean weather. charting; oceanographic and atmospheric

research to study global climate change; Office of Education fisheries-stock and marine-mammal assessments; and monitoring of coastal habitats and pollution NOAA's Office of Education provides advice and trends. NOAA’s aircraft collect environmental counsel to the Under Secretary of Commerce for and geographic data for NOAA hurricane and Oceans and Atmosphere in matters pertaining to other severe-weather and atmospheric research; education. The office, in conjunction with the provide aerial support for coastal, aeronautical- Education Council, coordinates educational charting, and remote-sensing projects; conduct activities across NOAA and develops NOAA's aerial surveys to help predict flooding potential Education Strategic Plan and policy. These from snow melt; and provide support to NOAA's efforts help to ensure that NOAA's education fishery- research and marine-mammal assessment programs and activities are based on NOAA programs. science and support the agency's cross-cutting priority of promoting environmental literacy. The Office of Education directly implements and National Institute of Standards manages scholarship programs aimed at fostering American competitiveness in science by and Technology providing quality educational opportunities for the next generation. The Office of Education has The National Institute of Standards and also offered competitive grant programs at the Technology (NIST) is a non-regulatory Federal national and regional level to promote agency within the U.S. Department of Commerce. NIST promotes U.S. innovation and industrial competitiveness by advancing

A-16 2010-2011 Federal Ocean and Coastal Activities Report to the U.S. Congress measurement science, standards, and technology in environmental quality. NIST also develops in ways that enhance economic security and and administers chemical measurement quality improve quality of life. NIST laboratories assurance exercises among various chemical conduct research that advances the Nation’s laboratories (foreign and domestic) that analyze technology infrastructure and is needed by U.S. marine environmental samples (particularly for industry to continually improve products and contaminants) and develops analytical reference services. NIST Scientific and Technical and control materials to insure that coastal Research and Services activities develop and management decisions affecting changes in provide the tools for advanced measurements, legislation, health, trade, and economics are quality assurance quality control procedures and based on valid chemical measurements. Also products (such as Standard Reference Materials) under this program, NIST builds strategic that are applied to measurements by the ocean collaborations within the ocean-science research and scientific monitoring community. community to advance measurement technology for the solution of ocean issues. Through NIST’s National Marine Analytical Quality Assurance Program (NMAQAP) and its Through NIST’s Biosciences NMR activities at work in marine health biosciences, NIST is a the HML, NIST is advancing the science of strategic partner with NOAA. As a major part of NMR-based metabolomics measurements to be these strategic collaborations, NIST is a partner applied to marine animal health, disease research, in NOAA’s Hollings Marine Laboratory (HML) and development of improved monitoring and maintains laboratories and a staff of scientists techniques for commercial aquaculture at this coastal research facility who collaborate operations. with the other HML partners and other national and international ocean-science professionals to Through the Pacific Islands Biorepository provide the science necessary for understanding Program, NIST is expanding ongoing linkages between environmental conditions and environmental specimen banking programs and the health of marine organisms and humans. their associated analytical environmental Through NMAQAP, NIST conducts a cryogenic chemistry activities into the U.S. Pacific Islands banking program of marine-environmental Region to address environmental issues, many of specimens for the assessment of long-term trends which are unique to this vast region.

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DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Percentage of Funds Dedicated to Each Ocean- Do llars in Millio ns Related Pro gram Functio n Other FY Actual 2010 FY Actual 2011 FY Enacted 2012 Science and Policy and Science Great Lakes resources Lakes Great Advancing International Ocean Advancing our understanding of oceans, coasts, and Great Lakes Great and coasts, oceans, management of ocean coastal and and coastal of ocean management Supporting Maritime Transportation Enhance the use, conservation, and

National Oc eanic and Atmospheric Administration National Oc ean Servic e (NOS) Operations, Researc h and Fac ilities Mapping and Charting 100% 96.70 92.10 91.70 Geodesy 100% 37.00 33.10 28.80 Tide and Current Data 100% 33.20 29.80 27.40 Ocean Assessment Program 100% 112.00 88.90 91.80 Coastal Management 100% 104.90 106.90 101.10 Response and Restoration 100% 28.10 24.50 26.60 National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science 100% 54.70 55.30 44.90 Marine Sanc tuary Program 100% 53.00 44.90 47.10 Procurement, Acquisition and Construction Coastal and Estuarine Land Conservation Program 100% 20.70 10.40 3.00 NERRS Construction & Acquisition 100% 6.90 4.00 1.00 Marine Sanc tuaries Fac ilities 100% 14.10 5.40 4.00 Other NOS Construction/Acquisition 100% 0.90 2.20 0.00 National Marine Fishieries Servic e Operations, Researc h and Fac ilities Fisheries Research and Management 45% 55% 462.60 441.90 426.10 Protected Species Research and Management 51% 48% 1% 203.20 190.50 174.20 Enforcement and Observers/Training 96% 4% 105.70 107.40 105.40 Habitat Conservation and Restoration 45% 10% 45% 70.60 42.90 41.70 Other Ac tivities Supporting Fisheries 33% 67% 100.80 74.50 57.50 Other NMFS Accounts Other Accounts 36% 64% 35.30 31.10 25.30 Pac ific Coastal Salmon Fund 88% 12% 79.90 79.80 65.00 Procurement, Acquisition and Construction NMFS Construction 100% 2.10 1.50 0.00 Oceanic and Atmospheric Research National Sea Grant College Program 53% 47% 63.20 61.40 62.20 Ocean, Coastal, & Great Lakes Research Labortories and 29% 3% 63% 5% 21.90 22.00 22.80 Joint Institutes Oc ean Exploration 100% 22.40 18.20 19.40 Other Ec osystem Programs - Oc ean Ac idific ation 9% 91% 0.00 6.40 6.20 Climate Research Labs & Joint Institutes / AOML & PMEL 8% 82% 10% 15.10 15.10 14.50 National Undersea Research Program 100% 8.90 7.40 4.00 Other Ocean, Coastal and Great Lakes Partnership Programs 53% 47% 15.00 0.00 0.00 National Weather Servic e U.S. Marine Observations 10% 10% 80% 31.10 31.20 35.20 U.S. Marine Weather Program 30% 70% 18.70 18.80 18.80 U.S. Tropical Cyclone Program 100% 20.60 20.70 20.70 U.S. Tsunami Warning Program 100% 23.20 23.20 23.50 Storm Surge Program 100% 0.20 0.20 0.20 Marine Modeling 30% 70% 3.30 3.40 3.40 National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Servic e (NESDIS) Operations, Researc h and Fac ilities Ocean Remote Sensing 53% 11% 30% 6% 3.80 3.90 3.90 Ice Services 100% 2.20 2.20 2.20 Other Environmental Observing Services 65% 35% 10.90 10.90 10.90 Archive, Access and Assessment 20% 32% 32% 12% 5% 17.80 18.30 18.40 Climate Database Modernization Program (CDMP) 30% 60% 10% 0.30 0.00 0.00 International Pacific Research Center (IPRC) (U. of HI) 25% 75% 1.50 0.00 0.00 Integrated Data and Envir. App. (IDEA) Center (formerly 10% 20% 20% 50% 3.00 0.00 0.00 Pacific Ocean and Envir. Info. Ctr.) Procurement, Acquisition and Construction GOES Series 30% 60% 10% 89.20 86.50 79.70 POES 25% 75% 2.60 2.40 1.90 JPSS 10% 20% 20% 50% 45.90 51.90 110.90 Jason-3 5% 15% 80% 20.00 20.00 19.70

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DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE (continued)

Percentage of Funds Dedicated to Each Ocean- Do llars in Millio ns Related Pro gram Functio n Other FY Actual 2010 FY Actual 2011 FY Enacted 2012 Science and Policy and Science Great Lakes resources Lakes Great Advancing International Ocean Advancing our understanding of oceans, coasts, and Great Lakes Great and coasts, oceans, management of ocean coastal and and coastal of ocean management Supporting Maritime Transportation Enhance the use, conservation,and

Program Support Operations, Researc h and Fac ilities NOAA Education Program 50% 50% 59.50 29.50 25.10 Corporate Servic es 40% 20% 25% 5% 10% 75.60 75.60 74.60 Fac ilities 100% 12.10 11.60 9.80 Procurement, Acquisition and Construction Construction 100% 95.20 15.00 0.00 Offic e of Marine and Aviation Operations Operations, Researc h and Fac ilities Marine Services 57% 25% 18% 120.90 130.10 128.30 Airc raft Servic es 25% 60% 15% 3.50 3.50 3.50 Fleet Planning & Maintenance 45% 29% 26% 28.10 23.60 27.00 Procurement, Acquisition and Construction Fleet Replacement 100% 81.60 2.20 2.00 National Institute of Standards and Technology Sc ientific Tec hnic al Researc h and Servic es Biosc ienc es NMR 100% 0.70 0.70 0.70 Marine Analytic al Quality Assuranc e Program 100% 2.70 2.70 2.70 Marine Biosc ienc es 100% 1.00 1.00 1.00 Pac ific Islands Biorepository 100% 0.80 0.80 0.80 TOTAL 2544.90 2177.60 2116.60

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DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

Office of the Secretary of environmental needs. These technologies provide a return on investment through cost Defense Sciences savings and improved efficiency. The current cost of environmental remediation and Strategic Environmental Research & regulatory compliance in the Department is Development Program (SERDP) significant. Innovative technology offers the opportunity to reduce costs and environmental

risks. For example, the Department of Defense SERDP is DOD’s environmental research and is responsible for a large number of development program. SERDP was established contaminated sites and ranges with unexploded by the Defense Authorization Act of 1991 as a ordnance in coastal and estuarine environments. partnership among the Department of Defense Advanced technologies will improve our ability (DOD), the Department of Energy (DOE), and to assess, monitor, and remediate contaminated the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). sediments and unexploded ordnance at these The Program brings the capabilities and assets of sites. the Federal laboratories, together with top researchers in academia and industry, to bear on the environmental challenges faced by the Department of the Navy Department of Defense. To address the highest priority issues confronting the Army, Navy, and The U.S. Navy’s ocean and coastal activities are Air Force, SERDP focuses on cross-service performed by the Office of Naval Research and requirements and pursues solutions to the the Oceanographer of the Navy. Through their Department’s most intractable problems. research and coordination with other agencies, SERDP invests in science and technology that universities and research organizations, they improves our understanding of marine develop and maintain expertise in wide ranging mammals, their populations, locations and areas of ocean science to ensure that the Navy behavior. In addition, SERDP invests in meets its mission of maintaining, training and technologies to detect and remediate unexploded equipping combat-ready forces capable of ordnance in marine and estuarine settings, as winning wars, deterring aggression and well as science to improve our understanding of maintaining freedom of the seas. the fate, transport and effects of energetic materials, and other contaminants in the marine Office of Naval Research (ONR) environment. Researchers supported by SERDP are developing the methodologies and tools The Office of Naval Research executes, needed to assess the physical effects of sea-level transitions, and promotes science and rise and storm surges and their impacts to technology (S&T) for the for the benefit of the mission-essential infrastructure. Finally, United States Navy and Marine Corps. ONR’s SERDP is operating the Defense extramural programs use universities, Coastal/Estuarine Research Project at Marine government laboratories, non-profit Corps Base Camp Lejeune. organizations, and business both small and large. It provides technical advice to the Chief of Environmental Security Technology Naval Operations and the Secretary of the Navy, Certification Program (ESTCP) works with industry to improve technology manufacturing processes while reducing fleet The ESTCP’s goal is to demonstrate and costs or extending fleet capabilities, provides validate promising, innovative technologies that graduate and post-graduate S&T training, and target the Department of Defense’s most urgent fosters continuing academic interest in naval relevant science from the grade school to

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professional levels. It has programs in a number the impact that the variable oceanic environment of ocean related areas. will have on naval sensors, systems, or platforms. A current major investment in this Naval Ocean Sciences area is on extending the lead time of skillful ocean forecasts to provide both tactical and Basic research areas included in this program are strategic exploitation of ocean variability by physical oceanography, arctic and global naval operators. Additional significant prediction, littoral geosciences and optics, ocean investments are made in improving the engineering and marine systems, undersea signal capability to observe the ocean in situ through processing, and ocean acoustics. The basic the development of better sensing platforms research supported in these areas is such as underwater gliders, floats, surface competitively selected to have potential for drifters, and autonomous underwater vehicles. significant future impact on naval operations and The enhanced exploitation of remote sensing of warfare. Research directions focus on physical the ocean is another area of interest, with the process elucidation, modeling, and predicting development of new methodologies to extract processes in the air/ocean/shore/ice ocean information and assimilate this environments as they might affect naval information in environmental models a key operations and sensor and system performance aspect of the research under this program. The in the world’s oceans with emphasis on littoral capabilities developed via this applied regions around the globe. Principal investigators oceanographic research effort often prove useful are primarily in the academic community but for the operational DoD enterprise, as well as for they collaborate with Navy labs, other Federal, State, and local agencies. university/Navy labs, other government labs, and private industry. Much of the knowledge National Ocean Partnership Program gained in this research is useful to other agency programs and to State and local entities, both This program was established in FY 1997 public and private. through Public Law 104-201 with the aims to: promote the national goals of assuring national Applied Ocean Research security, advancing economic development, protecting quality of life, and strengthening Applied oceanographic research at ONR is science education and communication through focused on maturing the knowledge gained improved knowledge of the ocean; and under our basic research programs into coordinate and strengthen oceanographic efforts improved capabilities for observing, predicting, in support of those goals by identifying and and adapting to the ocean environment. The carrying out partnerships among Federal research within the various oceanographic agencies, academia, and industry in the areas of disciplines is synthesized into a coherent data, resources, education, and communication. methodology that provides naval operators with Strong links exists among 14 Federal agencies an enhanced awareness of the present and future (Navy, NOAA, NSF, NASA, DoE, EPA, USCG, ocean environment. This is achieved through DoI/USGS, DoI/BOEM, DARPA, OSTP, OMB, the advancement of observational capabilities of DOS & USACoE). Efforts funded under this the ocean via new platforms and sensors, program involve partnerships between various improvements in predictive models of the components of the oceanographic community, oceanic environment, and tools that enable focusing most recently on the implementation of adaptation to the ocean's variability. an U.S- integrated ocean-observation system, Improvements in this methodology are targets study of waves, of tropical cyclones, bio sensors, for potential transition to the Navy's operational and Arctic processes. meteorology/oceanography community, whether resulting from better environmental models, new Marine Mammals observational tools, or a better understanding of

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This program provides both basic and applied research and development. In 2012, the research to better understand and characterize Oceanographer of the Navy acquired the potential effects of Navy sound exposure on responsibility for funding the Navy’s marine mammals in an effort to minimize meteorology and oceanography Operations & disruption to marine mammals and other Maintenance (O&M, N) funding from the Chief protected marine life during naval activities. of Naval Operations (N43). Program areas include: development of resources to monitor and mitigate potentially The Navy provides meteorological services for adverse interactions between naval activities and Navy and joint forces, meteorological products the marine environment; investigations of the to the Marine Corps, and oceanographic support overall ecology of marine mammals including to all elements of the Department of Defense, as the development of sensors and tags that can well as to allied and coalition partners. The provide the data needed to understand the Navy sponsors programs in four closely related relationship between marine mammals and their disciplines to provide worldwide, environment; investigations of the effects of comprehensive, integrated weather and ocean sound on marine life including understanding support, namely: meteorology, oceanography, how they hear, behavioral response studies to geospatial information and services, and precise understand how anthropogenic sound effects time and astrometry. All are used to protect their behavior, understanding their physiology ships, aircraft, fighting forces, and shore including how they have evolved for diving, establishments from adverse ocean and weather how they respond to stress, and what are the conditions, and to provide a decisive tactical, population consequences of acoustic operational, and strategic edge by exploiting the disturbance; and predictive modeling and physical environment. The Oceanographer of quantitative risk assessment for anthropogenic the Navy is also the Director of Oceanography, sounds in the marine environment. Principal Space, and Maritime Domain Awareness for the investigators include members of the academic Navy. community, government labs, and private industry. The Marine Mammal Program works Navy Oceanography Operations closely with Federal, State, and non-U.S. agencies charged with conservation and This program provides a wide array of essential management of the marine environment to better tactical, operational strategic METOC products facilitate the dissemination of program results. and services to operating forces afloat and Results from this program are presented in peer- ashore. These services include collecting and reviewed professional literature and similar processing environmental data using resources outlets for scientific information, and are such as oceanographic ships, aircraft, satellites, summarized in annual reports provided to the and computing systems. These products and U.S. Marine Mammal Commission and the services enhance the performance of active and National Academy of Sciences and made passive sensor and weapon systems; optimize publicly available on the Program website. the effectiveness of the sea-control mission for Recognizing the public interest in marine mine counter-measures; and identify the mammals, the program includes efforts for environmental effects that influence the outreach and education to allow new knowledge performance of fixed and mobile warfare to reach a broad audience. systems and tactics. General and tailored oceanographic, acoustic, and meteorological Oceanographer of the Navy forecasts are provided daily to fleet commanders and individual operating units from the The Chief of Naval Operations, through the Meteorology and Oceanography Command's Oceanographer of the Navy, sponsors numerical modeling and forecasting centers and operational Navy Meteorology and from forecasting support activities located Oceanography (METOC) services and related worldwide. Funding primarily supports national

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security interests and also benefits maritime development of capabilities to assess the commerce. abundance and habitat requirements of species of interest on Navy ranges and usage areas, Naval Oceanography - Research and transition of new research findings by ONR Development to Support Operations Marine Mammals Program and other research programs into science-based, risk-assessment

criteria and regulatory thresholds, development This program enables the warfighter of the of sound exposure data and models, and future to effectively carry out their mission by development, test, and evaluation of new transitioning to operational use research technologies for monitoring and mitigating the performed by the Office of Naval Research. The environmental effects of at-sea Navy activities. Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command is The Living Marine Resources Program works the primary office responsible for transitioning closely with Navy operational commands (fleets Naval research to operational use. All research and acquisition programs) to identify applied and development funded by the Oceanographer science needs and to transition successfully of the Navy is in direct support of the Naval developed and validated work products to mission. operational applications.

Naval Oceanography Acquisition U.S. Army Corps of Engineers This funds new and replacement meteorological equipment for all Navy and Marine Corps Air The Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) carries Stations, all Navy ships, USMC Operational out regulatory, coastal storm damage reduction, Forces units and other activities required to navigation, environmental restoration, and provide weather observations and provides research and development missions that are safety of flight capabilities. The procurement significant components of Federal coastal and has been thoroughly coordinated with other ocean activities, and include the planning, DOD and civilian agencies. Program also funds design, engineering, and operation of the replacement of Survey Vessel shipboard mission relevant infrastructure. The Corps supports a equipment, deep and multi-beam SONARs, Side coastal wave data collection program, conducts Scan SONARs, Hydrographic Survey Launches, coastal and inland mapping and surveying, Ship Moving Vessel Profilers, Unmanned Under provides hindcast data bases of waves and water Water Gliders, and Autonomous Underwater levels, provides analytical tools for evaluating Vehicles. The Oceanographer of the Navy also the water and sediment elements of several funded through its SCN, two new research coastal-ocean linked watersheds, tracks several vessels (one in FY 2011; one in FY 2012), to be indicator (target) species, monitors habitats, and operated by civilian research institutions in develops engineering guidance documents that coordination with the University National are used widely in both the public and private Oceanographic Laboratory System (UNOLS). sectors. The Corps' Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory is renowned for the contributions to ocean and coastal science. CNO Energy and Environmental Readiness - Living Marine Resources Funding for the Corps’ ocean and coastal activities is provided through the following This program provides applied research support programs: for operational Navy environmental compliance needs related to effects of Navy activities on marine mammals and protected marine species, Construction with the current, highest priorities related to the effects of Navy sonars and other sound sources The Corps builds navigation projects, which on marine mammals. Program areas include: generally consist of dredging entrance and exit channels as well as harbors to a greater depth

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and width to allow larger vessels to safely Operation and Maintenance navigate in and out of the harbors and ports. These projects may also include structures such The objective of the Corps is to ensure reliable as breakwaters and jetties that are integral to mission achievement in order to return value their functioning. The Navigation program back to national investment. These projects mission is to provide safe, reliable, efficient, were built to meet national needs through effective, and environmentally-sustainable, prioritized investments of Federal funds, and to waterborne-transportation systems for recognize this, the Corps ensures that reliable movement of commence, national security performance and maximum sustainable needs, and recreation. The Corps also constructs operating life is achieved through its Operation coastal, storm-damage-reduction projects, which and Maintenance programs. generally consist of “soft” engineering structures like beach nourishment, which involves This general area provides funding for the dredging sand from the ocean inlets and placing operation, maintenance, and care of existing it on the shore. The Storm Damage Reduction harbors and related works, including (SDR) program contributes to the national effort maintenance of harbor channels provided by a to reduce flood risk by protecting lives, homes, State, municipality, or other public agency that business, agricultural areas, public serve the navigation needs of general commerce infrastructure, and critical environmental areas. where authorized by law; clearing and Further, the Corps protects and restores the straightening channels and removal of environment through the restoration of aquatic obstructions to navigation. This work consists ecosystems working with partners and of dredging, repair, and operation of structures stakeholders to restore degraded ecosystem and other facilities. Related activities include structure, function, and processes to more aquatic plant control, monitoring of completed natural conditions. coastal projects, removal of sunken vessels, and the collection of domestic waterborne commerce Investigation statistics.

In addition to the planning studies for coastal, Coastal Wetlands Restoration storm-damage reduction, ecosystem restoration, and navigation, the Corps also works with local The Corps uses funds transferred annually from and regional partners to develop and implement the Sport Fish Restoration Account of the Regional Sediment Management Plans, which Aquatic Resource Trust Fund for the planning, focus on managing sediment transport within the protection, and restoration of coastal wetlands in watershed to benefit navigation and wildlife Louisiana. habitat.

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DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

Percentage of Funds Dedicated to Each Ocean- Do llars in Millio ns Related Pro gram Functio n Other FY Actual 2010 FY Actual 2011 FY Enacted 2012 Science and Policy and Science Great Lakes resources Lakes Great Advancing International Ocean Advancing our understanding of oceans, coasts, and Great Lakes Great and coasts, oceans, management of ocean coastal and and coastal of ocean management Supporting Maritime Transportation Enhance the use, conservation, and

Office of the Secretary of Defense Sciences

Strategic Environmental Research and 50% 50% 8.40 10.10 8.00 Development Program Environmental Security Technology 100% 3.90 2.60 4.00 Certification Program Department of Navy Office of Naval Research Naval Ocean Sciences 100% 78.52 82.57 84.63 Applied Ocean Research 100% 23.76 18.50 17.97

National Oceanographic Partnership Program 100% 8.23 8.42 8.61

Marine Mammals 100% 11.41 11.68 11.90 Oceanographer of the Navy Naval Oceanography Operations 100% 324.08 319.81 231.78 Naval Oc eanography Ac quisition 100% 66.05 158.77 166.78 Naval Oceanography R & D 100% 94.25 87.96 34.12 CNO Energy and Environmental Readiness Living Marine Resourc es 100% 7.81 7.65 8.16 Department of Army - Corps of Engineers Construction Environment 100% 45.15 33.81 70.28 Flood Risk Management 100% 10.30 24.30 6.90 Navigation 100% 305.11* 245.50** 166.16 Others 49% 51% 9.47 12.72 9.69 Investigations Environment 100% 16.07 13.34 17.14 Flood Risk Management 8% 92% 3.18 3.58 2.48 Navigation 100% 12.50^ 7.40^^ 16.90 Others 100% 4.50 4.00 3.60 Operations and Maintenance Environment 100% 0.50 1.60 1.00 Flood Risk Management 100% 7.40 10.10 8.30 Navigation 100% 1429.10⁰ 1114.17 791.42 Others 44% 44% 12% 0.40 0.60 4.87 ⁰⁰ Coastal Wetlands Restoration Aquatic Resource Trust Fund - Sport Fish 100% 90.60 51.00 85.00 Restoration Account TOTAL 813.98 863.11 1759.69

* Includes $119.12M American Reinvestment and Recovery Act (ARRA) and $0.33M Supplemental appropriations ** Includes $87.76M ARRA appropriations ^ Includes $1.70M ARRA appropriations ^^ Includes $0.46M ARRA appropriations ⁰ Includes $387.94M ARRA and $236.05M Supplemental appropriations ⁰⁰ Includes $155.74M ARRA and $133.78M Supplemental appropriations

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DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

Office of Science the world. This inter-comparison is increasingly important as climate models become more

complex, so that biases and uncertainties within The Office of Science account supports research and between models can be scientifically programs in condensed matter and materials described and resolved. The nature and causes physics, chemistry, biology, climate and of differences between models and their outputs environmental sciences, applied mathematics, must be accounted for in a systematic fashion in computational science, high-energy physics, order to confidently use these models for nuclear physics, plasma physics, and fusion simulation of global climate change. A data energy sciences. The account also provides the management activity is also supported to collect, Nation's researchers with state-of-the-art user quality assure, and make ocean-carbon data facilities offering capabilities that are unmatched available to the research community. Data anywhere in the world and enable U.S. include discrete measurements from a variety of researchers and industries to remain at the platforms (e.g., research ships, commercial forefront of science, technology, and innovation. ships, buoys), and measurements are collected from deep and shallow waters from all oceans. Biological and Environmental All ocean carbon data originate from individual Research investigators and groups.

The Biological and Environmental Research The Biological and Environmental Research (BER) program within the Department of program within the Department of Energy’s Energy’s (DOE) Office of Science supports Office of Science supports research aimed at research to understand the physical, chemical, achieving systems level understanding of plants, and biological processes affecting the Earth’s microbes, and microbial communities in various atmosphere, land, and oceans and how these environments relevant to DOE missions in processes may be affected, either directly or energy, climate, and the environment. indirectly, by changes in radiative forcing of Advancing our knowledge of biological climate resulting from energy production and components of the global carbon-cycle is crucial use, primarily the emission of carbon dioxide to predicting potential climate change impacts and aerosols from fossil fuel combustion. and assessing the viability of potential Research is conducted to develop, improve, adaptation and mitigation strategies. Genomic evaluate, and apply state-of-the-science coupled science research in this area is targeted towards ocean-land-sea ice models that simulate climate linking biogeochemical processes relevant to variability and change over decadal to centennial carbon cycling to key, functional activities time scales. The goal is to achieve encoded in the genomes of organisms that understanding of regional climate variability and mediate these processes. Activities include change on scales as small as 15 km. Research is extending genomics driven research and supported to project dynamical change for the analytical capabilities to field experiments in ocean, land-ice, and sea-ice components of these terrestrial ecosystems and understanding models by including state-of-the-science systems biology of important model organisms knowledge and to ensure that these models from either terrestrial or ocean systems. operate on a range of computer architectures to maximize their utility to the scientific Office of Fossil Energy R&D community. Research is also supported to develop improved methods and tools for the The Office of Fossil Energy conducts R&D on diagnosis and inter-comparison of the variety of technologies to improve the environmentally climate models developed by scientists around sound exploration and production of

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hydrocarbon resources in the ocean completely stimulate the reservoir zone environment. Specifically, the program is and the need for re-fracture treatments is focused on electrical component design, minimized. reservoir modeling, and drilling technologies for • Minimize surface disruption associated use in high-temperature and high-pressure with shale gas development. environments. In addition, the program conducts R&D to improve our understanding of DOE is also enhancing the Risk Based Data hydrate formations, their role in the global Management System by adding new components carbon cycle, and their potential as an energy relevant to environmental topics associated with resource. hydraulic fracturing to enhance the protection of ground-water resources, and supporting Methane Hydrates Research STRONGER (the State Review of Oil and Natural Gas Environmental Regulation). DOE is evaluating methane hydrates as a future energy resource for the Nation. Research on Ultra-Deepwater and Unconventional technologies to locate, characterize, and safely Natural Gas extract natural gas from methane-hydrate formations is ongoing. Significant scientific DOE is engaged in research to extend the work must be completed before methane scientific understanding of the various processes hydrates can be considered a producible, natural- and phenomena that directly impact the design gas-resource. The present challenge is to and operation of an ultra-deepwater production determine whether methane-hydrate deposits can system. This effort involves understanding and yield methane gas at the rates necessary to make quantifying the safety and environmental risks high-cost Arctic or deepwater production involved; developing “enabling” technologies commercially viable. To that end, the methane- that facilitate the development of additional hydrate program has conducted the first field technical advances to reduce and mitigate risk trial of an alternative production technology. and protect the environment; enhancing existing This arctic test involved injection of CO2 and technologies to help lower overall risk; pursuing other gases into the hydrate structure, exchange “Grand Challenges” (long-term, high-risk of the CO2 for methane within the reservoir, and research, on applied science, and on key the subsequent permanent storage of CO2 within leveraging and transformational technologies the reservoir. Testing concluded in March 2012 capable of “leapfrogging” over conventional and analysis of the test data is ongoing. more risk-prone pathways); and accomplishing ultra-deepwater resource development in a safe Natural Gas Technology and environmentally sustainable manner.

DOE is currently conducting research under its unconventional natural gas program in the Office of Energy Efficiency & following areas: Renewable Energy • Ensure isolation of producing formations and wellbores from Water Power Program shallower formations, particularly near- surface aquifers. The U.S. Department of Energy’s Water Power • Develop means for managing the fluid- Program supports the development of advanced- use associated with shale gas water-power devices that capture energy from development. waves, tides, ocean currents, rivers, and ocean • Maximize the efficiency of hydraulic- thermal gradients [i.e., marine and hydrokinetic fracturing operations to ensure that the (MHK) technologies]. The program works to minimum amount of fluid is used to

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promote the development and deployment of and nonprofit efforts, the Wind Program these new technologies, known as marine and promotes the responsible development of a hydrokinetic technologies, to assess the potential world-class offshore wind industry in the United extractable energy from these resources, and to States and works to remove the market barriers help industry harness this renewable, emissions- currently inhibiting its growth. free resource to generate environmentally sustainable and cost-effective electricity. In 2011, DOE launched the Offshore Wind Innovation and Demonstration Initiative, which Through support for public, private, and developed a national offshore wind strategy in nonprofit efforts, the Water Power Program partnership with the U.S. Department of the promotes MHK technology development and Interior that aims to overcome some of these testing in laboratory and open-water settings. challenges and advance the state of commercial The Program also supports projects to reduce the offshore wind development in the United States. time and cost associated with siting-water - The strategy’s primary objectives are to reduce power projects; to better quantify the potential the cost of offshore wind energy to ensure cost- magnitude, costs, and benefits of water-power competitiveness with other electrical generation generation; and to identify and address other sources, and to reduce the timelines and barriers to deployment. From FY 2008 to FY uncertainties associated with U.S. offshore wind 2011, the Water Power Program announced project development. These objectives are met awards totaling more than $87 million for 73 by focusing project investments in three key projects focused on MHK energy. areas: the removal of market barriers to facilitate deployment and reduce technical challenges Wind Power Program facing the entire industry; the development of innovative technologies that lower the cost of The key activity that supports the Federal ocean energy of offshore wind farms; and the activities within the Wind Energy Program is demonstration of advanced technologies that Offshore Wind. The Wind Program helps verify innovative designs and technology industry develop, demonstrate, and deploy developments and validate full performance and offshore wind technologies that can harness this cost under real operating and market conditions. renewable, emissions-free resource to generate

environmentally sustainable and cost-effective electricity. Through support for public, private,

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DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

Percentage of Funds Dedicated to Each Ocean- Do llars in Millio ns Related Pro gram Functio n Other FY Actual 2010 FY Actual 2011 FY Enacted 2012 Science and Policy and Science Great Lakes resources Lakes Great Advancing International Ocean Advancing our understanding of oceans, coasts, and Great Lakes Great and coasts, oceans, management of ocean coastal and and coastal of ocean management Supporting Maritime Transportation Enhance the use, conservation, and

Office of Science Biologic al and Environmental Researc h Climate Researc h Ac tivities 100% 9.00 9.00 9.00 Genomic s Researc h Ac tivities 100% 7.00 4.00 1.00 Offic e of Fossil Energy R&D Oil and Natural Gas Tec hnology Methane Hydrates 50% 50% 5.00 0.00 5.00 Natural Gas Technology 100% 17.00 19.00 19.00

Ultra-deepwater and Unconventional (Royalty 100% 17.00 19.00 19.00 Trust Funds)

Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy Water Power Program Water Power Program 97% 1% 2% 36.00 21.50 34.00 Wind Power Program Wind Power Program - Offshore Wind 100% 3.60 25.30 39.40 TOTAL 94.60 97.80 126.40

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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency U.S./Canada Great Lakes Water Quality (EPA) protects human health and safeguards the Agreement, and the Clean Water Act (CWA). As natural environment upon which all life depends. the primary means of accomplishing this goal, the EPA contributes to the protection of our Nation’s EPA leads the Interagency Task Force, consisting ocean and coastal resources by striving to ensure of 16 Federal organizations, in implementation of that our waters are successfully managed, the FY 2010 to FY 2014 Great Lakes Restoration protected, and restored to sustain healthy Initiative Action Plan (Action Plan). The Action biological communities and to protect human Plan targets five focus areas: health. EPA’s ocean and coastal protection 1) Eliminating or mitigating toxic activities emphasize habitat protection, substances and restoring designated partnerships, programs addressing ocean-based Areas of Concern; and land-based sources of coastal and ocean 2) Preventing and reducing the destructive pollution, and water quality monitoring and impacts of invasive species; assessment. Whenever possible, these activities 3) Improving nearshore health and reducing are implemented on an integrated watershed nonpoint source pollution; basis, addressing air, land, and ecosystem 4) Improving habitat and reducing species relationships. loss; and

5) Emphasizing and instilling concepts of Office of Water accountability, education, monitoring, evaluation, communication, and Place-based Programs partnership through implementation of the Initiative. Gulf of Mexico Program: EPA’s efforts in the The Action Plan uses outcome-oriented Gulf of Mexico directly support a collaborative, performance goals and measures to target the multi-organizational partnership comprised of most significant problems and track progress in numerous Federal departments and agencies, addressing them. Highlights of progress include: State and local government, citizens, environmental and fishery interests, agriculture • The anticipated delisting of the Presque interests, regional and local business councils, Isle, Pennsylvania AOC in 2012, now and industry. The EPA’s Gulf of Mexico that all necessary management actions Program assists all partners and stakeholders, are complete. Fourteen Beneficial Use especially the Gulf States, in the development Impairments at nine different AOCs have and implementation of a regional, ecosystem- been removed. based approach for protecting, enhancing, and • One million cubic yards of contaminated restoring the Gulf of Mexico. sediments have been remediated in the basin. Great Lakes Restoration Initiative: • GLRI has been central to keeping self- The Great Lakes are the largest system of surface sustaining Asian carp populations out of freshwater on earth, containing 20 percent of the the Great Lakes. No new invasive species world’s surface freshwater and 95 percent of the populations have been detected in the surface freshwater in the United States. The goal Great Lakes. of the EPA’s Great Lakes program is to restore • The Lake Erie watersnake has been de- and maintain the environmental integrity of the listed under the Endangered Species Act. Great Lakes ecosystem, as mandated by the Great • Swimming bans and advisories are at a Lakes Restoration Initiative (GLRI), the five-year low at Chicago’s beaches.

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Through implementation of on-the-ground and Virginia and Washington D.C. dating to the late in-the-water actions pursuant to the Action Plan, 1990s. It also is a keystone commitment of the EPA expects to continue to achieve substantial strategy. The TMDL is supported by rigorous results through both Federal projects and projects accountability measures to ensure cleanup done in conjunction with States, tribes, commitments are met, including short-and long- municipalities, universities, and other term benchmarks, a tracking and accounting organizations. Through this coordinated system for jurisdiction activities, and Federal interagency process, implementation of the GLRI contingency actions that can be employed, if is helping to restore the Great Lakes ecosystem, necessary, to spur progress. enhance the economic health of the region, and ultimately improve the public health of the area’s Mississippi River/Gulf of Mexico Watershed 30 million Americans. Nutrient Task Force: EPA serves as the chair of the Mississippi River/Gulf of Mexico Chesapeake Bay Program: The Chesapeake Watershed Nutrient Task Force, which is Bay Program is a unique regional partnership that composed of senior representatives from Federal, has led and directed the restoration of the State, and tribal agencies and organizations. Gulf Chesapeake Bay since 1983. Each Bay Program Hypoxia Action Plan 2008 for Reducing, partner agrees to use its own resources to Mitigating, and Controlling Hypoxia in the implement projects and activities that advance Northern Gulf of Mexico and Improving Water Bay restoration. The partnership defines its Quality in the Mississippi River Basin, signed in collective actions through formal, voluntary June 2008, presents a Framework for Action in agreements and provides general policy direction addressing hypoxia in the northern Gulf of through consensus documents, typically called Mexico and actions to accelerate the reduction of directives. nitrogen and phosphorus as well as to advance the science, track progress, and raise awareness. In response to President Obama’s Executive Order on Chesapeake Bay Protection and National Estuary Program/Coastal Restoration (E.O. 13508), signed on May 12, Ecosystems: The National Estuary Program 2009, EPA and the other agencies identified in (NEP), established in 1987 by amendments to the the E.O. released on May 12, 2010, a strategy to Clean Water Act, currently includes place-based coordinate, expand and bring greater partnership programs in 28 “estuaries of national accountability to efforts to help speed the Bay’s significance.” Each program uses a local, recovery. The strategy is managed by a high- collaborative, stakeholder-driven process to level Federal Leadership Committee (FLC) for develop and implement its comprehensive, long- the Chesapeake Bay, chaired by EPA and term management plan for estuary protection and including senior representatives of the restoration. The plan’s development and departments of Agriculture, Commerce, Defense, implementation rests on partnerships with Homeland Security, the Interior, Transportation Federal, tribal, State, local, and community and other agencies. On March 30, 2012, the FLC entities. Aside from base NEP grants, the released its second E.O. Action Plan describing Agency also provides additional support for how the agencies will work to meet the several “Large Aquatic Ecosystems”, including expectations of the E.O. Long Island Sound, Puget Sound, San Francisco Bay, and South Florida. On December 29, 2010, EPA established the Chesapeake Bay Total Maximum Daily Load Coastal and Marine Pollution Control (TMDL), a historic and comprehensive “pollution diet” with rigorous accountability measures to Programs initiate sweeping actions to restore clean water in the Chesapeake Bay and the region’s streams, Regulation of Material for Dumping into the creeks, and rivers. The TMDL is required under Ocean: Under the Marine Protection, Research, Federal law and responds to consent decrees in and Sanctuaries Act (MPRSA or Ocean Dumping

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Act), EPA develops regulations and standards for human health risks in recreational waters; (2) ocean dumping, designates and manages sites for develop indicators and methods to evaluate how ocean dumping, issues permits for such dumping well they singly or in combination correlate with (except for dredged material permits, on which swimming related illnesses; and (3) evaluate the EPA must concur with the Army Corps of suitability of indicators, methods and models for Engineers), and develops national regulatory use in different types of waters and for different guidance. This Act serves to implement U.S. Clean Water Act programs. treaty obligations under the London Convention. EPA carries out this work through its Marine National Marine Debris Program: EPA has a Ecosystems activities. number of programs and regulatory tools that have the ability to address land-based sources of Vessel Pollution: Under Section 312 of the marine debris, including: marine debris Clean Water Act, EPA promulgates regulations to monitoring efforts; solid waste and storm-water control pollution from vessels and to limit the management programs; pollution prevention spread of aquatic nuisance species by vessels. programs; sustainable materials management (life The Agency establishes performance standards cycle-and systems-based analysis); and waste for marine sanitation devices, designates no- reduction efforts. EPA annually supports the discharge zones for vessel sewage, develops International Coastal Cleanup Campaign and has management practices for recreational vessels, funded the National Marine Debris Monitoring and works with the Department of Defense to Program, a statistically-based national monitoring develop Uniform National Discharge Standards program that assesses trends and sources of to regulate vessels of the Armed Forces. Under marine debris. EPA is using these results to Title XIV – Certain Alaskan Cruise Ship focus on regulatory and voluntary efforts to Operations – EPA works closely with the State of reduce marine debris. Alaska and the U.S. Coast Guard to assess the need for changes to gray and black water Other Clean Water Act Programs: In addition standards for cruise ships operating in Alaska. In to the Clean Water Act programs discussed addition, EPA has developed and is implementing above, there are numerous other programs, a general permit for discharges from non- established under the Clean Water Act, to control recreational vessels under CWA Section 402. pollution in all surface waters within the Act’s EPA carries out this work through its Marine jurisdiction. Though not solely focused on Ecosystems activities. coastal and ocean waters, these programs also contribute to EPA’s overall ocean and coastal BEACH Program Grants: EPA administers the protection efforts by controlling pollution before Beaches Environmental Assessment and Coastal it reaches coastal and ocean waters. They Health Act (BEACH Act), signed into law on include: water quality standards and criteria; October 10, 2000. In 2012, EPA expects to point source discharge permit program, award an additional $9,864,000 in grants to wastewater infrastructure improvements via the eligible States. These funds support CWA State Revolving Fund; technical microbiological testing and monitoring of coastal assistance/grant program to address nonpoint recreation waters, including the Great Lakes source pollution; total maximum daily load waters, and support notifying the public of program; and water quality monitoring and possible exposure to disease-causing reporting. microorganisms in coastal recreation waters. Recreational Water Criteria: EPA is required Office of International and Tribal to conduct research and develop recreational waters criteria in a consent decree and settlement Affairs agreement. EPA Office of Water will use the EPA helps shape the U.S. Government’s results of these studies in the development of positions on marine pollution issues. EPA also Recreational Waters Criteria to protect human participates in treaty negotiations and advises health. EPA is conducting research to: (1) assess

A-32 2010-2011 Federal Ocean and Coastal Activities Report to the U.S. Congress technical programs that protect both to help impacted Gulf Coast communities environmental and economic interests throughout effectively participate in the study and use its the world’s oceans. results.

Office of Air and Radiation Safe and Sustainable Water Resources

Great Waters Program: Under the Great Recreational Water Criteria: EPA was Waters program, in partnership with the required to conduct research and develop Department of Commerce’s National Oceanic recreational waters criteria in a consent decree and Atmospheric Administration, EPA analyzes and settlement agreement. In August 2007, the the impacts of air deposition to coastal waters. Office of Research and Development EPA regulates air emissions from area, collaborated with the Office of Water to develop stationary, and mobile sources and establishes EPA’s Critical Path Science Plan (CPSP). CPSP National Ambient Air Quality Standards to articulates the essential research and science that protect public health and the environment. EPA conducted between 2007 and the end of 2010 to establish the scientific foundation for new or revised recreational water quality criteria. Office of Research and Development National Coastal Condition Reports: EPA Oil Spills Mitigation Research: As part of the cooperates with State, local, tribal, and Federal Federal Government's response to the Deepwater natural resource trustees to produce the series of Horizon oil spill, the U.S. Environmental National Coastal Condition Reports (NCCR I- Protection Agency (EPA) received a $2 million IV). These reports describe the condition of supplemental Congressional appropriation in FY coastal resources (estuarine and intertidal 2010 for a grant or grants for "a study on the ecosystems) for the conterminous United States. potential human and environmental risks and A Great Lakes assessment of the coastal, impacts of the release of crude oil and the nearshore, and offshore ecosystems has been application of dispersants, surface washing conducted using the same monitoring framework agents, bioremediation agents, and other as the marine coastal areas and is incorporated mitigation measures listed in the National into NCCR IV. The NCCRs help sustain an Contingency Plan Product List (40 C.F.R. Part ongoing effort to foster an integrated 300 Subpart J)." To implement this appropriation comprehensive coastal monitoring program through its Science to Achieve Results (STAR) across all coastal states (including Alaska and grant program, EPA sought applications Hawaii) and Puerto Rico and to provide proposing to develop a research program, probabilistic assessment of estuarine conditions. including an effective community outreach Trends in the condition of these systems will be program component, to mitigate the impact of oil evaluated as synoptic surveys and are conducted spills. over time. These surveys are conducted by the Office of Water’s National Aquatic Resource Grant applications must address one or more of Surveys, but ORD still provides technical support the following topics: (1) development of cost- to OW for survey design, data analysis, and effective innovative technologies to mitigate the interpretation of results. While OW is impact of oil spills; (2) development of effective responsible for the production of these reports, oil dispersants, surface-washing agents, these efforts are the result of an ongoing OW- bioremediation agents, and other mitigation ORD partnership. measures ("dispersants/agents/measures") with low environmental impact; and (3) investigation of the effects of oil spills and application of Office of Enforcement and dispersants/agents/measures on the environment. Compliance Assistance (OECA) Applicants must also submit a community outreach program plan, the objective of which is

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Vessel General Permit (VGP) Implementation – OECA and the Regions: In FY 2011, EPA entered into a Memorandum of Agreement with the U.S. Coast Guard to cooperate and coordinate on implementing and enforcing the Vessel General Permit for large commercial vessels. In FY 2012 and beyond, EPA is reviewing Coast Guard inspection data for appropriate response to correct violations of the permit. EPA will work with the Coast Guard to implement and enforce requirements in a revised permit for large commercial vessels and a new permit for smaller vessels.

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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

Percentage of Funds Dedicated to Each Ocean- Do llars in Millio ns Related Pro gram Functio n Other FY Actual 2010 FY Actual 2011 FY Enacted 2012 Science and Policy and Science Great Lakes resources Lakes Great Advancing International Ocean Advancing our understanding of oceans, coasts, and Great Lakes Great and coasts, oceans, management of ocean coastal and and coastal of ocean management Supporting Maritime Transportation Enhance the use, conservation,and

Office of Water Gulf of Mexic o 65% 30% 5% 6.00 5.00 5.00 Great Lakes 84% 2% 11% 3% 475.00 299.00 299.00 Chesapeake Bay 70% 30% 50.00 49.00 53.00 Coastal Ecosystems 100% 99.00 77.00 69.00 BEACH Program 100% 2.00 2.00 2.00 BEACH Program Grants 100% 10.00 10.00 10.00 Clean Water SRF 100% 1176.00 852.00 816.00 Marine Ecosystems 97% 3% 13.00 12.00 13.00 Nonpoint Source Management 100% 100.00 88.00 82.00 Section 106 Grants 100% 108.00 112.00 112.00 Water Quality Standards 100% 14.00 12.00 12.00 Offic e of International and Tribal Affairs Program Ac tivities 50% 50% 0.10 0.10 0.10 Offic e of Air and Radiation Air STAG Grants 100% 1.00 1.00 1.00 Office of Research and Development* Beaches (Recreational Water Quality 75% 25% 2.50 2.40 1.10 Criteria) Ecosystems Services Research (National Coastal Conditions Report 10% 90% 6.00 5.00 0.00 and Place Based Ecosystems researc h) National Coastal Conditions Report 10% 90% 0.00 0.00 0.30 Oil Spill Supplement** 100% 0.00 0.00 0.00 Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assistance Vessel General Permit 100% 0.20 0.10 0.10 TOTAL 2062.80 1526.60 1475.60

* EPA realigned its research programs in FY 2012. There is no longer a Human Health and Ecosystems program/project. ** Congressional 2-year supplement to EPA budget to provide grants to study innovations in oil spill mitigation, dispersants, and community outreach. Resources totalling $2M were providing in FY 2010 but will be spent in FY 2012 and as such are not included in the resource table.

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DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

National Institutes of Health health study of individuals who helped with the oil spill clean-up, took training, signed up to

work, or were sent to the Gulf to help in some National Institute of Environmental way after the DWH disaster. Funds for this large Health Sciences (NIEHS) research study have been made available by the NIH Office of the Director and the NIH Common Deepwater Horizon Activities: The National Fund, as well as NIEHS. Institutes of Health (NIH) is supporting several research projects associated with the release of Academic Consortia: NIEHS is also leading a millions of gallons of crude oil into the Gulf of trans-NIH effort to create a network of Mexico following the 2010 Deepwater Horizon community and university partnerships that seeks (DWH) disaster. This event poses unpredictable to identify personal and community health effects risk to the over 130,000 workers trained and stemming from the DWH disaster and to enhance potentially involved in various cleanup activities community resiliency to potential disasters. The and to the people living along the Gulf Coast. To five-year, $25.2 million program will support date, there have been very limited studies on the population-based and laboratory research, which human health effects of oil spills, especially long- will ultimately develop the scientific evidence term effects. Studies have primarily evaluated base needed to promote health and well-being for acute physical and psychological effects and people living along the Gulf Coast, who are at alterations in specific physiological functions of greatest risk for potential adverse physical, workers, community volunteers involved with psychological and behavioral health effects. cleanup, and the general population. Furthermore, there are only limited studies and In addition, research will seek to develop new understanding of the toxicology of the numerous, strategies to enhance capacity to respond to future and frequently changing, chemical constituents of disasters and prevent or minimize adverse health oil spills, including the oil released during the effects arising from them. Ultimately, research DWH disaster. findings from the Deepwater Horizon Research Consortia should contribute to the evidence base National Toxicology Program Research Study: needed to improve preparedness and response The NIEHS National Toxicology Program (NTP) aimed at minimizing disaster-related health is working with other Federal partners to identify impacts. In contrast to NIEHS’ worker-focused and conduct studies to further our understanding GuLF STUDY, these studies will concentrate on of the chemistry, biological fate, and toxicologic the range of potential acute and long-term health effects of the crude oil and dispersant effects to the general public. constituents. Research will focus on constituents most likely to represent a potential long-term Many other NIH components are contributing human health hazard. Such information can be support to the program, including the National used to better understand exposures among Cancer Institute (NCI); National Center for impacted populations and elucidate any potential Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS); health effects. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); National Institute of Mental Health Gulf Research Study and Follow-up: NIEHS, (NIMH); National Institute on Minority Health a component of NIH, has undertaken the Gulf and Health Disparities (NIMHD); National Long-term Follow-up Study (GuLF STUDY), a Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); and the

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NIH Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Fogarty International Center (FIC) Research (OBSSR). International Cooperative Biodiversity Unsolicited Grants: NIEHS also supports two Groups (ICBG) Program: The ICBG is a investigator initiated research grants related to the unique effort that addresses the interdependent DWH disaster. The first grant employs passive issues of drug discovery, biodiversity sampling devices in the Gulf of Mexico to conservation and sustainable economic growth. measure contaminants from the DWH disaster in Funding for this program has been provided by an effort to connect environmental exposures the various institutes of the National Institutes of with biological response. The second grant will Health (NIH), the Biological Sciences Directorate identify the acute and long-term effects of the of the National Science Foundation, the U.S. health risks of exposures to oil and dispersant Department of Agriculture at the National related toxicants following the DWH disaster. Institute for Food and Agriculture, the This grant will support a feasibility study to Department of Energy in the Office of Biological determine participation rates, barriers to and Environmental Research and the National participation, and the ability to obtain biological Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration samples from family members of cleanup (NOAA) Oceans and Human Health Program. workers in four of the most exposed parishes in Efforts to examine the medicinal potential of the Southeast Louisiana. earth's plants, animals, and microorganisms are urgently needed, since enduring habitat Safety Training: Two different levels of destruction and the resulting diminishment of training for oil spill workers have been developed biodiversity will make it increasingly difficult to and supported by the NIEHS Superfund Worker do so in the future. Forty to fifty percent of Training Program (WTP). The first is a 40-hour currently used drugs have an origin in natural Training Course on Hazardous Waste Operations products. Such natural projects are found both on and Emergency Response. This is commonly land and in water and marine environments. The known as HAZWOPER training. This is part of FIC-managed ICBG Program is designed to the regular, ongoing worker training offered guide natural products drug discovery in such a through NIEHS WTP and the Occupational way that local communities and other source Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) country organizations can derive direct benefits (http://www.osha.gov/). from their own diverse biological resources. Benefit-sharing may provide clear incentives for This extensive training was and continues to be preservation and sustainable use of that delivered to individuals likely to have direct biodiversity. contact with oil spill products. More than 1,000 people in the Gulf Coast region have completed FIC has programs that span the globe. The the HAZWOPER training. The second is short ICBGs have worked in nine countries in Latin (two and four hour) training courses on Safety America, Africa, Southeast and Central Asia, and and Health Awareness. NIEHS WTP, together the Pacific Islands, building research capacity in with OSHA, helped develop several short more than 20 different institutions and training educational courses, including some online hundreds of individuals. To date, more than training, which focus on the necessary hazard 5,000 species of plants, animals, and fungi have awareness and safety training for all oil spill been collected to examine biological activity in workers hired by BP. This training was and 19 different therapeutic areas. Numerous continues to be provided to individuals who will publications in chemistry, biodiversity policy, have minimal contact with oil spill products. conservation and ethnobiology have emerged These courses provide training on safe work from the funded investigators. Broad public practices, personal protective equipment, attention to the program and its timing relative to decontamination, heat stress, and other common international developments associated with the hazards for cleanup work. U.N. Convention on Biological Diversity have

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allowed the ICBG program to offer useful South Pacific: Overall goals of this grant are to: working models for national and international (1) coordinate investigations of South Pacific policy discussions related to biodiversity organisms as pharmaceutical resources for conservation incentive measures, technology treating diseases of importance in the Pacific transfer, intellectual property, and benefit-sharing Islands and United States and for novel bioenergy applications; (2) support sustainable uses of the Current partial ocean-related funding includes: biodiversity upon which such bioprospecting depends; (3) understand the processes degrading Madagascar: The goals of this grant are to coral reef ecosystems and initiate locally- achieve the threefold mission of biodiversity appropriate conservation measures to enhance conservation, economic development, and drug reef resilience to both local and global pressures; discovery in Madagascar. Plants will be (4) leverage NIH, University of the South Pacific collected by botanists, microbial strain isolation (USP), and other resources to develop the South from soil and marine samples will be performed Pacific Center for Biodiversity Conservation and by scientists and the marine organisms will be Drug Discovery (SPCBCDD) into a self- extracted. sustaining institution serving the 12 countries that operate USP (Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Panama: For this next grant, the over-arching Marshall Islands, Nauru, Niue, Samoa, Solomon goal is to discover new lead compounds from Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu and Vanuatu); Panamanian microorganisms for the treatment of and (5) develop "green" culturing of coral reef cancer, Central Nervous System (CNS) disorders, live rock as an environmentally appropriate and tropical diseases, and agricultural pests, economically viable substitute for the present employing a spectrum of innovative as well as destructive practices of live rock mining from traditional bioassays. This proposal seeks to Fijian reefs. Drug discovery will focus on (1) discover new medicines from Panama's rich phylogenetically distinct and chemically rich biodiversity of terrestrial and marine marine actinomycetes making metabolites that microorganisms. An aim of this grant is to are active in biomedical screens and that hosts inventory the biodiversity of terrestrial plants and novel metabolic pathways valuable for marine algae in Panama, and to integrate our drug sustainable energy development, and (2) on discovery and conservation efforts to develop chemically-rich coral reef macroorganisms that innovative new economic products from the commonly upregulate defensive chemistry in biodiverse marine and terrestrial habitats of response to attack from natural enemies, Panama. simulated attack, or other stresses. Extracts from these organisms will be bioassayed against Costa Rica: This grant involves cooperation relevant models including: drug resistant bacteria, between the U.S. and Costa Rica with the intent fungi, TB, Malaria, psychological disorders, and to improve human health through the discovery cancer. Additionally, we will evaluate patterns in of bioactive natural products from Costa Rica's tropical reef biodiversity and conduct field rich biodiversity using ecologically-driven experiments to determine the relative impacts of approaches. Investigators seek to contribute to common stresses (e.g., overfishing, nutrification) the development of a bioenergy program toward causing seaweed replacement of corals and discovery of cellulases and other enzymes for precipitating the dramatic loss of biodiversity that applications in biofuel production and focus upon is occurring on coral reefs worldwide. Toward natural product and biosynthetic enzyme-related this end, scientists will identify the processes and research on unexplored and under-explored mechanisms involved, elucidate those critical microorganisms such as marine sediment bacteria herbivores that control the most aggressive and insect microbial endosymbionts. seaweeds, and work with village leaders to develop effective resource management strategies Current full ocean-related funding includes: based on this scientific input. They will continue to develop a web-based foundation for funding

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conservation of Fijian coral reef and mangrove variability, and extremity in climate and the El systems. Nino Seasonal Oscillation will also be measured. Once tested and validated in these regions, the Recovery Act-Funded NIH Challenge Grants proposed cholera tracking and prediction model in Health and Science Research Program: will have the capabilities and functionalities to be Recovery Act funding was used to support an useful for many regions of the world. It will also initiative focused on research dealing with provide information about outbreak of cholera for specific scientific health research challenges in other cholera-prone regions of the world to U.S. biomedical and behavioral research that would aid agencies. benefit from a significant infusion of two-year funding and accelerate the advancement of that National Library of Medicine topical area. Each Institute had specific Challenge topics within a broad challenge area. Oil Spill and Health Effects Health As one of its areas of scientific inquiry, FIC Information Comprehensive Web Page: sought applications proposing building and In response to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, testing models to predict the health effects of the Crude Oil Spills and Health Web page climate change. The intent was to encourage (http://disasterinfo.nlm.nih.gov/dimrc/oilspills.ht researchers to pursue quantitative and predictive ml) became the first HHS web page devoted to models of effects of climate change on disease the oil spill and effects on health (launched April burden and health outcomes. The approaches 27, 2010). The site contained comprehensive included statistical, spatial or other modeling resources regarding the Gulf oil spill, with links methods to quantify the current impacts of to NLM databases and numerous agencies, to climate on a diversity of communicable or non- include: PubMed (references to the biomedical communicable diseases, or project impacts of literature), TOXNET, ChemIDPlus, Federal and different climate and socio-economic scenarios State response agencies, multi-language on health. New and innovative approaches to resources, and social media sites. NLM worked develop projections of changes in disease-burden with government agencies, industry, academia, in specific regions or populations to facilitate and non-governmental organizations to publicize, public health planning were welcomed. Existing cite, and encourage use of the webpage via databases on population and environmental traditional methods and social media. The variables, such as air quality and climatologic webpage meets NLM's mission to collect, episodes to test the utility of these models were organize, and disseminate health information encouraged where possible. from multiple sources.

Bangladesh: Overall, this grant will elucidate the Travel Related to the Deepwater Horizon Oil link between cholera and climate change by Spill: NLM provided a senior toxicologist as an developing a climate change cholera prediction advisor to the Deepwater Horizon Unified Area model in South Asia. Global Climate Models Command, who provided information concerning will be downscaled to form the models that will the adverse effects on health from the oil, as well enable forecasting cholera outbreaks 2 to3 as the dispersants. months in advance of the occurrence. The proposed Cholera Climate Change Prediction Gulf Oil Spill Summit: An NLM staff member Model (CCPM) will integrate hydrological, attended the Gulf Oil Spill Summit on June 17, ecological, microbiological, and oceanic 2010. determinants of cholera occurrences and transmission. Tools that will be used include Enhance and Update Emergency Response chlorophyll measurements by satellites and and Toxicology Databases: NLM completed remote sensing to track phytoplankton blooms updates to four emergency response and preceding outbreaks. The sea surface- toxicology databases and websites: temperature, precipitation, zooplankton/phytoplankton density, seasonality,

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• Hazardous Substances Data Bank aquaculture associations to increase the number (HSDB) – comprehensive toxicological of safe and effective drugs that can be used by the information on components of crude oil aquaculture industry. The Minor Use and Minor including toluene, benzene, petroleum Species Animal Health Act of 2004 plays a distillates, etc. (http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov) critical role in making more medications legally • Wireless Information System for available to veterinarians and animal owners to Emergency Responders (WISER) – treat minor animal species such as fish. consolidated information on Additionally, CVM’s Office of Research explores chemical/physical properties, human the biodistribution, residue persistence, health effects, emergency medical metabolism, efficacy, and environmental effects treatment, clean-up procedures, etc., on of drugs and other chemicals used in aquaculture. crude oil components including toluene, benzene, petroleum distillates and more. The Office of Regulatory Affairs (ORA) is WISER is available as standalone responsible for ensuring that domestic, foreign, application for the iPhone/iPod touch, and imported fish and fishery products are safe Microsoft Windows PCs, Windows and wholesome. Domestic and foreign Mobile devices, Palm OS PDAs, and via establishments involved in the production, the Web as WebWISER. storage and distribution of fish and fishery (http://wiser.nlm.nih.gov) products are inspected for ensuring that seafood • ChemIDPlus – chemical dictionary is produced and handled under the current Good database was updated to include Manufacturing Practices, the seafood Hazard additional information about Crude Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP), Oil/Petroleum (CAS RN 8002-05-9) and and the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C several dispersants. Act). As 80 percent of the seafood eaten by (http://chem.sis.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/ American consumers is imported, the ORA chemidlite.jsp) Import Seafood Program continues to help ensure • Disaster Recovery and Environmental the safety of the imported seafood supply in the Health Resources – a list of selected web- U.S. by using an approach that incorporates both links on environmental health effects of sample collection and analysis and seafood disasters and the disaster recovery HACCP review of importers’ records for safety process. by investigators specially trained in HACCP. (http://disasterinfo.nlm.nih.gov/dimrc/dis asterrecovery.html) FDA has also provided support on the 2010 Deepwater Horizon (DWH) disaster response efforts. For example, FDA laboratories Food and Drug Administration developed a sampling method to test for chemicals that the EPA indicated might be The Center for Food Safety and Applied present. This sampling method shortened the Nutrition, Office of Food Safety, Divisions of sample time from two weeks to 48 hours. Seafood Science and Technology and Seafood Safety provide expert policy, scientific advice, and assistance on seafood related issues, Centers for Disease Control – including aquaculture technologies and the safety Agency for Toxic Substances of imported seafood. These activities support informed decisions and improved understanding and Disease Registry (ATSDR) of the public health impact of seafood commodities. Great Lakes Restoration – Brownfield – Reimbursable from EPA The Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM), Office of New Animal Drug Evaluation works ATSDR is conducting four community health with various government agencies and projects that address potential contamination

A-40 2010-2011 Federal Ocean and Coastal Activities Report to the U.S. Congress from brownfields/land reuse sites in effort to populations. The purpose of this project is to improve community health. The projects assess residents’ body burdens of priority integrate community health assessment methods contaminants in the Great Lakes ecosystem, and/or public health expertise to address impacts particularly those who are at highest exposure of brownfields/land reuse sites on the risk. The primary focus is on assessing unique, community’s overall health status. baseline, exposure information on priority contaminants to determine the prevalence of Great Lakes Human Health Effects potentially toxic levels in vulnerable populations. The data also allows for geographic comparisons. Research Program – Reimbursable Determining which Great Lakes contaminants are from EPA getting into human populations informs public health officials and guides environmental public ATSDR is conducting bio-monitoring for health action throughout the restoration process. environmental contaminants in Great Lakes

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DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

Percentage of Funds Dedicated to Each Ocean- Do llars in Millio ns Related Pro gram Functio n Other FY Actual 2010 FY Actual 2011 FY Enacted 2012 Science and Policy and Science Great Lakes resources Lakes Great Advancing International Ocean Advancing our understanding of oceans, coasts, and Great Lakes Great and coasts, oceans, management of ocean coastal and and coastal of ocean management Supporting Maritime Transportation Enhance the use, conservation, and

National Institutes of Health Office of the Director Deepwater Horizon - National Toxicology Program (NTP) 100% 2.00 0.00 0.00 Research Study - (NIEHS) Deepwater Horizon - Staff Support 100% 0.00 0.00 0.00 National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences Ocean-Related Extramural Research and Training 100% 9.00 9.80 11.80 Deepwater Horizon - National Toxicology Program 100% 0.00 0.00 0.30 Research Study Deepwater Horizon - GuLF Research Study and Follow- 100% 8.00 14.50 3.00 up Deepwater Horizon - Academic Consortia 100% 0.00 4.80 5.40 Deepwater Horizon - Unsolic ited Grants 100% 0.00 0.60 0.20 Deepwater Horizon - Safety Training 100% 0.40 0.10 0.00 Deepwater Horizon - Support to Researc h Efforts 100% 0.20 0.50 0.00 Fogarty International Center Division of International Training & Researc h International Cooperative Biodiversity Program 40% 40% 20% 4.20 4.10 3.90 Recovery Act-Funded NIH Challenge Grant in Health and Science Research: Models on the Health Effects of 100% 0.50 0.00 0.00 Climate Change National Library of Medic ine Deepwater Horizon - Oil Spill and Health Effec ts Health 100% 0.00 0.00 0.00 Information Comprehensive Web Page Deepwater Horizon - Travel Related to Oil Spill (IOM 100% 0.00 0.00 0.00 Conference, Committee Meetings, etc.) Deepwater Horizon - Enhance and Update Emergency Response and Toxicology Databases (WISER, HSDC, 100% 0.00 0.00 0.00 ChemIDPlus) Food and Drug Administration Division of Seafood Science & Technology 100% 3.00 3.00 3.00 Division of Seafood Safety 100% 5.00 5.00 5.00 Center for Veterinary Medicine 100% 2.00 2.00 2.00 Office of Regulatory Affairs - Seafood Safety 100% 39.14 47.14 43.85 Office of Regulatory Affairs - Deepwater Horizon 100% 4.86 2.86 0.15 Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Division of Health Studies Great Lakes Human Health Effects Research Program - 100% 1.80 4.40 3.70 Re imburs a ble f ro m EP A Great Lakes Human Health Effects Research Program - 100% 1.00 0.20 0.00 Trust Fund Great Lakes Restoration - Brownsfield - Reimbursable 100% 0.50 0.20 0.30 f ro m EP A TOTAL 81.60 99.20 82.60

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DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY

Federal Emergency U.S.C. § 5133. The PDM program provides funds to states, territories, Indian tribal Management Agency governments, communities, and universities for hazard mitigation planning and execution of Flood Map Modernization Fund mitigation projects. The goals of the PDM program are to reduce risks to people and

structures, and to reduce the expenses of recovery The Flood Map modernization program (known from future disasters. PDM grants are awarded on as MapMod) provides a technology based, cost- a competitive basis. effective process for updating, maintaining, storing, and distributing the flood hazard and risk information contained in flood maps. The National Flood Insurance Fund (NFIF) MapMod program is finishing operations, and has been replaced by the “RiskMAP” program, which Flood Mitigation Assistance Program: The will continue to upgrade flood hazard data. Flood Mitigation Assistance (FMA) program is RiskMAP combines flood hazard mapping, risk authorized by section 1366 of the National Flood assessment tools, and Hazard Mitigation Insurance Act of 1968 (NFIA), as amended, 42 Planning into one program. The intent of this U.S.C. 4104c, to plan and execute activities integrated program is to encourage beneficial designed to reduce the risk of flood damage to partnerships and innovative uses of flood hazard structures insured under the National Flood and risk assessment data to reduce flood losses. Insurance Program (NFIP). FEMA’s Federal Insurance and Mitigation Administration Disaster Relief Fund administers the Unified Hazard Mitigation Assistance (HMA) Programs that present a

critical opportunity to reduce risk to individuals The Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMPG) and property from natural hazards while is authorized by section 404 of the Robert T. simultaneously reducing reliance on Federal Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency disaster funds. The HMA programs are Assistance Act (the “Stafford Act”), as amended, administered with States, territories, and tribal 42 U.S.C. § 5170c. The HMGP provides grants governments who in turn work with their local to states and local governments to implement governments and in some cases private non-profit long-term hazard mitigation measures after a organizations. Three types of FMA grants are major disaster declaration. The purpose of the available to states and communities: HMGP is to reduce the loss of life and property • due to natural disasters and to enable mitigation Planning grants to prepare flood measures to be implemented during the mitigation plans; immediate recovery from a disaster as well as to • Project grants to NFIP-participating eliminate or reduce long-term risk in the future. communities, with approved flood The Sandy Recovery Improvement Act, Pub. L. mitigation plans, to implement measures 113-2, div. B, § 1104, 127 STAT. 43 (Jan. 29, to reduce flood losses. Project grants are 2013), amended the HMPG. used for activities such as elevation, acquisition, or relocation of NFIP-insured structures. States are encouraged to Pre-Disaster Mitigation Fund prioritize FMA funds for applications that include repetitive loss structures; The Pre-Disaster Mitigation (PDM) program is these include structures that have authorized by section 203 of the Stafford Act, 42 incurred flood-related damaged on two

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occasions, in which the cost of repair on The Maritime Law Enforcement program the average was at least 25 percent of the preserves America’s jurisdictional rights within market value of the structure at the time our maritime borders and suppresses violations of of the flood event. U.S. Federal law on, under, and over the high- • Management cost grants for States to seas. The Coast Guard is the lead Federal help administer the FMA program and maritime law enforcement agency for enforcing activities. Up to ten percent of project national and international law on the high-seas, grants may be awarded to states for outer continental shelf, and inward from the U.S. management cost grants. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) to inland waters. The Living Marine Resources and Other The goal of the Flood Mitigation Assistance Law Enforcement statutory missions support (FMA) program is to reduce flood damages to ocean and coastal activities within the Maritime eligible structures, and the resulting insurance Law Enforcement program. The Coast Guard payments under the NFIP. The Biggert-Waters protects sensitive marine habitats and sanctuaries, Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2012 (BW12), marine mammals, and endangered marine Pub. L. 112-141, (July 6, 2012)(Section 100225), species. The Coast Guard also prevents amended Section 1366 of the NFIA, and merged incursions by foreign fishing vessels in the U.S. the Repetitive Flood Claim (RFC) program and EEZ, thus protecting our valuable stocks of the Severe Repetitive Loss (SRL) program into domestic living marine resources from foreign one program under FMA. FMA projects include poaching. property acquisition and structure relocation or demolition, structure elevation, dry flood- Maritime Prevention proofing, and minor localized flood reduction projects. The Maritime Prevention program reduces personnel casualties and property losses, Under BW12, a repetitive loss structure is a minimizes security risks, and protects the marine structure that has incurred flood-related damage environment. The Coast Guard develops and on two occasions, and the cost of repair averages enforces Federal marine safety, security, and at least 25 percent of the value of the structure at environmental regulations. It reviews vessel and the time of the flood event. [42 U.S.C. § maritime facility security plans, conducts security 4104c(h)(2)] A severe repetitive loss structure inspections, and enforces Transportation Worker under BW12 is a structure that has incurred Identification Credential (TWIC) regulations. flood-related damage for which four or more separate claims payments have been made over The Coast Guard conducts compulsory, as well as $5,000 each, and the cumulative amount of the voluntary vessel safety exams and inspections, claims payments exceeded $20,000; or for which certifies and licenses U.S. mariners, and promotes at least two separate claims payments have been best practices by investigating marine casualties made, with the cumulative amount exceeding the and sharing its findings. It provides grants to value of the insured structure. [42 U.S.C. § States to improve recreational boating safety and 4104c(h)(3)] supports a variety of government and non- government boating safety efforts in partnership The goal of the FMA is to maximize savings to with other Federal agencies, State and local the NFIF, by contributing towards projects such governments, marine industries, and associations. as property acquisition and demolition or relocation of a structure, structure elevation, The Marine Safety and Marine Environmental mitigation reconstruction, and dry flood-proofing. Protection (prevention activities) statutory missions support ocean and coastal activities U.S. Coast Guard within the Coast Guard’s Maritime Prevention program. Maritime Law Enforcement

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The Coast Guard serves as America’s voice in the Area will work together during a response, and International Maritime Organization (IMO) and highlight environmentally sensitive areas and enforces international environmental and safety provide specific ways to protect them from harm. laws and treaties set forth by the IMO through its The Coast Guard participates in regular, oil-spill Port State Control Vessel Inspection Program. exercises to ensure that the plans are adequate Owners and operators of vessels and facilities and realistic. Every 3 years, the Coast Guard that carry or handle oil and designated hazardous plans for and participates in a Spill of National substances are required by the Coast Guard to Significance (SONS) exercise. submit Response Plans in accordance with the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 and the IMO’s highly The Coast Guard also serves as the Chair for the successful international convention, MARPOL Interagency Coordinating Committee on Oil 73/78. These vessel and facility plans address Pollution Research. In this role, the Coast Guard spill response and mitigation procedures, required works with 13 other Federal partners to ensure pollution prevention and cleanup equipment, and that oil pollution Research and Development crew training requirements. projects are coordinated across Federal and academic entities, and takes into account the As the National Recreational Boating Safety knowledge base and best practices of other Coordinator, the Coast Guard works to minimize stakeholders. loss of life, personnel injury, property damage, and environmental harm associated with Marine Transportation System recreational boating. The Coast Guard’s boating safety program involves public education Management programs, regulation of boating design and The Marine Transportation System Management construction, approval of boating safety program ensures a safe, secure, efficient, and equipment, and vessel safety checks of environmentally sound waterways system. The recreational boats for compliance with Federal Coast Guard minimizes disruptions to maritime and State safety requirements. commerce by assessing and mitigating risks to

safe navigation and by providing waterways Maritime Response restoration capabilities after extreme weather events, marine accidents, or terrorist incidents. The Maritime Response program mitigates the The Coast Guard works in concert with other consequences of marine casualties and disastrous Federal agencies, State and local governments, events. The Coast Guard minimizes loss of life, marine industries, maritime associations, and the injury, and property loss by searching for and international community to optimize balanced use rescuing persons in distress in the maritime and champion development of the Nation’s environment. Coast Guard preparedness efforts Marine Transportation System. The Aids to for all threats and all hazards ensure incident Navigation and Ice Operations statutory missions response and recovery resources are fully ready support ocean and coastal activities within the and capable to minimize impact of disasters to Maritime Prevention program. people, the environment, and the economy. The Search and Rescue and Marine Environmental The Coast Guard provides a safe and efficient Protection (response activities) statutory missions navigable waterway system to support domestic support ocean and coastal activities within the commerce, international trade, and the military Maritime Response program. sealift requirements critical to our national defense posture. Coast Guard services include To ensure all coastal areas are prepared to long-and short-range aids to navigation, access to respond to oil spills, the Coast Guard works a range of navigational information through closely with Area Committees to draft Area Notices to Mariners, vessel traffic services, Contingency Plans. Area Contingency Plans lay domestic and international icebreaking and patrol out a framework for how agencies within the services, technical assistance and advice, vessel

A-45 2010-2011 Federal Ocean and Coastal Activities Report to the U.S. Congress safety standards and inspection, and bridge administration standards and inspection.

A-46 2010-2011 Federal Ocean and Coastal Activities Report to the U.S. Congress

DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY

Percentage of Funds Dedicated to Each Ocean- Do llars in Millio ns Related Pro gram Functio n Other FY Actual 2010 FY Actual 2011 FY Enacted 2012 Science and Policy and Science Great Lakes resources Lakes Great Advancing International Ocean Advancing our understanding of oceans, coasts, and Great Lakes Great and coasts, oceans, management of ocean coastal and and coastal of ocean management Supporting Maritime Transportation Enhance the use, conservation, and

Federal Emergency Management Agency Flood Map Modernization Fund Flood Map Modernization Fund Coastal Flood 100% 45.00 69.00 69.00 Insurance Studies Disaster Relief Fund Hazard Mitigation Grant Program* 100% 23.00 2.00 3.00 Pre-Disaster Mitigation Fund Pre-Disaster Mitigation Program 100% 100.00 50.00 36.00 National Flood Insurance Fund National Flood Insuranc e Fund Flood Mitigation 100% 40.00 40.00 40.00 Assistance Program Repetitive Flood Claims Program 100% 10.00 10.00 10.00 Severe Repetitive Loss Program 100% 70.00 70.00 10.00 Flood Related Grants Program 100% 0.00 0.00 0.00 Management & Administration Management & Administration HAZUS 100% 1.00 0.00 0.00 U.S. Coast Guard Maritime Law Enforcement Living Marine Fisheries 100% 40.35 26.54 31.75 Marine Environmental Protection 99.50% 0.50% 254.32 165.59 165.50 Domestic Fisheries 100% 578.60 616.34 595.81 Maritime Prevention Recreational Boating Safety 100% 313.96 336.85 277.64 Comercial Vessel Safety 50% 49% 1% 150.09 121.33 130.38 Maritime Response Search and Rescue 100% 807.48 745.99 808.60 Maritime Transportation System Management Waterways Management 50% 49% 1% 78.83 121.63 132.40 Radio Navigation Aids 100% 116.26 174.08 195.23 Short Range Aids to Navigation 99% 1% 868.97 979.01 1070.71 Ice Breaking - Domestic 100% 48.55 57.24 54.72 Bridge Administration 100% 11.09 12.75 14.19 TOTAL 3557.51 3598.33 3644.93

*The amount of HMGP funding available to the Applicant is based upon the total Federal assistance to be provided by FEMA for disaster recovery under the major disaster declarations authorized by the President.

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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

U.S. Geological Survey for the potential magnitude and rates of sea level rise associated with projected intervals of

extended warmth. Research on the West Ecosystems Antarctic Ice Sheet and North American glaciers is providing critical documentation of past and The programs within the Ecosystem Mission current rates of ice melting and the potential Area include: Status and Trends; Fisheries and contribution to sea-level rise. Research on Aquatic Resources; Terrestrial, Freshwater, and coastal wetland response to rising sea levels is Marine Ecosystems; Invasives; and Wildlife, providing critical data to help forecast impacts of Terrestrial, and Endangered Resources Programs. different sea level-scenarios and assisting These programs work collaboratively to provide resource managers in devising sustainable an advanced understanding of ecosystem management strategies to protect critical coastal structure, function, patterns, and processes to habitats. The Climate R&D Program supports better understand the interactions of terrestrial, sea-level research including field work and freshwater, and marine ecosystems. analyses designed to address the following questions: (1) Why is sea level rising? What are Effective development and implementation of relative contributions from thermal expansion of ecosystem-based management strategies for oceans, glacial isostatic adjustment, melting ice coastal ecosystems, coastal habitats, and species sheets and glaciers, and natural climate of concern rely on understanding ecosystem variability?; (2) How variable are rates of sea- condition, change, causes of change, and the level rise (past, present, and future)?; (3) Will connections between and among species, sea-level rise be the same everywhere? How including humans and the environment. USGS much regional variability have we seen in the scientists study the interactions of coastal and past and the present? What are the implications estuarine fisheries, wildlife, and other aquatic and for future patterns of sea-level rise?; and (4) How marine species, how changes in habitat affect will coasts and coastal ecosystems respond to resident and migratory species, and improve sea-level rise? restoration and mitigation strategies for ecosystem resilience to disturbance. USGS researchers work with DOI partners to conserve Energy, Minerals, and Environmental and restore important coastal and marine Health resources. The mission of the USGS Energy Resources Climate Research and Development Program is to understand the processes critical to the formation, accumulation, occurrence, and Program alteration of geologically based energy resources; to conduct scientifically robust assessments of Changes in climate and land use have the those resources; and to study the impact of potential to have significant impacts on the energy resource occurrence and/or production natural resources and infrastructure of our Nation. and use on both environmental and human health. The Climate Research and Development Program Energy Resource Program activities address the (R&D) supports multidisciplinary research distribution of gas hydrate and conventional needed to address complex issues associated with energy resources in marine systems, and the climate and land use change. This includes consequences of hydrate release on climate research to improve the understanding of patterns change and sea-floor stability. The program also and controls on sea level rise and its impacts on supports research on geologic carbon coastal ecosystems. Geologic studies of past sequestration potential. intervals of high sea level are providing analogs

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The Toxic Substances Hydrology Program and rise. CMGP-supported geologic and geophysical Contaminant Biology Program are research and mapping provides information resources on development programs that provide scientific coastal and marine habitats and resource information on environmental contamination to occurrence which, coupled with process-based improve characterization and management of models, supports forecasts of ecosystem contaminated ecosystems and sites, to protect vulnerability. Collaborative mapping activities human and environmental health, and to reduce include coastal elevation and land-cover potential future contamination problems. The mapping, regional sea-floor and habitat mapping Programs include development of methods to with State and Federal Partners, and specialized assess environmental occurrence and ecological mapping of coral reef and other habitats. effects of emerging and understudied environmental contaminants, including algal CMGP provides national assessments of toxins, pharmaceuticals and personal care shoreline change and regional assessments of products, and pesticides and other industrial erosion, storm, sea-level rise, and tsunami chemicals suspected of being endocrine vulnerability. CMGP studies, collaboratively disruptors. The activities include characterization with other USGS programs, provide of the sources and/or causes of contamination, understanding of the environmental setting and which provides the knowledge basis for processes to inform regional restoration projects; prevention and mitigation actions, and occurrence fate, transport and effect of contaminants and and effects in aquatic ecosystems, including pathogens in coastal and marine settings; energy selected coastal ecosystems. The Contaminant resource (gas hydrate) occurrence and processes, Biology Program investigates the effects and and the susceptibility of sensitive ecosystems exposure of environmental contaminants to the (shallow and deep corals, wetlands) to Nation's living resources, particularly those under environmental change including ocean the stewardship of the Department of the Interior. acidification.

Natural Hazards Water Resources

The Earthquake Hazards Program (EHP), Ecosystem health, and efforts to better ensure, Volcano Hazards Program (VHP), the Global protect, and restore that health are intimately Seismographic Network (GSN), and Landslides linked to the quantity and quality of water Hazard Program (LHP) provide information and available. The Cooperative Water Program products for hazard-loss reduction, including conducts data collection and investigations with hazard and risk assessments and monitoring. respect to surface and groundwater quantity and Assessments of hazard, risk, and vulnerability are quality that form the foundation for water- integral to management and policy to ensure safe resources management and planning activities communities, vital economies, and healthy nationwide, through partnerships with over 1,000 ecosystems. State and local agencies.

The Coastal and Marine Geology Program The National Streamflow Information Program (CMGP) conducts research on changes in the (NSIP) implements the USGS plan to ensure coastal and marine environment, whether reliable and consistent acquisition and delivery of naturally occurring or human induced. Changes streamflow information at key sites. The Water in this environment can endanger our quality of Information Coordination Program (WICP) life, threaten property, pose risk to fragile ensures the availability of cost effective water environments, and affect livelihoods. The CMGP information required to make effective decisions provides regional understanding of coastal and for natural resources management and marine settings, processes, and forecasts of future environmental protection. vulnerability to natural and human-influenced processes including erosion, storms, and sea-level The National Water Quality Assessment Program (NAWQA) provides an understanding of water-

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quality of the Nation's surface water and health of the Nation. Geologic maps are groundwater, and how those conditions may vary indispensable for understanding Earth-surface locally, regionally, and nationally; whether processes and ground-water availability and conditions are getting better or worse over time; quality, supporting land-management decisions, and how water quality is affected by natural understanding hazard vulnerability and mitigating features and human activities. hazard impacts, assisting in ecological and climatic monitoring and modeling, and The National Streamflow Quality Accounting understanding onshore-offshore sedimentary Network (NASQAN) focuses on the water processes. quality of four of the Nation's largest river systems—the Mississippi (including the Missouri The National Geospatial Program (NGP) and Ohio), the Columbia, the Colorado, and the organizes, maintains, and publishes the geospatial Rio Grande. NASQAN quantifies the delivery of baseline of the Nation’s topography, natural water and nutrients to coastal receiving waters landscape, and built environment. The NGP from these major basins and sub-basins therein. participates in interagency/intergovernmental efforts to coordinate the acquisition and provision The Groundwater Resources Program provides of foundational geospatial information including objective scientific information and orthoimagery, elevation, and hydrography interdisciplinary understanding necessary to (surface-water features such as rivers and lakes). assess and quantify availability and sustainability In coastal settings the NGP, in collaboration with of the Nation’s groundwater resources. Program the Coastal and Marine Geology Program, is activities include monitoring, modeling and working to develop high-resolution elevation research to understand the influence of coastal models (including nearshore bathymetry) in groundwater delivery systems on the health of response to requirements of coastal zone coastal ecosystems. managers.

The Hydrologic Networks and Analysis program The mission of the Core Science Analytics and provides data of the quantity and quality of water Synthesis (CSAS) is to develop national data in the Nation’s streams, lakes, and aquifers for products through analysis and synthesis to enable wise planning, development, utilization, and USGS science, lead strategic research and protection of the Nation’s water resources. The informatics partnerships, and to create innovative program supports the design and development of tools and technologies that mobilize data for the National Water Quality Monitoring Network scientific discovery and rapid response to societal with a focus on understanding the impacts of issues. The CSAS provides credible, applicable, hydrologic systems on the health of coastal unbiased information for science-based decision- receiving waters. making, particularly as it pertains to the conservation, management, and use of the The Water Resources Research Act Program Nation’s biological resources. provides an institutional mechanism for promoting State, regional, and national The CSAS is working with NOAA and the coordination of water resources research, training USFWS to develop and house the data delivery and coordination, and information and system supporting the National Fish Habitat technology transfer. Action Plan (NFHAP). The initial product includes delivery of the national coastal and Core Science Systems inland assessments through data visualization and web-mapping capabilities in a unified viewer. The National Cooperative Geologic Mapping The full system will facilitate the transfer of data Program (NCGMP) produces accurate geologic between and among the Fish Habitat Partnerships maps and 3-D geologic frameworks that provide and the National Fish Habitat Board to help critical data for sustaining and improving the inform decisions for implementing conservation quality of life, economic vitality, and ecological actions by improving understanding of landscape-

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scale processes from headwaters to the coasts and which reach tens of thousands of children and oceans. Development and support of the NFHAP adults each year. data system will improve coordination between Federal partners and enhance their support to Watershed and Habitat Management regional, State, tribal, and local organizations working to improve the Nation’s fish habitat. The BLM manages coastal land and facilities in The CSAS also houses the Ocean Biogeographic Oregon, Washington, California, and Alaska. Information System (OBIS-USA), compiling and These lands often include extensive watersheds providing access to data that indicate where and that flow to the Pacific Ocean, Bering Sea, and when in history (1800 to present) marine species Arctic Ocean. A focal point of BLM land occurred within our national waters. Information management is the protection and restoration of on the location and time of species occurrence water quality and fish habitat. Anadromous fish, informs users on ecosystem status and health such as Pacific salmon, utilize habitat on BLM- from specific regions to the global ocean. managed lands for spawning and rearing as far inland as the tributaries of the Columbia River in Bureau of Land Management Idaho/Washington and the Yukon River in Alaska. The protection, restoration, and

monitoring of water quality and fish habitat is Education outlined in BLM Resource Management Plans and Integrated Activity Plans. The BLM also The BLM has an active and extensive youth funds a variety of research projects to further education program. In coastal areas, BLM has a understanding of the effects of land management number of educational outreach initiatives activities on riparian conditions, water quality, designed to inform students of targeted age and fish habitat. groups on good stewardship of watersheds that flow into tidal waters and are crucial to salmon The North Slope Science Initiative (NSSI) is a lifecycles. Students are taught through programs collaborative, science-based program that is such as Outdoor Week and Water Days, integrating inventory, monitoring, and research important components of a healthy stream and activities across the North Slope of Alaska and its riparian habitat and the causes of impairment to adjacent seas. The mission is to improve the habitat and thus to the salmon. This scientific and regulatory understanding of knowledge of watershed stewardship is passed on terrestrial, aquatic, and marine ecosystems in the to family members and retained into adulthood context of energy development and climate years. Other initiatives are directed at student change. While sponsored and primarily funded interns and expose them to the numerous by BLM, the NSSI is directed by an Oversight mandates under which the BLM operates such as Group made up by leadership representatives of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act member organizations, including Federal and (FLPMA). Many of these interns decide to State agencies, the Arctic Slope Regional continue in careers directed at the management of Corporation, and the North Slope Borough. The coastal watersheds at the BLM or in other NSSI is supported by a small BLM staff and has environmental agencies organizations. BLM also two advisory groups: a Senior Staff Committee operates the Campbell Creek Science Center and a Science Technical Advisory Panel. The within the city limits of Anchorage, Alaska and NSSI is also working on a circumpolar scale with the Lower Potomac Field Station outside of the Arctic Council, the eight Arctic member Washington, DC in Virginia, which provide countries, and its various working groups. youth and adult outdoor experiences aimed at teaching good stewardship towards public lands. Oil and Gas Management Their location on coastal resources provides formal and informal teaching opportunities, Of the 3,600 miles of coastline BLM manages in Alaska, much forms the northern edge of the 23.5

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million acres of Alaska facing the Arctic Ocean. responsible way. Its functions include offshore Known as the National Petroleum Reserve - leasing, resource evaluation, review and Alaska (NPR-A), this land is located on the administration of oil and gas exploration and seaward side of the Brooks Range, (the North development plans, renewable energy leasing and Slope). All of this area drains northward into the development, and environmental studies. Arctic Ocean. These lands were set aside in the early 20th Century as an oil reserve. The BLM’s In FY 2012, the Department of the Interior management of this are protects surface values completed the reorganization of BOEMRE into consistent with oil and gas development and is BOEM and the Bureau of Safety and formed by an Integrated Activity Plan, taking into Environmental Enforcement (BSEE). While account environmental consequences of resource certain BOEM and BSEE functions remain development, Environmental Impact Statements, closely linked and interdependent, the two and consultations with tribes, communities and bureaus now operate independently. Both Alaska Native Corporations concerning agencies are committed to ongoing interagency subsistence hunting and fishing rights. Of major coordination, and by design, the reorganization concern are fish and caribou populations and process focused on identifying areas of overlap migrations, climate change, permafrost changes, where coordination is particularly critical. and a shorting of the winter oil exploration and production season (winter) when heavy In the new configuration, budget activities for equipment can cross the tundra with minimal BOEM are funded through the Ocean Energy impacts. Management (OEM) account and support resource evaluation, planning, and leasing of the Coastal Management Nation's offshore energy and mineral resources in an appropriately balanced way that promotes economic development, energy independence, The 1,100 miles of California coastline, the and environmental protection. California Coastal National Monument,

comprises more than 20,000 small islands, rocks, exposed reefs, and pinnacles between Mexico and Bureau Mission Oregon. The BLM also manages coastal areas and islands in Oregon and Washington such as BOEM is responsible for both conventional and the San Juan Islands. The scenic qualities and renewable energy leasing policies and programs. critical habitat of this public resource are For conventional energy, this applies to all OCS protected as part of the National Landscape leasing and development issues for oil, gas and Conservation System, administered by the BLM. other marine minerals. This includes developing BLM provides public outreach through a Five Year Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) Oil information centers in these areas; conducts and Gas Leasing Program and designing consultation and coordination with local individual oil and gas lease sales in a way that stakeholders, multiple agencies, and makes oil and gas resources available, protects environmental groups; and conducts studies communities and the environment, ensures fair aimed at maintaining the sustainability of the value to the American taxpayer, and provides resource values the public seeks. incentives for diligent development of leases. On the renewable side, BOEM manages offshore Bureau of Ocean Energy leasing for renewable energy and alternate-use projects. BOEM is also responsible for managing Management the development of all OCS minerals other than oil, gas, and sulfur. Specifically, BOEM conveys The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management the rights to OCS sediment – including sand and (BOEM) manages the development of the gravel – that is used for coastal restoration and Nation’s offshore energy and mineral resources preservation projects. in an environmentally and economically

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Renewable Energy for oil and gas development. This program includes: fair market value determination, which is focused on thoroughly assessing the oil and gas Renewable energy and alternate-use projects can potential and associated economic value of OCS include wind, wave, and ocean current projects, tracts offered for lease; resource assessment, as well as projects that make alternative use of which is focused on identifying geologic plays on existing oil and natural gas platforms in Federal the OCS that offer the highest potential for waters. hydrocarbon resources; reserves inventory, or the

identification of resources that can be extracted BOEM manages renewable energy leasing using current technology; and acquisition and activities for the OCS, including program analysis of geological and geophysical (G&G) development and implementation; environmental data, as well as permitting of G&G activity to analysis, assessment, and compliance work in ensure that pre-lease exploration, prospecting, support of competitive and non-competitive and scientific research operations in Federal leasing actions; review of site assessment and waters do not interfere with each other, with lease construction and operations plans; consultation operations, or with other uses of the area. with State and local governments, Federal

agencies, tribes, and other stakeholders; and development of a multi-purpose marine cadastre. Economic Evaluation BOEM’s renewable energy program is also committed to advancing the Department’s “Smart BOEM conducts economic, statistical, from the Start” initiative, which aims to facilitate engineering, and cost-benefit analyses for the efficient and environmentally responsible siting, Department of the Interior, other Federal leasing, and construction of new wind energy agencies, and Congress. Through its economics projects in the Atlantic. division in headquarters and in the regions, BOEM evaluates, recommends, designs, and Conventional Energy implements policies and legislation relating to lease terms, bidding systems, auction designs, rulemaking, revenue forecasts, post-sale bid BOEM’s conventional energy activities include: adequacy determinations, and revenue sharing OCS oil and gas leasing, including developing with the states. the Five Year OCS Oil and Gas Leasing Program,

surveying OCS boundaries, implementing the lease sale process, administering leases, and Plan Administration reviewing exploration and development plans. Resource evaluation is a critical component of the BOEM conducts in-depth reviews of Exploration program that provides the information needed to Plans, Development and Production Plans, and support program decision making. This includes Development Operation Coordination Documents technical and economic analysis, tract evaluation, to ensure that plan activities are conducted in assessment and modeling, conservation of accordance with applicable laws, regulations, and resources, reserves inventories, geological and lease terms. BOEM is committed to ensuring that geophysical permitting, data acquisition, and fair its process for reviewing and approving plans is market value determinations. rigorous, efficient, and transparent. BOEM works collaboratively with industry throughout Resource Evaluation the review of plans to ensure that operators comply with rigorous operational and environmental requirements. BOEM’s resource evaluation program supports numerous Bureau activities, both energy and non- energy (e.g., marine minerals), through critical Environmental Studies and technical analyses. The primary objective is to Assessments identify areas of the OCS that are most promising

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One of the cornerstones of the reorganization was The Bureau of Safety and Environmental to increase the emphasis on sound environmental Enforcement (BSEE) is responsible for managing science as a basis for resource development exploration, development, and production decisions. BOEM’s environmental programs, operations for oil and natural gas on the Outer support a full spectrum of environmental analysis Continental Shelf (OCS). BSEE’s regulation and and coordination, from identifying and funding oversight of Federal offshore resources is environmental studies to interagency intended to ensure that the OCS remains a solid coordination on environmental issues to contributor to the Nation’s energy needs through environmental assessments of potential effects facilitation of safe, environmentally-responsible from Bureau-proposed or authorized activities in oil and gas development and the conservation of compliance with environmental statutes. The resources. In carrying out its OCS scope of BOEM’s environmental activities responsibilities, BSEE regularly works with extends throughout the Bureau – to renewable Federal, State, and local agencies and in and conventional energy activities and in every consultation with the public. BSEE is region. Environmental studies and assessments responsible for fostering safe and are integrally connected, as BOEM’s research environmentally sound offshore energy program is specifically designed to target key operations. In general, BSEE will pursue these policy needs and to support the environmental objectives through its powers to issue rules and reviews that the agency conducts in order to regulations, inspect operations, and pursue support decision-making. enforcement actions.

Marine Minerals Program The functions of BSEE include oil and gas permitting, facility inspections, regulations and standards development, safety and oil spill OCS sand resources are often needed to replenish response research, field operations, shorelines and restore wetlands damaged by environmental compliance and enforcement, coastal storms and rising sea levels. BOEM’s review of operator oil spill response plans, Marine Minerals Program supports the production and development, conservation, and development of OCS sand and gravel and the operation of a national training program for environmental analyses necessary to permit the inspectors. conveyance of marine mineral resources. To date, BOEM has conveyed the rights to 73 On October 1, 2011, BSEE began to function million cubic yards of OCS sediment to restore independently. In the new configuration, budget and protect 202 miles of coastline in six states. activities for BSEE are funded through the Offshore Safety and Environmental Enforcement Executive Direction and General (OSEE) account which will support safety, Support Services protect the environment, and conserve resources offshore through vigorous regulatory oversight and enforcement. The OSEE account activities Funds for the Executive Direction and General are described below. Support Services support administration, policy

decision-making and shared support services for the Bureau. These activities provide the Environmental Enforcement Activity leadership and resources necessary for informed decision-making and sound policy. This activity funds environmental compliance activities related to issuing permits associated Bureau of Safety and with plans; inspections of environmental measures and enforcement of incidences of Environmental Enforcement noncompliance; and monitoring industry compliance with mitigation and other

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environmental requirements through office and guidance and overall leadership within the BSEE field inspections. organization. The Office of the Director also oversees administrative direction and Operations, Safety and Regulation coordination, providing oversight of all administrative functions within BSEE. Activity

This activity funds OCS permit application Technology Assessment and Research reviews, inspections of OCS facilities including (TA&R) Program critical high-risk activities, offshore operator oil spill planning and preparedness compliance, The TA&R Program supports research associated accident investigations, civil penalties and with offshore operational safety and engineering operator disqualification, operator training and research (OSER) for oil, gas, and renewable audit programs, annual operator performance energy development. The OSER issues for oil reviews, verification of oil and gas production and gas include the complete spectrum of levels to help ensure the public receives a fair operations and oil spill prevention ranging from return, and the Technology Assessment and the drilling of exploratory wells to the removal Research and Oil Spill Response Research and decommissioning of platforms. The OSER Programs. for renewable energy consists primarily of the siting, installation, inspection, and removal of Administrative Operations Activity offshore wind towers, platforms, and farms. The TA&R Program was established to ensure This activity funds general administration and that oil and gas activities employ the Best ethics, equal employment opportunity services, Available and Safest Technologies (BAST) as emergency management, finance, human required by the 1978 Outer Continental Shelf resources, procurement, and information Lands Act. With the passage of EPAct, the management. TA&R Program has further expanded to include research to ensure that renewable energy General Support Services Activity activities will be conducted safely.

This activity funds shared activities and related The TA&R Program operates through contracts support services for the Bureau. These include with universities, private firms, and government expenses such as: rental and security of office laboratories to assess safety-related technologies space, workers’ compensation and unemployment and to perform necessary applied research. Many compensation, voice and data communications, projects are jointly funded with industry, other centrally provided services funded by the government organizations, and international Department’s Working Capital Fund, annual regulatory organizations as a means to minimize building maintenance contracts, mail services, overlap and leverage funds. and printing costs. Oil Spill Research Program Executive Direction Activity The OSRR program supports oil spill prevention, This activity funds Bureau-wide leadership, planning, preparedness, and response functions direction, management, coordination, through applied research. The Oil Spill Research communications strategies, and outreach. This (OSR) appropriation funds the OSRR program as activity includes functions such as budget well as the operation and maintenance of Ohmsett formulation, congressional and public affairs, (the National Oil Spill Response and Renewable policy and analysis, and regulations. The Office Energy Test Facility) as directed by the Oil of the Director is funded within this activity and Pollution Act of 1990; oil spill prevention and is responsible for providing general policy response planning; and regulation of oil spill financial responsibility.

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The OSRR research program operates through detected a disease outbreak in 2005-2006 that contracts with universities, private firms, and resulted in the loss of 60 percent of live coral at government laboratories to assess safety-related sites in St. John, USVI. technologies and to perform necessary applied research. Many projects are jointly funded with Habitat Restoration: Coastal watersheds industry, other Government organizations, and provide ecological services and benefits, international regulatory organizations as a means including coastal protection, floodwater retention, to minimize overlap and leverage funds. water quality improvement, wildlife habitat, tourism, and recreational opportunities. Point National Park Service Reyes National Seashore (California) is restoring natural hydrologic and shoreline processes by

removing levees and fill from marsh habitat and Operation of the National Park System restoring natural hydrologic connectivity, – Natural Resources floodplain processes and tidal inundation. More than 70 miles of the Elwha River and its The National Park System contains over 84 tributaries in Olympic National Park ocean, coastal, and Great Lakes parks across 22 (Washington) are being restored by the removal states and four territories. The parks conserve of two dams that interrupted sediment and debris 11,200 miles of coast and 2.5 million acres of flows and created barriers to salmon migration. ocean, coastal, and Great Lakes waters, including Several Federal and State agencies and tribes are coral reefs, kelp forests, glaciers, estuaries, engaged in the restoration. The Comprehensive beaches, wetlands, historic forts, and shipwrecks. Everglades Restoration Plan is a partnership of They attract over 86 million visits each year and State, Federal, and local agencies and tribes to generate $3.5 billion in economic benefits for restore the natural ecological systems in central local communities. and south Florida by restoring the quality, quantity and timing of water flows. The Coastal Park Assessments: NPS has completed restoration affects the distribution and abundance assessments of watershed conditions in 32 ocean, of coastal wetlands and wildlife in Everglades coastal, and Great Lakes parks. The assessments National Park, Big Cypress National Preserve and characterize the status of wetland, riparian, Biscayne National Park (Florida). marine, estuarine, and lake resources and are accomplished through partnerships with Great Lakes Restoration Initiative: The NPS universities in Cooperative Ecosystem Studies is working with EPA and other Federal and State Unit networks and Federal agencies. NPS agencies to restore and sustain the ecological, collaborated with USGS to develop hazard recreational, and economic value of Great Lakes assessments for future seal level change for 22 resources in and around national parks in Lake coastal parks. NPS is also working with USGS Michigan (Indiana Dunes and Sleeping Bear and university partners to provide storm Dunes National Lakeshores) and Lake Superior vulnerability assessments to coastal parks to (Apostle Islands and Pictured Rocks National prepare for and respond to storm damage caused Lakeshores, Grand Portage National Monument, by hurricanes, typhoons, and nor’easters. and Isle Royale National Park). The main focus Updated geologic maps are used to predict storm areas are: toxic substances; invasive species; surge and inundation impacts, shoreline change, nearshore health and nonpoint source pollution; and vulnerability to sea-level rise. Thirteen NPS habitat and wildlife protection and restoration; Inventory & Monitoring Networks developed and accountability, monitoring, evaluation, geospatial databases, implemented monitoring communication and partnerships. Projects plans, and assessed condition of resources in include comprehensive natural resource ocean and coastal parks. For example, the South assessments, a comprehensive shoreline Florida/Caribbean network documented the restoration and management plan, removal of decline of coral colonies in Virgin Islands parks invasive species, restoring wetland and dune during warm water and bleaching events and habitats, restoring natural stream flows and

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shoreline processes, and establishing the Great of natural events, such as storms, on water Lakes Watershed Sustainable Living Program to quality. interpret the impacts of climate change and promote stewardship of protected resources. Chesapeake Bay: The NPS Chesapeake Bay Office administers three national initiatives to Ecosystem Protection: Working with State connect people with special places and stories of agencies, NPS created fully-protected marine the Chesapeake Bay. The NPS works through a reserves at Virgin Islands Coral Reef National variety of partnerships, including the Chesapeake Monument, Buck Island Reef National Bay Gateways Network, the Captain John Smith Monument (U.S. Virgin Islands), Dry Tortugas Chesapeake National Historic Trail and the Star- National Park (Florida), and Channel Islands Spangled Banner National Historic Trail, to foster National Park (California). Studies of the stewardship of the Chesapeake. The NPS is a reserves by NPS and State and Federal partners partner in the watershed-wide Chesapeake Bay show positive results in restoring depleted marine Program—a partnership of State governments species. Biscayne National Park (Florida) has and Federal agencies. The Gateways Network proposed establishing a marine reserve to allow connects people with the Chesapeake Bay and its the coral reef to recover from consumptive rivers through more than 160 parks, wildlife activities and offer visitors an opportunity to see refuges, museums, and historic communities and an intact and un-fished coral reef ecosystem. As trails. The Network serves an effective role in the oceans are altered by climate change, the educating the public on restoration initiatives and marine reserves will enrich our scientific environmental stewardship. understanding of the potential of protected areas for restoring marine ecosystems and increasing Education and Outreach: Eight National Park ecological resilience of coral reefs and kelp Service Research Learning Centers (RLCs) are forests to climate change. galvanizing local organizations, schools, universities, government agencies and citizens to Water Quality: Estuaries in coastal National participate in park-based ocean research, Parks are productive habitats and nurseries for education, and volunteer projects. For example, fish and wildlife, including recreationally students and volunteers experience the scientific important species. Estuarine degradation results process by conducting the Tomales Bay mainly from population growth and development Biodiversity Inventory at the Pacific Coast in coastal watersheds beyond park boundaries. Science and Learning Center at Point Reyes NPS has increased the number of cooperative National Seashore (California). Cooperative estuarine monitoring and assessments with Ecosystem Studies Units (CESU) are public- NOAA, EPA, and State and local agencies to private partnerships involving 190 universities, address these problems. An assessment 45 non-Federal research partners, NPS and 12 conducted in Southeast Atlantic coastal estuaries other Federal agencies across the U.S. Six CESU based on EPA data indicated that only 34 percent networks are based on the coasts and Great Lakes of sites within parks had good water quality. As and provide park managers with high-quality a result, Timucuan Ecological & Historic research, technical assistance, and education. In Preserve (Florida) became a founding member of a partnership with the Ventura County, the Three River Conservation Coalition, a California, Office of Education, NPS broadcasts partnership among land management and “Channel Islands Live!” an interactive regulatory agencies and nonprofits that works to underwater video program connecting children in improve water quality by supporting low-impact school classrooms via the Internet with scuba development and by sharing water-quality diving interpreters in the kelp forest at Channel information. The NPS now monitors water and Islands National Park. sediment quality in Southeast Atlantic coastal parks using EPA protocols to identify water- Everglades Restoration and Research quality problems; track nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) levels; and assess long-term effects

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The restoration, preservation and protection of protect, enhance, and restore important fish and Federal interest lands in South Florida is critical wildlife habitats on private lands. The Partners to the health of the ecological systems supported program leverages non-Federal funds at a ratio of by the Everglades’ “river of grass” and directly four to one and works in coastal as well as affects the distribution and abundance of native interior areas. The Partners Program is delivered vegetation and wildlife in Everglades National by locally-based habitat restoration experts. An Park, Biscayne National Park, and Big Cypress example of the types of coastal projects the National Preserve. The Comprehensive Partners Program conducts is the removal of Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP) represents a physical barriers to fish migration. In FY 2010 partnership of Federal, State, and tribal agencies and FY 2011, the Partners Program removed and implements projects that are essential to the hundreds of fish barriers and opened up hundreds restoration, protection, and preservation of the of miles of stream and shoreline habitat. The natural ecological systems in central and south Partners Program is working in the Matanuska- Florida. It includes feasibility studies, pilot Susitna Valley with the Alaska Department of projects for seepage management and in-ground Fish and Game and Friends of the Mat Su to reservoirs, and restoration projects. enhance salmon spawning habitat in the Little Susitna River. Fish and Wildlife Service Conservation Planning Assistance: The

Conservation Planning Assistance program Habitat Conservation (CPA) works collaboratively with industry, agencies, and others to achieve sustainable Coastal Program: The Coastal Program is a development compatible with the conservation of voluntary, partnership-based, habitat conservation fish and wildlife. An on-the-ground presence in program that focuses its activities on priority more than 80 field offices, CPA biologists act as coastal habitats in the U.S. The Coastal Program the unified voice of the Service in development field staffs work in 24 priority areas around the planning. This network of professionals has country, including the Great Lakes to provide expertise in several authorities including the technical and financial resources to deliver Clean Water Act, NEPA, Federal Power Act, habitat protection and restoration on public and Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act, and private lands. In FY 2010, the Coastal Program Migratory Bird Treaty Act that give the Service protected and or restored 30,334 acres of coastal mechanisms for engagement on many projects wetlands, 25,819 acres of uplands, restored 100 where the Service’s recommendations would miles of stream/shoreline, and removed 28 fish otherwise not be delivered. CPA’s field staff barriers that reopened 276 miles of stream directly influence coastal and marine habitat. In FY 2011, the Coastal Program conservation through multiple processes at all protected and/or restored 33,182 acres of coastal scales. CPA reviews and negotiates stewardship wetlands, 23,897 acres of coastal uplands, features of large-scale Federal coastal protection restored 277 miles of stream/shoreline, and projects, navigation/dredging/beneficial-use removed 35 fish barriers that reopened 15 miles projects, levees, beach nourishment, coastal oil of stream habitat. In FY 2012, the Coastal and gas exploration/infrastructure, offshore wind Program continued to efficiently and effectively power (increasing 25-30 percent annually), leverage non-Federal funds to support coastal hydrokinetic energy generation, harbor habitat protection and restoration projects that construction, military facilities, transportation, benefited conservation and recovery of Federal- coastal development, and hydropower licensing trust species. processes that alone directly influence migratory fish passage/populations by reopening 7,000 river Partners for Fish and Wildlife: The Partners miles since 2007. for Fish and Wildlife Program is a voluntary direct Federal assistance program that works with National Wetlands Inventory: In FY 2010 and private landowners and other organizations to FY 2011, the National Wetlands Inventory (NWI)

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supported water quality and sustainable land use CBRA mapper and information management planning by mapping the Nation’s wetlands and system (GeoCBRA) that will make CBRS maps increasing geospatial data for 94 million acres. and data more accessible to the public. The This data is made available to planners through Service continued work on these activities in FY the Wetlands Mapper and the Wetlands Layer of 2012. the National Spatial Data Infrastructure, and on the new GeoPlatform.gov and Data.gov. In FY Fisheries and Aquatic Resource 2012, NWI continued to update wetlands and deep water geospatial data for coastal areas, Conservation including North Carolina and Chesapeake Bay, Marine Mammals: The Service’s Marine and various National Wildlife Refuges along the Mammal Program conducts activities in support Atlantic, Gulf, and Pacific Coasts (data were used of its responsibilities under the Marine Mammal to run Sea Level Affecting Marshes Model Protection Act (MMPA) and other authorities, simulations on the impacts of estimated sea-level mandates, and conservation plans and strategies. rise on coastal habitats for each coastal Refuge). In FY 2010 and FY 2011, the Service conducted In FY 2011, NWI published the Status and stock assessment and conservation management Trends of Wetlands in the Conterminous United for stocks of sea otters, polar bears, and walruses States 2004 to 2009 (Dahl, T.E., 2011). Status in Alaska, stocks of sea otters in Washington and and Trends is completed every 5 years and is California, and stocks of manatees in Florida and provided to Congress and the public. A more Puerto Rico; managed marine mammal incidental detailed report, derived from the 2011 report, will take, including working with industry to be produced and is being expanded to cover the minimize potential impacts of expanding offshore West Coast. In FY 2012, NWI began to support and terrestrial oil and gas activities on polar bear the Coastal Barrier Resources Act Program and walrus populations by providing technical (CBRA). assistance and incidental take authorizations pursuant to the MMPA supporting the goals and Coastal Barrier Resources System: In FY 2010 strategies established under the Russia-United and FY 2011, the Coastal Barrier Resources Act States Polar Bear Bilateral Agreement; and (CBRA) Program collaborated with the Federal continued to support Marine Mammal-focused Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Cooperative Agreements. In FY 2012, the through the Federal Interagency Floodplain Service continued with these efforts, specifically Management Task Force to improve the working to finalize a determination on the administration of CBRA. The Task Force southern sea-otter translocation program, and re- developed the Coastal Barrier Resources System issuing Incidental Take Regulations for oil and (CBRS) digital conversion concept to replace gas industry activities in the Chukchi/Bering Sea. outdated CBRS paper maps and imprecise CBRS boundaries depicted on FEMA’s old flood Aquatic Invasive Species: The Aquatic Invasive insurance rate maps. In FY 2011, the Service also Species Program provides support for Federal worked with FEMA on a partnership to conduct ocean activities through its leadership of the geomorphic and structure assessments associated Federal Interagency Aquatic Nuisance Species with the CBRS. These assessments will facilitate Task Force (Task Force). In FY 2010 and FY digital conversion of paper CBRS maps and 2011, the program and the Task Force supported improve the integrity of the CBRS data and monitoring and assessment of the trends of mapping products maintained by the Service and marine invasive species in coastal Alaska waters FEMA. In FY 2010 and FY 2011, the program and conducted outreach. In coordination with the completed portions of the CBRS mapping pilot Task Force, the program helped prevent the project, including completing recommended establishment of Asian carp in the Great Lakes by maps for 68 pilot project units using modern providing technical assistance, risk assessments, aerial imagery and digital boundaries. monitoring, and staff for rapid-response actions. Additionally, in FY 2010 and 2011, the Service The program supported a study of lionfish continued work on development of an online

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impacts on the Florida Keys commercial lobster birds, and other fish and wildlife species, as well fishery, lionfish public outreach and control as inform agencies with regulatory authority for programs for Florida, and a ciguatera survey for pollution control, such as the EPA. invasive lionfish in the U.S. Virgin Islands. The program also supported detection and monitoring National Wildlife Refuge System surveys for Chinese mitten crab and Caulerpa (a seaweed) as part of implementing the National The Service maintains 180 National Wildlife Management Plans for Chinese mitten crab and Refuges (NWRs) located in the ocean, coastal Caulerpa, as well as monitoring for European areas, and Great Lakes that protect a wide green crab and Undaria pinnatifida (an invasive diversity of marine habitats. In FY 2011, the kelp). FWS continued to complete sea-level rise analysis for the coastal refuges utilizing the Sea National Fish Habitat Action Plan (NFHAP): Level Affecting Marshes Model (SLAMM). The Service partners with States, tribes, NGOs, Refuge operations focus on maintaining the and other stakeholders in implementing NFHAP. biological integrity, diversity, and environmental NFHAP fosters locally-driven and scientifically- health of the refuge resources for the benefit of based partnerships to protect, restore, and present and future generations of Americans. For enhance aquatic habitats and reverse the decline example, the staff at Midway Atoll NWR of fish and other aquatic species in both coastal coordinated with the National Oceanic and and inland areas. NFHAP’s mission and goals Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), U.S. are primarily implemented by Fish Habitat Coast Guard, and other Federal agencies to Partnerships (FHPs), which are formed and fully monitor shorelines for marine debris created by operating around geographic areas, keystone the Japanese Tsunami. In FY 2011, the FWS species, or system types. FHPs identify projects collaborated with The Nature Conservancy and that strategically focus on fish-habitat the Island Conservancy to conduct a rat removal management and funding. The Service approves project at Palmyra Atoll NWR to rebalance the projects and funding levels that are allocated to atoll’s terrestrial ecosystem and prevent the the Regions for administration and the Service’s extinction of the Central Pacific moist tropical Fish and Wildlife Conservation Offices provide island ecotype. In FY 2011, the FWS published a local technical assistance to FHPs on the projects. Notice of Intent (NOI) to prepare a monument NFHAP projects are leveraged as much as 3:1 management plan and an environmental with partner funding. assessment for the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument, as well as, updated Environmental Contaminants: The Comprehensive Conservation Plans for the seven Environmental Contaminants Program conducts NWRs within the monument. The FWS also investigations, both on- and off-National Wildlife released a NOI to begin the development of a Refuges, to assess impacts of contaminants on management plan for the Marianas Trench DOI trust resources. The program encourages Marine National Monument. partnerships with other Federal and State agencies as well as with academic institutions. International Affairs Investigations generate new data regarding the occurrence and effects of common water Division of International Conservation: The pollutants (such as nutrients, ammonia, selenium, Service is responsible for the U.S. mercury and other metals), legacy pollutants (i.e. implementation of the Ramsar Wetlands PCBs, dioxins, DDT, and other organochlorine Convention. Ramsar’s goal is the conservation pesticides), and contaminants of emerging and wise use of wetlands through national, concern, like current use pesticides, regional, and international actions, and is the pharmaceuticals, and personal care products. oldest global multi-lateral environmental This information is intended to support science- agreement. Ramsar’s 160 members have based management decisions to protect National designated 2,000 wetland sites as Wetlands of Wildlife Refuges, endangered species, migratory

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International Importance, totaling 200 million Endangered Species Program hectares, which constitutes the largest network of protected areas in the world. The United States The Service protects species listed as threatened has designated two “Crown Jewels” as Wetlands or endangered under the Endangered Species Act. of International Importance; Palmyra Atoll, a It also has a candidate conservation program NWR (204,127 hectares), 960 miles south of designed in order to avoid adding species to the Honolulu, Hawaii, and the Everglades National threatened and endangered species list, and a Park, where one of the planet’s largest wetland recovery program designed to restore species restoration projects is currently underway. The which are listed. Activities include consultations Division continues to engage in the development with Federal agencies and their permit applicants of guidelines and products to support to ensure agency and permittee activities are conservation of coastal wetlands and “Blue compatible with the conservation needs of listed Carbon” sequestering mechanisms. The notion of species. The recovery program works with wetlands as carbon sinks has triggered increasing Federal, State, tribal, and non-government interest in developing ways to assess the entities to take immediate action to prevent the magnitude of carbon storage as an indication of extinction of species, prepare recovery plans to the importance of particular wetlands. ensure coordinated, effective recovery actions to reverse the decline of listed species, and expedite Division of Management Authority: Program species recovery. staff has been actively engaged for over 10 years in implementation of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wildlife and Sport Fish Restoration

Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) relative to marine The Wildlife and Sport Fish Restoration Program species. There is a lack of consistent provides grants to the states, the District of interpretation and a harmonized approach for Columbia and insular areas for fishery projects, implementing CITES provisions, which pertain to boating access, and aquatic education. The trade in species taken on the high seas. As Program is authorized by the Sport Fish members of a CITES working group, including Restoration Act (Dingell-Johnson) of 1950. serving as Vice Chairman, program staff have The source of the funds is excise taxes on fishing contributed to significant progress on the equipment, motorboat and small engine fuels, development of guidance to the CITES Parties import duties, and interest are collected and (member countries) on this issue. appropriated from the Sport Fish Restoration and

Boating Trust Fund. Since its inception in 1950, Division of Scientific Authority: In 2010, the this program has awarded more than $7.32 billion United States submitted two proposals to list six to State fish and wildlife agencies for their shark species under CITES and a proposal to fisheries conservation and boating access efforts. include all pink and red corals was submitted to the 15th meeting of the Conference of the Parties. This stable source of funding has been and The United States also strongly supported a remains critical to the recovery of many of the proposal submitted by Monaco to include North Nation’s sport fish species. The various Atlantic bluefin tuna in the CITES Appendices. programs enhance the country’s sport-fish While none of these proposals were adopted, resources in both fresh and salt waters, and are significant attention was drawn to issue of over- the cornerstone of fisheries recreation and exploitation of marine resources. For some conservation efforts in the United States. species, important conservation measures were taken by regional fisheries management The National Coastal Wetlands Conservation organizations in direct response to the potential Grant (Coastal Grants) Program provides grants for CITES action. Several marine species are of up to $1 million to assist coastal states to being evaluated against the CITES criteria and protect and restore coastal wetlands; grants are are under active consideration. matched at least 1:1. In FY 2010, the program

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assisted 25 projects in 11 states that protected than 4,600 partners, who have contributed over and/or restored 6,100 acres of coastal wetland $2.2 billion in non-Federal matching funding habitat and adjacent uplands. In FY 2011, the over the life of the program. Service funded 24 projects in 12 states to protect 6,000 acres of coastal wetland habitat and Natural Resource Damage adjacent uplands. In FY 2012 the program assisted 26 projects in 12 states to protect and/or Assessment and Restoration restore 14,000 acres of coastal wetland habitat and adjacent uplands. The restoration program's mission is to restore natural resources injured as the result of oil spills The Sport Fish Restoration Account also supports or hazardous substances releases. It assesses the the Clean Vessel Act Program and the Boating injuries to natural resources for which the Infrastructure Grants. The Clean Vessel Act Department is designated a trustee on behalf of (CVA) program offers financial assistance to the public. The DOI negotiates legal settlements States to create infrastructure for collecting septic or takes legal actions against responsible parties waste from Marine Sanitation Devices (MSDs) to use recovered funds to restore injured and portable toilets on board recreational vessels. resources. Using funds received in settlement, During FY 2011 and FY 2012, CVA provided trustees plan and implement ecological $15.4 million to thirteen coastal states. Land- restoration of injured natural resources caused by based pumpouts and dump stations have kept oil spills or the release of hazardous substances thousands of gallons of septic waste out of into oceans, coastal, and Great Lakes recreational waters. CVA also funds projects environments. All such restoration actions are such as pumpout boats, floating restrooms, and implemented in concert with other affected portable pumpouts that allow boaters to access Federal, State, and tribal co-trustees, as well as various types of disposal facilities. CVA-funded local and regional-level, non-governmental projects support State designated No Discharge organizations. Zones as an integral part in maintaining local water quality. CVA regulations were revised in Office of Insular Affairs 2012 to include sustainable practices and environmental considerations as project factors for award consideration. Coral Reef Initiative and Technical Assistance Programs The Boating Infrastructure Grant program helps States develop, renovate, and improve public The goal of the Coral Reef Initiative program is facilities to increase public access to U.S. waters to improve the health of coral reefs in the U.S. for recreational boats over 26 feet long (non- insular areas for their long-term economic and trailerable recreational boats). social benefit through enhanced local management and protection. OIA’s primary role Migratory Birds Program is to assist the insular areas in identifying causes for coral reef decline, assessing needs for North American Wetlands Conservation Act improving local management and protection, and (NAWCA) Grant Program: Grants made as available, providing technical and financial through the NAWCA program have supported assistance to meet priority needs. over 2,000 projects improving the health and integrity of wetland and wetland-associated The purpose of the technical assistance program landscapes in all 50 States, Puerto Rico, the U.S. is to fund priority projects for which there are Virgin Islands, 13 Canadian provinces and little to no funds available from other Federal territories, and 31 Mexican states and the Federal agencies. The program provides the flexibility District of Mexico. Nearly 30 million acres have needed to respond to urgent, immediate needs in been protected, restored, and enhanced by more the insular areas. This flexibility is not available

A-62 2010-2011 Federal Ocean and Coastal Activities Report to the U.S. Congress in any other Federal budget due to the nature of Department has a Senior Ocean Policy the appropriations process. Team, chaired by the Chief of Staff, which includes representatives from bureaus and offices Office of the Secretary that have ocean and coastal responsibilities. The team, supported by a small Ocean and Coastal

Activities coordination team, ensures that the The Office of Natural Resources Department has a coordinated approach, Revenue (ONRR) including but not limited to, budgeting, leveraging internal resources, and developing The Secretary formally established ONRR from plans to implement ocean policies, so as to more what was the Minerals Revenue Management effectively fulfill the Department’s statutory program. Through ONRR, the Department responsibilities for ocean-related matters. This utilizes its financial systems and human resources includes strengthening internal partnerships, to collect, account for, substantiate, and disburse identifying and fostering external partnerships, revenues associated with mineral and offshore and shared stewardship to more effectively renewable energy production from leased Federal advance the Department’s ocean, coastal, and and Indian lands. Annually, nearly $900 million Great Lakes mission, coordination with the in outer continental shelf (OCS) receipts are National Ocean Council and its subordinate transferred to the Land and Water Conservation committees, facilitating implementation of EO Fund (LWCF) and $150 million to the Historic 13547 within the Department, and ensuring ocean Preservation Fund (HPF). In recent years, the and coastal-related initiatives are communicated OCS revenues have accounted for almost 100 to key audiences effectively by the Department’s percent of the deposits to the LWCF, and the bureaus and offices in order to strengthen the entire amount to the HPF. stewardship of America’s ocean and coastal resources. DOI Senior Ocean Policy Team: The

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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Percentage of Funds Dedicated to Each Ocean- Do llars in Millio ns Related Pro gram Functio n Other FY Actual 2010 FY Actual 2011 FY Enacted 2012 Science and Policy and Science Great Lakes resources Lakes Great Advancing International Ocean Advancing our understanding of oceans, coasts, and Great Lakes Great and coasts, oceans, management of ocean coastal and and coastal of ocean management Supporting Maritime Transportation Enhance the use, conservation, and

U.S. Geologic al Survey Ecosystems Status and Trends 100% 3.00 2.50 2.40 Fisheries: Aquatic and Endangered Resources 85% 15% 9.00 9.00 8.90 Terrestrial, Freshwater, and Marine Environments 40% 60% 17.00 18.00 18.80 Invasive Species 40% 60% 1.00 1.00 3.30 Wildlife: Terrestrial and Endangered Resources 60% 40% 4.00 4.00 3.80 Climate and Land Use Change Climate Research and Development 100% 1.60 1.50 2.00 Energy Minerals and Environmental Health Toxic Substances Hydrology 100% 0.60 0.60 0.60 Contaminants 100% 0.50 0.50 0.50 Energy Resources 25% 65% 10% 1.00 1.00 1.00 Natural Hazards Earthquake Hazards 100% 9.10 9.10 9.10 Landslide Hazards 100% 0.40 0.40 0.40 Coastal and Marine Geology 55% 44% 1% 46.20 44.70 42.80 Global Seismographic Network 100% 5.80 5.40 5.40 Water Resources Cooperative Water Program 60% 5% 35% 3.20 3.20 3.00 National Streamflow Information 40% 60% 0.80 0.80 0.80 National Water Quality Assessment 40% 60% 6.90 6.90 6.90 Groundwater Resourc es 50% 50% 0.90 0.90 0.90 Hydrologic Networks and Analysis 40% 60% 3.50 3.50 3.50 Water Resources Research Act 10% 90% 2.60 2.60 2.60 Core Science Systems National Cooperative Geologic Mapping 100% 1.60 1.60 5.00 National Geospatial Program 100% 0.10 0.00 0.00 Science Synthesis, Analysis and Research 100% 0.00 0.00 0.00 Bureau of Land Management Management of Lands and Resources Law Enforcement 100% 0.03 0.03 0.03 Science/R&D/Technology 100% 0.05 0.05 0.24 Education 100% 0.05 0.05 0.05 Manage & Monitor 100% 7.79 7.79 7.79 Oregon & California Grant Lands Law Enforcement 100% 0.03 0.03 0.03 Science/R&D/Technology 100% 1.01 1.01 1.01 Education 100% 0.47 0.47 0.47 Manage & Monitor Salmon Habitat 100% 21.34 19.88 19.88 Bureau of Ocean Energy Management* Renewable Energy 100% 22.43 23.14 22.68 Conventional Energy 100% 66.04 48.94 47.24 Environmental Assessment 100% 30.75 51.89 62.02 General Support Services 100% 10.73 19.14 12.78 Exec utive Direc tion 100% 1.59 17.88 16.05 Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement* Offshore Safety and Environmental Enforcement Environmental Enforcement 100% 0.00 1.03 4.10 Operations, Safety and Regulation 100% 64.10 82.52 132.08 Administrative Operations 100% 9.84 18.26 15.54 General Support Services 100% 12.39 19.46 12.61 Exec utive Direc tion 100% 4.68 12.23 18.12 Oil Spill Response Researc h Program Oil Spill Researc h 100% 6.34 11.74 14.90

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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR (continued)

Percentage of Funds Dedicated to Each Ocean- Do llars in Millio ns Related Pro gram Functio n Other FY Actual 2010 FY Actual 2011 FY Enacted 2012 Science and Policy and Science Great Lakes resources Lakes Great Advancing International Ocean Advancing our understanding of oceans, coasts, and Great Lakes Great and coasts, oceans, management of ocean coastal and and coastal of ocean management Supporting Maritime Transportation Enhance the use, conservation, and

National Park Servic e Operation of the National Park System Natural Resourc e Stewardship 74% 1% 22% 3% 79.69 80.98 79.63 Everglades Restoration and Research 55% 45% 4.79 4.96 4.91 Fish and Wildlife Servic e Resource Management - Habitat Conservation Coastal Program 100% 15.31 14.75 14.68 Partners for Fish and Wildlife 100% 13.30 13.30 13.30 Conservation Planning Assistance 100% 0.00 0.51 0.18 National Wetlands Inventory 100% 1.18 1.18 1.18 Coastal Barrier Resourc es Program 100% 0.59 0.39 0.39 Resource Management - Fisheries and Aquatic Resource Conservation Marine Mammals Program 70% 25% 5% 5.55 5.93 5.93 Aquatic Nuisanc e Spec ies Control - Invasive Spec ies 67% 33% 0.30 0.30 1.90 Aquatic Habitat and Species Conservation 100% 11.18 11.49 11.41 Maintenance and Equipment Hatcheries 100% 5.76 5.76 5.76 National Fish Hatc hery Operations 100% 14.94 14.94 14.94 Resource Management - Other National Conservation Training Center 40% 60% 0.03 0.03 0.03 Consultation 100% 3.76 3.76 3.76 Landscape Conservation 100% 0.00 0.75 0.75 Law Enforcement 100% 1.00 1.00 1.00 National Wildlife Refuge Operations and Maintenanc e 78% 21% 1% 120.77 119.98 116.66 Adaptive Sc ienc e 100% 0.00 1.00 1.00 Recovery 100% 3.08 3.68 3.68 Candidate Conservation 100% 0.04 0.04 0.04 International Affairs Division of International Conservation 30% 25% 30% 15% 0.30 0.30 0.30 Division of Management Authority 80% 20% 0.05 0.05 0.25 Division of Sc ientific Authority 50% 50% 0.03 0.03 0.05 Wildlife and Sport Fish Restoration Coastal Wetlands Grants 100% 18.12 17.66 16.98 Clean Vessel Act Program 100% 8.34 7.31 8.12 Migratory Birds Program North Americ an Wetlands Conservation Ac t Grant Program - 100% 18.12 17.66 16.98 Coastal and Great Lakes Grants Natural Resource Damage Assessment and Restoration Program DOI / ORDA / NRDA Program - Damage Assessment s 100% 2.10 22.00 14.00 DOI / ORDA / NRDA Program - Restoration Implementation 100% 22.50 25.20 26.00

Office of Insular Affairs Coral Reef Initiative 65% 25% 10% 1.00 1.00 1.00 General Tec hnic al Assistanc e 30% 50% 20% 0.00 2.60 0.00 Office of the Secretary Office of Natural Resources Revenue** 100% N/A 54.70 59.70 Oc ean and Coastal Ac tivities Oversight 100% 0.40 0.40 0.40 TOTAL 730.69 886.38 934.23

* The information for FY 2010 and FY 2011 are for comparison purposes only as these activities were carried out in the old organization of MMS/BOEMRE. In FY 2012 the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation, and Enforcement (BOEMRE) reorganized into the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) and the Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE). ** The Department reorganized the revenue management function of the former Minerals Management Service (MMS) to the Office of Natural Resources Revenue within the Office of the Secretary. Approximately one-half of the ONRR program funding is related to the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS). A-65 2010-2011 Federal Ocean and Coastal Activities Report to the U.S. Congress

MARINE MAMMAL COMMISSION

Congress passed the Marine Mammal Protection mammal conservation issues and identify Act in 1972 in response to growing concern that effective and cost-effective solutions. The certain species and population stocks of marine Marine Mammal Commission manages a mammals were in danger of extinction or research program to address issues of depletion as a result of human activities. The importance to the protection and conservation of Act created the Marine Mammal Commission, marine mammals and their habitat in accordance consisting of three members appointed by the with the Marine Mammal Protection Act. The President with the consent of the Senate and its research program is managed to avoid nine-member Committee of Scientific Advisors redundancy with studies carried out by other on Marine Mammals. The Act established a agencies, although Commission research funds national policy to prevent such depletion and often are used as seed money to encourage directed Federal agencies to take measures to additional support by other agencies with larger replenish marine-mammal species or population research budgets. The program also focuses on stocks. key studies that could provide significant advances in knowledge, management, or The Commission conducts special projects and conservation of marine mammals, such as prepares special reports, either at the request of investigating responses of marine mammals to Congress or independently, to evaluate marine climate change.

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MARINE MAMMAL COMMISSION

Percentage of Funds Dedicated to Each Ocean- Do llars in Millio ns Related Pro gram Functio n Other FY Actual 2010 FY Actual 2011 FY Enacted 2012 Science and Policy and Science Great Lakes resources Lakes Great Advancing International Ocean Advancing our understanding of oceans, coasts, and Great Lakes Great and coasts, oceans, management of ocean coastal and and coastal of ocean management Supporting Maritime Transportation Enhance the use, conservation, and

Ma rine Ma mma l Co mmis s io n 70% 25% 5% 3.25 3.25 3.25 TOTAL 3.25 3.25 3.25

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NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION

NASA’s primary role in oceans and coastal understand high-latitude oceanographic activities is developing the next generation of processes, particularly in the context of techniques and capabilities for satellite-based significant climate changes in the Arctic and global and coastal ocean observation, Antarctic. demonstrating the techniques’ utility, and pioneering the utilization of the acquired data. The primary objectives of NASA’s ocean In addition to developing and implementing research programs are to describe, understand, observing capabilities, NASA develops and and predict the time-varying three-dimensional implements data systems and computing circulation of the ocean and the biological advances in connection with ocean and Earth- regimes of the upper-ocean. Aspects of ocean system modeling. modeling (e.g., global circulation, air/sea gas exchange, carbon cycle, ecology) are also NASA provides new and better products in supported by the programs in partnership with the terms of absolute accuracy and stability of Global Modeling and Analysis Program. observations for both climate requirements Research and modeling activities for the high- (MODIS and ASTER on Terra, MODIS on latitude ice-covered oceans are supported by the Aqua, TMI on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Cryospheric Sciences Program. Ocean-relevant Mission (TRMM)) and improving research is integrated with other aspects of the understanding of the role of ocean biology and Earth system through NASA’s interdisciplinary biogeochemistry in the Earth system. NASA program. develops and implements satellite missions to explore new techniques or new geophysical Science Mission Directorate variables. The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission, launched in NASA’s Science Mission Directorate (SMD) March 2002, contributes to oceanography by conducts scientific exploration enabled by the use measuring the time varying gravity field. of space observatories and space probes that view NASA is examining other exploratory mea- the Earth from space, observe and visit other surements such as: (a) ocean surface salinity bodies in the solar system, and gaze out into the from space; (b) reflected signals from the galaxy and beyond. NASA’s science program Global Positioning System satellites for sea seeks answers to profound questions that touch us level and wind vector measurement; (c) lidar to all: how and why are Earth’s climate and the estimate oceanic plant groups and particle types environment changing? How and why does the (unknowns in carbon cycle, ecological, and Sun vary and affect Earth and the rest of the solar biogeochemical models); and (d) pulse and system? How do planets and life originate? How probe laser techniques to study phytoplankton does the universe work, and what are its origin photosynthetic efficiency or changes in plant and destiny? Are we alone? biochemistry as a response to environmental variability or change. From space, NASA satellites can view Earth as a planet and enable its study as a complex, dynamic Additionally, understanding of the ice-covered system with diverse components: the oceans, polar regions, believed to be the most vulnerable atmosphere, continents, ice sheets, and life itself. to changes in climate, is a high priority within The Nation’s scientific community can thereby NASA’s research activities. NASA has led the observe and track global-scale changes, way in using satellite sensors to derive ice connecting causes to effects. They can study concentration extent, temperature, and motion to regional changes in their global context, as well

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as observe the role that human civilization plays capabilities. These opportunities represent a as a force of change. Through partnerships with series of relatively low-to-moderate cost, small- agencies that maintain forecasting and decision to-medium sized missions. They are support systems, NASA improves national competitively selected, principal investigator lead capabilities to predict climate, weather, and missions that focus on scientific objectives to natural hazards, manage resources, and craft support a selected subset of studies of the environmental policy. atmosphere, oceans, land surface, polar- ice regions, or solid Earth. Projects include Earth Systematic Missions (ESM) includes a development and operation of space missions, broad range of multi-disciplinary science space-based remote sensing instruments for investigations aimed at developing a scientific missions of opportunity, extended duration understanding of the Earth system and its airborne science missions, and conducting response to natural and human-induced forces science research utilizing data from these and changes. Understanding these forces will missions. ESSP projects include developmental, help in determining how to predict future high-risk, high-return Earth-science missions and changes, possibly to mitigate them if possible, often involve partnerships with other U.S. and how to adapt where mitigation are not agencies and/or with international science and possible. The regional consequences of these space organizations. This portfolio of missions forces e.g. changes in precipitation patterns, and investigations provides opportunity for length of growing seasons, severity of storms, investment in innovative Earth science that change of sea level, must be understood to enhances NASA’s capability for better determine which aspects of climate change are understanding the current state of the Earth most harmful and how to adapt to those changes system and to enable continual improvement in that cannot be mitigated. the prediction of future changes.

The ESM program develops Earth observing Earth Science Research: NASA’s ability to research satellite missions, manages the operation study the Earth’s oceans from space has become of NASA facility research missions once on orbit, essential to progress in oceanographic research, and produces standard mission products in given the global reach of the Earth’s oceans and support of NASA and National research, their extensive interactions with the land and applications, and policy communities. atmosphere in shaping the Earth’s climate, carbon and other biogeochemical cycles, as well as Interagency and international partnerships are a Earth’s ecology. central element throughout the ESM program. Several of the on-orbit missions provide data NASA’s Earth Science Research program products in near-real time for use by U.S. and supports research activities that address the Earth international meteorological agencies and disaster system to characterize its properties on a broad responders. Five of the on-orbit missions range of spatial and temporal scales, to involved significant international or interagency understand the naturally occurring and human- collaboration in development, and a four satellite induced processes that drive them, and to A-Train formation flying constellation (Aqua, improve our capability for predicting its future CloudSat, CALIPSO, and Aura) consists of both evolution. The focus of the Earth Science NASA and international missions. Research program is the use of space-based measurements to provide information not available by other means. Earth System Science Pathfinder: Earth

System Science Pathfinder (ESSP) provides an NASA’s program is an end-to-end one that starts innovative approach to Earth-science research by with the development of observational techniques providing frequent, regular, competitively and the instrument technology needed to selected opportunities that accommodate new and implement them; tests them in the laboratory and emerging scientific priorities and measurement from an appropriate set of surface-, balloon-,

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aircraft-, and/or space-based platforms; uses the area, and make their data available to researchers results to increase basic process knowledge; around the world. incorporates results into complex computational models that can be used to more fully Applied Sciences: The NASA Applied Sciences characterize the present state and future evolution program leverages NASA Earth-science satellite of the Earth system; and develops partnerships measurements and new scientific knowledge to with other national and international enable innovative and practical uses by public- organizations that can use the generated and private-sector organizations. The Applied information in environmental forecasting and in Sciences program supports applied research and policy, business, and management decisions. applications projects to enable near-term uses of Earth-science knowledge, discover and Earth Science Multi-Mission Operations: demonstrate new applications, and facilitate The Earth Science Multi-Mission Operations adoption of applications by non-NASA program acquires, preserves, and distributes stakeholder organizations. observational data from operating spacecraft to support Earth Science focus areas in conformance Applied research and applications projects are with national science objectives. The Earth designed to improve decision-making activities to Science focus areas are: climate variability and help the Nation better manage its resources, change; atmospheric composition; carbon cycle, improve quality of life, and strengthen the ecosystems, and biogeochemistry; water and economy. NASA develops Earth-science energy cycles; weather; and Earth surface and applications in collaboration with end-users in interior. NASA’s principal Earth Science public, private, and academic organizations. information system is EOSDIS, which has been operational since August 1994. EOSDIS The program’s primary outcomes are the routine, acquires, processes, archives, and distributes sustained uses of NASA Earth science products Earth Science data and information products in user organizations’ policy, business, and created from satellite data, which arrive at the management decisions to serve society; the rate of more than four trillion bytes (four impacts are the resulting socioeconomic benefits terabytes) per day. Having successfully created from the improved decisions. The program this system, NASA is using IT advances to enables operational users to imagine and expand its capabilities while providing anticipate possible applications from upcoming continuous service to the user community. satellite missions and to provide input to mission development teams to increase the societal EOSDIS project management is working with benefits of NASA missions. additional decadal survey mission teams to understand their mission data characteristics and Space Technology guide further improvements and system evolution, in order to support new data types and A critical component to advancing our future in better characterization (e.g. quantitative error space is the rapid development and infusion of information) of all NASA archived data. A new space technologies that can enable new system plan for 2015 and beyond will take into missions for NASA, benefit the overall aerospace account evolutionary needs for new missions industry, and other government agencies. being developed in response to the National NASA’s Space Technology investments enable Academies decadal survey. These very modest future human and scientific exploration of near- investments will enable the system to keep Earth asteroids, the Moon, and Mars, just as technologically current, and incorporate new current and past mission successes were research data and services. NASA Earth Science supported by previous technology investments. information is archived at eight Distributed This budget request funds the development of Active Archive Centers (DAACs) and four pioneering technologies that will increase our disciplinary data centers located across the Nation's capability to operate in space and enable United States. The DAACs specialize by topic

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deep space exploration. Significant progress in contributions to numerous NASA programs and technology areas such as space power systems, projects. The Agency is actively working to entry, descent, and landing systems, propulsion, increase the number of NASA-funded SBIR and radiation protection, and cryogenic fluid handling STTR technologies used in NASA’s missions and are essential for human exploration beyond low projects. Some of NASA’s high-profile programs Earth orbit. By investing in high-payoff benefiting directly from SBIR technologies transformative technology, Space Technology include the Next Generation Air Transportation will mature the capabilities required for NASA’s System; smart sensors that assess launch vehicle future, provide new capabilities, and lower the structural health, three dimensional flash lidar cost for other government agencies and private technologies to assist with collision avoidance industry. Developing these solutions will and navigation for space applications, and end-of- stimulate the growth of the Nation’s innovation arm tooling on Mars surface rovers and landers. economy, creating high-tech jobs. The SBIR program was established by Congress Small Business Innovative Research: in 1982 and reauthorized in 2011 to increase NASA’s Small Business Innovative Research research and development opportunities for small (SBIR) and Small Business Technology Transfer business concerns. The program stimulates U.S. (STTR) programs support early-stage research technological innovation, employs small and development. They provide the small businesses to meet Federal research and business sector with an opportunity to compete development needs, increases private-sector for funding to develop technology for NASA, and commercialization of innovations derived from to commercialize that technology to spur Federal research and development, and economic growth. Research and technologies encourages and facilitates participation by funded by competitively-awarded SBIR and socially disadvantaged businesses. STTR contracts have made important

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NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION

Percentage of Funds Dedicated to Each Ocean- Do llars in Millio ns Related Pro gram Functio n Other FY Actual 2010 FY Actual 2011 FY Enacted 2012 Science and Policy and Science Great Lakes resources Lakes Great Advancing International Ocean Advancing our understanding of oceans, coasts, and Great Lakes Great and coasts, oceans, management of ocean coastal and and coastal of ocean management Supporting Maritime Transportation Enhance the use, conservation, and

Sc ienc e Mission Direc torate Earth Systematic Missions Ocean Surface Topography Mission 100% 6.70 6.10 7.50 Ocean Winds Science Team 100% 3.80 3.20 4.70 QuikSCAT 100% 2.40 3.60 3.60 Terra and Aqua (Ocean Science)* 100% 4.80 4.20 3.70 Jason 100% 4.50 4.60 4.50 Suomi NPP (subset)* 100% 0.70 1.30 1.20 Earth System Science Pathfinder Aquarius 100% 22.30 23.90 4.20 Oc ean Salinity Sc ienc e Team 100% 1.00 2.50 2.10 Earth Science Research Research and Analysis (Ocean Research Subset) 100% 24.70 23.20 26.40 Interdisc iplinary Sc ienc e (Oc ean Subset) 100% 8.50 7.90 9.00 Earth Sc ienc e Multi-Mission Operations Multi-Mission Operations (Physical Oceanography DAAC) 100% 7.20 7.60 6.90 EOSDIS (REASoN/MEaSUREs Ocean Subset)* 100% 1.10 1.30 1.20 NSIDC DAAC 100% 5.50 6.10 6.30 Applied Sc ienc es Pathways 100% 10.00 2.20 1.30 Space Technology Small Business Innovative Research (SBIR)** 10% 90% 1.30 2.90 3.00 TOTAL 104.50 100.60 85.60

*Outyear projections include predictions based upon continued competitive selections with awards. **FY 2012 figures are estimates. Actual figures will vary depending on the number and types of proposals competitively selected for funding.

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NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION

The National Science Foundation (NSF) is the sediment, and rocks. This includes the largest Federal supporter of academic, basic Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP), an research in the ocean sciences, with investments international marine research program to expand in disciplinary and interdisciplinary research and exploration beneath the oceans. education efforts. NSF also supports academic research vessels, instrumentation, and other The JOIDES Resolution, a drill ship that is the facilities necessary to access the marine U.S. contribution to the IODP platform array, environment. The NSF Directorates and underwent a modernization to extend its life and Programs with the most direct interest in ocean enhance its science capabilities. The vessel sciences are described below. supports expeditions to understand Earth’s history by examining the seafloor. Directorate for Geosciences, Division The Integrative Programs Section supports of Ocean Sciences activities, including oceanographic facilities necessary to advance NSF-funded research and The Division of Ocean Sciences in the training of oceanographers across disciplines. Directorate for Geosciences (GEO) supports Examples of research and training support basic research and education to further include technology development and dedicated understanding of the global ocean and its educational activities. The Section provides interactions with the Earth and atmosphere. The significant support to facilities and technologies Division also supports the operation, that enable access to various regions of the maintenance, acquisition, construction, and ocean and ensure effective research and conversion of major shared-use oceanographic communication capabilities. facilities needed to conduct this research.

Through these efforts, the Division contributes NSF is supporting construction of the Research to the theme of “advancing our understanding of Vessel SIKULIAQ (formerly known as the ocean, coastal, and Great Lakes resources.” Alaska Region Research Vessel – ARRV). The Partnerships are fundamental to agency SIKULIAQ is a 261-foot research ship activities, and the Division collaborates with specifically designed to operate in seasonal other Federal ocean agencies on a range of Arctic sea-ice and open waters surrounding efforts. This often involves joint funding of Alaska. The vessel will support research individual projects, special competitions, or expeditions to explore such timely issues as sea- entire programs. Partnerships also extend to ice recession, changing ocean currents, Arctic specific research programs within the Division habitats, and ocean acidification. selected for emphasis on the basis of special scientific opportunities, such as oceans, human NSF is also supporting the construction of the health, global change, and coastal processes. Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI). OOI will

allow continuous interactive connectivity to The Division supports research and education seafloor, water column, and air-sea sensors, activities through three Sections. The Ocean providing the means to collect unique, sustained Section funds research on biological, chemical, time-series data sets that shed light on complex, and physical processes occurring within the interlinked processes throughout the global water column from the air/sea interface to the ocean. The SIKULIAQ and OOI are both ocean floor. managed by GEO, but funded through NSF’s

Major Research Equipment and Facilities The Marine Geosciences Section supports Construction (MREFC) account. research on processes that occur on and below the seafloor and at the interface with water,

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Climate variability research is a priority across Antarctic Sciences Division: NSF is charged the Directorate for Geosciences. The Division with managing all U.S. activities in the Antarctic of Ocean Sciences is contributing to this effort as a single, integrated program. Funding for the with a research program emphasizing the impact U.S. Antarctic Program includes research and of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide on the science support directly linked to specific ocean acidification. research projects, as well as support for the broader operations and logistics infrastructure Office of Polar Programs (Ocean- that make it possible to conduct science on the remote and uninhabited continent. Four Related Research) Antarctic programs fund ocean-related research: Antarctic Earth Sciences, Antarctic Organisms NSF’s polar programs, most of which are and Ecosystems, Antarctic Oceans and supported through the Office of Polar Programs, Atmospheric Science, and Antarctic Integrated provide support for investigations in a range of System Science. scientific disciplines, including a number of areas of ocean-related research. The majority of U.S. Coast Guard Polar Activities: USGC this work contributes to the theme of “advancing Polar Icebreaking funding was transferred to our understanding of ocean, coastal, and Great USGC ($54.0 million in FY 2010, Pub.L. 111- Lakes resources,” but specific efforts within the 117; and $54.0 million, less the 0.2% rescission, U.S. Antarctic Program also support the themes in FY 2011, Pub.L. 112-10). As of FY 2012, it of “enhancing the use and conservation of our is no longer included in the NSF budget. ocean, coastal, and Great Lakes resources” and “advancing international ocean science and policy.” Directorate for Biological Sciences (Ocean-Related Research) Arctic Sciences Division: NSF’s polar programs, most of which are supported through The Directorate for Biological Sciences provides the Office of Polar Programs, provide support support for research to advance understanding of for investigations in a range of scientific the underlying principles and mechanisms disciplines, including a number of areas of governing life. The Directorate is organized into ocean-related research. The majority of this five divisions that fund research on marine work contributes to the theme of “advancing our organisms and research related to marine understanding of ocean, coastal, and Great ecosystems. The Directorate also supports Lakes resources,” but specific efforts within the marine-research infrastructure. Through these Arctic Research Programs also support the efforts, Biological Sciences contributes to the themes of “enhancing the use and conservation theme of “advancing our understanding of of our ocean, coastal, and Great Lakes ocean, coastal, and Great Lakes resources.” resources” and “advancing international ocean science and policy.” Division of Environmental Biology: The Division of Environmental Biology (DEB) The goal of the NSF Arctic Research Programs supports fundamental research on the is to gain a better understanding of the Earth’s systematics, population genetics, and diversity biological, geological, chemical, and associated of marine organisms, and research on the social processes, and the interactions of ocean, terrestrial components of coastal communities land, atmosphere, biological, and human and ecosystems. DEB funds projects that focus systems. Ocean-related research is supported on the ecology and ecosystem dynamics of the within the Arctic Natural Sciences and Arctic world’s Great Lakes, excluding the Laurentian System Science programs, and the Arctic Great Lakes, and coastal zones. Observing Network. The Dimensions of Biodiversity program focuses on the integration of genetic,

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taxonomic/phylogenetic, and functional understanding how multiple stressors, such as dimensions of biodiversity and includes joint acidification, nutrient variability and increasing support for research on marine biodiversity. ocean temperatures, interactively influence the DEB jointly supports five coastal Long-Term capacity of organisms to adjust physiologically Ecological Research sites in Florida, Georgia, or adapt evolutionarily to these changes. California, Massachusetts, and Virginia with the Geosciences Directorate. The Long-Term Division of Molecular & Cellular Ecological Research community has identified Biosciences: The Division of Molecular and “Climate effects on coastal ecosystems” as a Cellular Biosciences (MCB) supports research to grand challenge research focus. enhance fundamental understanding of life processes at the molecular, subcellular, and Division of Integrative Organismal Systems: cellular levels. Experimental organisms used The Division of Integrative Organismal Systems include marine species. In addition, the Division (IOS) supports research aimed at an integrative funds some microbial observatories that focus understanding of organisms through innovative on marine and near-shore ecosystems. applications of systems-level approaches in neuroscience, animal behavior, developmental Division of Biological Infrastructure: The biology, and physiology. Specific ocean-related Division of Biological Infrastructure (DBI) research includes studies on behavioral ecology, supports activities that provide infrastructure for marine symbioses, mechanisms of chemical biological research. This includes improvement interactions between organisms, development of of marine research laboratories and living marine organisms, biomechanics of marine collections of marine organisms widely used in species, and neural, physiological, and basic biological research. behavioral adaptations to marine and freshwater environments. In addition, DBI also supports the Center for Microbial Oceanography Research and IOS participates in the Ocean Acidification Education (C-MORE), which focuses on the Program (OA) as part of NSF’s Science, identities, roles and impacts of microorganisms Engineering, and Education for Sustainability in the world's largest biome – the ocean – (SEES) emphasis area. including increased understanding of potential responses to global environmental variability In particular, BIO supports OA proposals aimed and climate change. at elucidating poorly understood physiological mechanisms, such as calcification in marine Division of Emerging Frontiers: The Office of organisms, thereby expanding basic knowledge Emerging Frontiers researchers contribute to that will aid in understanding the resilience of informing decisions and improving marine ecosystems as the oceans change. Also understanding, principally through the Ocean emphasized is support of projects aimed at Acidification (OA) Program.

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NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION

Percentage of Funds Dedicated to Each Ocean- Do llars in Millio ns Related Pro gram Functio n Other FY Actual 2010 FY Actual 2011 FY Enacted 2012 Science and Policy and Science Great Lakes resources Lakes Great Advancing International Ocean Advancing our understanding of oceans, coasts, and Great Lakes Great and coasts, oceans, management of ocean coastal and and coastal of ocean management Supporting Maritime Transportation Enhance the use, conservation, and

National Science Foundation* Directorate for Geosciences Division of Oc ean Sc ienc es Marine Geosciences Section 100% 94.08 93.86 89.31 Ocean Section 100% 127.08 129.84 120.87 Integrative Programs Sec tion 100% 128.72 128.51 141.72 Major Researc h Equipment and Fac ilities Construction Alaska Region Research Vessel (ARRV) 100% 33.23 0.00 0.00 Oc ean Observatories Initiative (OOI) 100% 20.19 65.00 102.80 Offic e of Polar Programs Arc tic Sc ienc es Division Arctic Natural Science 5% 95% 6.00 6.00 6.00 Arctic System Science 5% 95% 6.00 6.00 5.00 Arc tic Observing Network 80% 20% 6.00 6.00 6.00 Antarc tic Sc ienc es Division Antarctic Earth Sciences 100% 3.00 3.00 3.00 Antarctic Organisms & Ecosystems 80% 20% 6.00 10.00 10.00 Antarctic Oceans & Atmospheric Science 80% 20% 5.00 7.50 7.50 Antarctic Intgerated System Science 100% 2.00 2.00 2.00 USCG Polar Ac tivities USCG Polar Ic ebreaking** 47% 53% 54.00 53.89 0.00 Direc torate for Biologic al Sc ienc es^ Division of Environmental Biology Systematic Biology & Biodiversity Inventories 100% 7.96 7.14 2.50 Population & Community Ecology 100% 0.85 0.60 0.50 Evolutionary Processes 100% 1.95 4.50 2.00 Ecosystem Science 100% 5.77 4.69 3.00 Division of Integrative Organismal Systems Neural Systems 100% 3.37 3.50 3.50 Behavioral Systems 100% 0.05 1.42 1.40 Developmental Systems 100% 2.62 3.51 3.50 Physiologic al & Struc tural Systems 100% 3.40 3.60 3.50 Division of Molec ular & Cellular Biosc ienc es Biomolec ular Systems 100% 2.86 0.64 0.50 Cellular Systems 100% 1.05 0.70 0.24 Genes & Genome Systems 100% 0.22 0.17 0.24 Networks & Regulation^^ 100% 0.00 0.66 1.24 Division of Biologic al Infrastruc ture Center for Moc robial Oc eanography 100% 4.00 4.00 4.00 Advanc es in Biologic al Informatic s 100% 0.78 0.53 0.95 Improvements in Facilities, Communications, and Equipment at Biologic al Field Stations & 100% 0.89 2.40 0.97 Marine Laboratories Division of Emerging Frontiers Oc ean Ac idific ation 100% 3.89 2.58 5.00 TOTAL 530.96 552.24 527.24

* Funding levels shown in this table are direc t program costs. It is not feasible to assoc iate agenc y administrative c osts with these categories. ** USCG Polar Icebreaking funding was transferred to the USCG ($54M in FY 2010, Pub.L. 111-117; and $54M, less the 0.2% recission, in FY 2011, Pub.L. 112-10). As of FY 2012, it is no longer included in the NSF budget. ^ With the exception of the Center for Microbial Oceanography and the Ocean Acidification activity, BIO does not have other specific programs that only fund marine and coastal activities. Proposals can be submitted to most any BIO program, so the level of support for this activity will fluctuate with the number, type and quality of proposals that are submitted each year. Therefore, even large changes in the percent of marine or coastal activities by a program does not necessarily reflect a change in the program's focus or policy. ^^ The Networks and Regulation c luster of programs was initiated in 2011.

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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

In 1829, James Smithson, a British scientist, Smithsonian Tropical Research bequeathed his estate to the American people for the “increase and diffusion of knowledge.” Institute Today the Smithsonian Institution supports that goal through its operation of national museums Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) and research institutes. Its unique structure Marine Research Program is located within 100 allows the Institution to leverage its base Federal kilometers of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, funding to develop programs which are which offers unparalleled opportunities for supplemented by its Trust operations. Three marine studies by Smithsonian and visiting organizations within the Smithsonian Institution scientists. Researchers at STRI are studying contribute to the majority of its research in how modern-reef species and communities coastal and ocean activities, with additional respond to changing environmental conditions educational and exhibit programs coming from (such as El Niño), outbreaks of disease in marine other units such as the Smithsonian National organisms, oil spills, and other natural and Zoo and the Smithsonian Traveling Exhibition human disturbances. STRI is expanding its Service. The Smithsonian has a series of long- environmental program to include sites in Bocas term coastal research stations focusing on del Toro on the Caribbean coast in western biological diversity, ecology, and the land/sea Panama. STRI researchers also aim to interface. It houses the secretariats of global understand the evolution of marine organisms projects on biological diversity information (the and the evolution of ecological relationships, Encyclopedia of Life) and identifications (the work that is enhanced by the rich fossil record of Consortium for the Barcode of Life), which certain marine organisms. enable researchers and the public to access information about the coastal environments. National Museum of Natural History

Smithsonian Environmental Research The National Museum of Natural History Center (NMNH) maintains active research in marine and coastal science in all of its departments—

from anthropology to zoology. It holds the The Smithsonian Environmental Research national collections, and works closely with Center (SERC) Environmental Sciences USG agencies to curate and manage active Program measures long-term changes in water collections from the U.S. coastal zone and quality and nutrient loading, as well as species Antarctica. Full time researchers from NOAA composition and population dynamics of fish, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service are invertebrates, plankton, and marshes in the housed at the Natural History Museum, sharing Rhode River sub-estuary as a model system of its infrastructure and facilities. It manages a the Nation’s largest estuary. The long-term data marine field-station on Carrie Bow Cay, located are used to assess human impacts and natural on the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef in central variation in the Nation’s largest estuary. It Belize. This laboratory is part of the works closely with NOAA and universities in Smithsonian Marine Science Network that the Chesapeake Bay and other coastal bays and supports the Institution’s marine scientists’ estuaries nationally. SERC also houses the U.S. research projects on a year-round basis. The National Ballast Information Clearinghouse and majority of recent Caribbean coral reef is a global resource for identifications and ecosystems marine research involves management of coastal invasive species. biodiversity, morphology and developmental biology; species interactions and behavior; ecophysiology and responses to environmental change; and processes linking species and

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environment. Natural History also has a long- term research station in Fort Pierce Florida. The Sant Ocean Hall at the museum is the largest exhibit on the natural history of oceans and the human interactions with the seas. Its accompanying Ocean Portal (ocean.si.edu) is an internet focal point for marine and coastal information, and works with partners from NOAA, NSF, and the Department of State.

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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

Percentage of Funds Dedicated to Each Ocean- Do llars in Millio ns Related Pro gram Functio n Other FY Actual 2010 FY Actual 2011 FY Enacted 2012 Science and Policy and Science Great Lakes resources Lakes Great Advancing International Ocean Advancing our understanding of oceans, coasts, and Great Lakes Great and coasts, oceans, management of ocean coastal and and coastal of ocean management Supporting Maritime Transportation Enhance the use, conservation, and

Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Marine Environmental Sciences Program 100% 0.30 0.30 0.30 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Marine Researc h Program 100% 2.60 2.40 2.60 National Museum of Natural History Caribbean Coral Reef Ec osystems Program 100% 0.20 0.20 0.20 TOTAL 3.10 2.90 3.10

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DEPARTMENT OF STATE AND USAID

The Department of State works around the world to agreements negotiated by the United States and protect and advance U.S. interests with respect to ratified by the President, with the advice and consent uses of the ocean and conservation and management of the Senate. The United States entered into these of marine resources. In this regard, the Department treaties to protect its access to shared international works to: (1) negotiate and implement agreements fisheries resources and to support other vital to protect the world’s oceans and to conserve and economic and environmental interests. The manage marine living and non-living resources; (2) commissions and organizations funded by this raise awareness of the environmental and economic account enable the United States to promote critical costs associated with a lack of effective long-term U.S. economic and conservation interests. Each conservation and management of such resources facilitates international cooperation by conducting or both at home and around the world; and (3) advance coordinating scientific studies of fish stocks and the United States’ strategic goals by addressing other living-marine resources and establishing challenges that require international consultation and common management measures to be implemented coordination. by member governments based on their results. Many also oversee the allocation of fishing rights to The Department works in close coordination with their members. U.S. funding of the International multiple stakeholders, both within and outside Fisheries Commissions account supports the government, to protect and advance U.S. interests in Department’s strategic goals of securing a the following ocean-related areas: commercial sustainable global environment and ensuring fisheries, including mitigating their impacts on the economic prosperity and security by funding U.S. marine environment, marine mammals, seabirds, sea shares of operating expenses for ten international turtles, and non-target fish stocks; aquaculture; fisheries commissions and organizations, the aquatic invasive species; biodiversity; coral reefs; International Whaling Commission, two marine debris; Antarctic and Arctic affairs; international marine science organizations, the homeland security, including maritime domain Antarctic Treaty, and international sea turtle awareness; the Law of the Sea Convention, including conservation initiatives. The account also provides deep seabed mining, marine scientific research, for travel expenses of the U.S. Commissioners and maritime boundaries and national maritime claims, their advisors, as well as compensation to non- continental shelf claims, marine pollution, government employees of the Pacific Salmon commercial and military navigation/transport; Commission for days actually worked as U.S. regional seas programs; small island developing commissioners, panel members, advisors, and/or States; underwater cultural heritage; and whales. alternates. Within the Department, primary responsibility for these issues rests with the Bureau of Oceans and Economic Support Funds (ESF), OES International Environmental and Scientific Affairs (OES), supported by other bureaus and an extensive Partnerships network of Missions around the globe. The United States contributes $18 million in Economic Support Funds (ESF) annually to certain Department of State: Bureau of Pacific Island States under the 2003 Economic Oceans, Environment and Science Assistance Agreement (EAA) associated with the (OES) 1987 Multilateral Treaty on Fisheries between the Governments of Certain Pacific Island States and the United States (“the Treaty”). The Treaty sets forth International Fisheries Commissions the terms and conditions for U.S. tuna vessels to fish in a broad area of the Pacific, including the 200-mile The international commissions and programs funded zones of the Pacific Island Parties, which contributes by this account were established by treaties and $400-$600 million annually to the U.S. economy.

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The United States provides these funds to the Parties Agency for International Development (USAID) has to the Treaty through the Pacific Forum Fisheries been the principal U.S. agency to extend economic Agency (the Administrator of the Treaty), to be used and social assistance to developing countries since solely for economic development. This targeted aid 1961. While it is an independent agency, USAID assists developing countries while also providing receives foreign policy guidance from the Secretary tangible benefits to an important sector of the U.S. of State. economy and is considered a vital component of the political and economic relationship between the Development Assistance Accounts United States and the Pacific Island Parties. U.S. foreign assistance has always had the two-fold Diplomatic & Consular Programs purpose of furthering America's foreign policy interests while improving the lives of the citizens of OES annually funds a Sea Grant Fellow for the the developing world. Sound and equitable Office of Marine Conservation. The Knauss Marine development is recognized as one of the three key Policy Fellowship Program is administered by pillars – Diplomacy, Development, and Defense - of NOAA and provides a valuable opportunity both for a strong U.S. national security strategy. Fellows to gain experience in public policy related to the ocean, and for host offices to gain fresh Healthy and productive marine ecosystems are perspectives and connections with emerging critical to U.S. diplomatic and development professionals in the ocean policy and science fields. strategies to promote global food security, adaptation OES also participates in the American Association to climate change, biodiversity conservation, for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) Science & economic security and competitiveness, social Technology Policy Fellows and Jefferson Science stability and conflict prevention, improved human Fellows programs. These AAAS Fellows are all health, and disaster mitigation. U.S. assistance also Ph.D.-level scientists and many are leaders in their aims to empower communities and stakeholders to academic fields. Fellows are placed within the participate in decision-making affecting their various OES offices. The Department of State leads interests, contributing to efforts to build the United States participation in the Arctic Council and foundations of transparent, responsive, and overall Arctic foreign policy. Funds under this accountable governance. account are used to support U.S.-led projects and initiatives through expertise in other Federal USAID assistance to developing countries agencies which in turn informs decision-making and contributes to the U.S. and international policy improves understanding in responding to changing interests by promoting ocean stewardship with conditions in the Arctic. The Extended Continental respect to the management, sustainable use, and Shelf (ECS) Task Force, led by the Department, uses conservation of coastal and marine resources. the funds under this account to coordinate and Maintaining ecosystem integrity through an support efforts related to the collection and analysis ecosystem-based approach, improving resilience of of data among a dozen Federal agencies that will coastal resources, and establishing science-based establish the outer limit of the U.S. ECS. The ECS decision-making processes will be critical to effort will delineate an enormous area where the achieving global food security and adapting to U.S. can exercise sovereign rights over the resources climate change. Sustainably managing fisheries can on and below the seabed. ease competition for these critical and high-value resources and result in lessening the amount of The U.S. Agency for International causes for local and regional conflict. In these regards, USAID works to: (1) build the necessary Development capacity for local communities, institutions and governments to manage and conserve their The United States has a long history of extending a resources; (2) raise awareness and promote helping hand to those people overseas struggling to behavioral changes that lead to sustainable resource make a better life, recover from a disaster, or striving use and resilient ecosystems and communities; (3) to live in a free and democratic country. The U.S.

A-81 2010-2011 Federal Ocean and Coastal Activities Report to the U.S. Congress promote open, transparent, and participatory management of fisheries and other marine resources, governance and policy frameworks; (4) build public- establish networks of marine-protected areas, private partnerships and alliances to address local implement measures to strengthen resilience and and global challenges; (5) integrate population, adaptation to climate change, and strengthen health, and environment approaches for increased measures to protect threatened marine species. The impacts; and (6) promote international leadership coordinated U.S. response involves USAID, DOS, and coordination in advancing successful DOJ and NOAA, along with non-governmental management and conservation approaches. groups and U.S. universities.

To achieve these objectives, USAID works in close El Salvador Central America Mission: partnership with international and local non- The goal of the Marine Aquatic Resources and government organizations, private voluntary Economic Alternative (MAREA) program is to organizations, indigenous organizations, universities, strengthen Central American coastal and marine- American businesses, international agencies, other resources management to reduce environmental governments, and other U.S. government agencies. threats, conserve biodiversity, and improve USAID works in over 30 countries on projects that livelihoods. The two specific objectives of this directly promote the conservation and improved program are to promote effective monitoring and resource management of coastal and marine enforcement of coastal and marine-resource policies ecosystems. Assistance is provided to countries in and legislation, and to foster rights-based and sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, Middle East, Pacific, market-based mechanisms, as well as management Latin America, and Caribbean. Agency programs incentives for the conservation and sustainable use of build human and institutional capacity for resource coastal and marine resources and ecosystems. An management, while building strong governance emphasis is placed upon ecosystem-based processes to ensure long-term impacts and approaches to management. stakeholder ownership. Ghana Mission: The goal of the Integrated Coastal USAID also hosts AAAS Fellows in Washington, and Fisheries Governance Program (ICFG) Program DC, and at USAID missions. is to support the government of Ghana in achieving its fisheries’ development objectives of poverty Examples of USAID activities include the following: reduction, food security, sustainable management, and biodiversity conservation. ICFG, concentrated Regional Development Mission in Asia: in the six coastal districts of the Western Region of USAID is a major supporter of the Coral Triangle Ghana, strengthens local capacity at the community Initiative for Coral Reefs, Fisheries and Food and district government levels to address over- Security, (CTI-CFF), a multi-national, country-led fishing, increase social and economic benefits to initiative to safeguard the region’s natural assets. artisanal fishing communities, incentivize an The global center of marine biodiversity, the Coral integrated coastal resources management and Triangle, is within the territories of Indonesia, fisheries agenda, and harmonize policies and Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Timor management plans at the trans-boundary level to Leste, and Solomon Islands. USAID supports the conserve the Guinea and Canary currents’ large CTI to designate and effectively managing priority marine ecosystems. seascapes, apply an ecosystem-based approach to the

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DEPARTMENT OF STATE

Percentage of Funds Dedicated to Each Ocean- Do llars in Millio ns Related Pro gram Functio n Other FY Actual 2010 FY Actual 2011 FY Enacted 2012 Science and Policy and Science Great Lakes resources Lakes Great Advancing International Ocean Advancing our understanding of oceans, coasts, and Great Lakes Great and coasts, oceans, management of ocean coastal and and coastal of ocean management Supporting Maritime Transportation Enhance the use, conservation, and

Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Sc ientific Affairs (OES) Economic Support Funds, OES Partnerships South Pac ific Forum Fisheries 40% 60% 18.00 18.00 18.00 International Crane Foundation 100% 0.20 0.00 0.00 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 40% 60% 0.00 0.00 0.00 NOAA 100% 0.00 0.00 0.00 Diplomatic & Consular Affairs Arctic Council 100% 0.07 0.06 0.08 Sea Grant Fellow 50% 50% 0.05 0.05 0.05 Extended Continental Shelf and Boundary 100% 0.10 0.10 0.10 International Fisheries Commission InterAmeric an Tropic al Tuna Commission (IATTC) 50% 50% 1.90 1.90 2.00 Great Lakes Fishery Commission (GLFC) 30% 30% 40% 28.20 24.30 23.70 International Pac ific Halibut Commission (IPHC) 50% 50% 3.30 3.30 4.50 Pac ific Salmon Commission (PSC) 30% 30% 40% 18.30 18.30 3.30 Other Marine Conservation Organizations 100% 2.30 2.60 2.80 TOTAL 72.42 68.61 54.53

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U.S. AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

Percentage of Funds Dedicated to Each Ocean- Do llars in Millio ns Related Pro gram Functio n Other FY Actual 2010 FY Actual 2011 FY Enacted 2012 Science and Policy and Science Great Lakes resources Lakes Great Advancing International Ocean Advancing our understanding of oceans, coasts, and Great Lakes Great and coasts, oceans, management of ocean coastal and and coastal of ocean management Supporting Maritime Transportation Enhance the use, conservation,and

Latin America and Caribbean Bureau Development Assistance Dominic an Republic 100% 0.30 0.20 0.00 Barbados and Eastern Caribbean Regional 100% 5.00 5.00 5.00 Ecuador 100% 0.10 0.10 0.50 El Salvador 100% 1.33 0.85 0.00 Honduras 100% 0.00 0.00 0.00 Jamaica 100% 0.00 0.00 0.00 Nicaragua 100% 0.00 0.00 0.00 Panama 100% 0.00 0.00 0.00 USAID Latin America and Caribbean Regional 100% 0.00 0.00 0.00 (LAC) USAID Central America Regional 100% 3.00 2.00 3.00 Economic Support Fund Colombia 100% 0.00 1.25 1.25 Haiti 100% 0.00 0.00 0.00 Mexic o 100% 0.10 0.00 0.00 Afric a Bureau Development Assistance Ghana 100% 2.35 2.75 2.75 Senegal 100% 0.50 1.00 1.70 West Afric an Regional Mission 100% 0.50 0.50 0.50 Asia Bureau Development Assistance Bangladesh 100% 3.00 5.00 5.00 Indonesia 100% 5.00 8.90 9.70 Maldives 100% 1.00 0.00 0.00 Philippines 100% 4.50 16.30 8.40 Regional Development Mission/Asia 100% 4.00 5.80 4.30 Europe and Eurasia Bureau Freedom Support Act Russia 100% 0.12 0.13 0.13 Economic Growth, Education and Environment Bureau Development Assistance Natural Resource Management 100% 2.15 1.20 1.29 Global Health Bureau Global Health Programs - USAID Population and Environment 100% 0.18 0.13 0.15 TOTAL 33.13 51.10 43.66

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DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

In anticipation of the expected doubling of freight approach in recent years in addressing the issue of and passenger transportation by 2050, DOT will aquatic invasive species on the Great Lakes St. foster smart, strategic investments that will serve Lawrence Seaway System. The SLSDC, its the traveling public and facilitate freight movement, Canadian counterpart, and other U.S. and Canadian including improving the performance of freight-rail Federal partners, continue to make notable progress and maritime trade networks. Some DOT activities in ballast water management and related efforts to are supported by more than one DOT element. For prevent any new introductions of aquatic invasive example, both the Saint Lawrence Seaway species via commercial ships entering Seaway Development Corporation and the Maritime waters. Administration support the Great Ships Initiative, and these administrations and the Office of the Great Lakes/Seaway Ballast Water Secretary have funded the Great Lakes Maritime Collaborative: In late FY 2009, the SLSDC Research Institute. initiated the Great Lakes Ballast Water Collaborative (BWC), in conjunction with the International Joint Commission, to bring together Saint Lawrence Seaway industry and State and Federal regulators on the Development Corporation issue of ballast water and invasive species in the region. One of the primary goals of the BWC is to The Saint Lawrence Seaway Development share relevant, useful, and accurate information and Corporation (SLSDC), a wholly-owned government foster better communication and collaboration corporation within the U.S. Department of among the key stakeholders engaged in the effort to Transportation, is responsible for the operations and reduce the risk of introduction and spread of aquatic maintenance of the U.S. portion of the St. Lawrence nuisance species. Seaway. This responsibility includes maintaining and operating the two U.S. Seaway locks in A particular emphasis of the BWC has been to Massena, NY, and vessel traffic control areas of the bring State representatives together with marine St. Lawrence River and Lake Ontario. The SLSDC industry representatives and respected scientists to coordinates its activities with its Canadian find workable and effective solutions to the aquatic counterpart, the St. Lawrence Seaway Management invasive species challenge as they relate to the Corporation (SLSMC), particularly with respect to Great Lakes St. Lawrence Seaway System. The rules and regulations, overall day-to-day operations, aim of the BWC is not to take away from any traffic management, navigation aids, safety, preexisting efforts in this regard, but rather to environmental programs, operating dates, and trade- complement those efforts. development programs. The SLSDC’s activities and budgetary resources are split between two In September 2009, the BWC held its first meeting programs – Agency Operations and Asset Renewal in Detroit, Michigan, as an information-sharing Program (ARP). forum on ballast water issues for the Great Lakes Seaway System. The forum was attended by representatives from State and provincial Agency Operations governments (Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois, Ohio, Michigan, New York, and Ontario); U.S. and The SLSDC’s agency operations program consists Canadian regulatory agencies; senior executives of all agency activities, except for capital and non- from the U.S.-flag laker, Canadian-flag laker, and capital infrastructure improvements. Primary international fleets; and the leading academic program activities include lock operations and ballast water researchers from Canada and the maintenance, vessel traffic control, vessel safety United States. and environmental inspections, and customer outreach. The SLSDC has taken a pro-active

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Over the past two years, the BWC has met several water history, compliance, voyage information and additional times. In FY 2010 two meetings were proposed discharge location. held: one in May 2010 in Montreal, Quebec, and another in July 2010 in Duluth, Minnesota. In FY Since 2006, ballast water management requirements 2011, two full BWC meetings were convened – one in the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence Seaway in Toronto, Ontario, in January 2011 and the other System have been the most stringent in the world. in Baltimore, Maryland, in September 2011. The BWC has attracted the active participation of over Great Ships Initiative: The SLSDC continues to 100 different individuals in the U.S. and Canada, work closely with the Great Ships Initiative (GSI), most of them the senior representatives of their which is focusing resources and expertise on organizations. producing solutions to the problem of ship- mediated invasive species in the Great Lakes. The Foreign-Flag Vessel Safety and Ballast GSI program is an industry-led cooperative effort Inspections: The SLSDC continues to perform its initiated by the Northeast-Midwest Institute, in Enhanced Seaway Inspection (ESI) program, collaboration with the American Great Lakes Ports inspecting all ocean vessels for safety and Association. It operates on two fronts: (1) environmental protection issues in Montreal, activating a set of “technology incubators” to Quebec, before they enter U.S. waters. During the accelerate the identification and verification of 2011 navigation season, the SLSDC achieved its treatment alternatives to stop organism internal performance goal of inspecting all ocean introductions by ocean-going ships; and (2) vessels with 231 inspections completed, all monitoring Great Lakes ports and harbors for new performed by SLSDC marine inspectors. introductions of invasive species by ships. The Maritime Administration also funds the Great Ships The ballast water-exchange program continues to be Initiative. an important function of the ship inspection program. These inspections are carried out “Green Marine” Program: The SLSDC is also concurrently with the ESIs by SLSDC personnel in involved in the “Green Marine” program, a marine Montreal, and by USCG and Corporation staff at industry partnership program aimed at Snell Lock in Massena. These programs support demonstrating and communicating the maritime the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 and the Non- industry’s commitment to addressing a number of Indigenous Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and key environmental issues. The Green Marine Control Act of 1990. program builds and maintains strong relations with key stakeholders and develops a greater awareness In 2011, 100 percent of vessels bound for the Great of the maritime industry’s activities, benefits, and Lakes Seaway from outside the Exclusive challenges. Activities are directed towards Economic Zone (EEZ) received ballast strengthening the industry’s environmental management exams on each Seaway transit. All standards and performance through a process of 7,203 ballast tanks, during 396 vessel transits, were continuous improvement, helping the maritime assessed. Vessels that did not exchange their industry to speak with one voice, and strengthening ballast water or flush their ballast tanks were industry involvement in regulatory processes and required to either retain the ballast water and improving regulatory outcomes. residuals on board, treat the ballast water in an environmentally sound and approved manner, or Great Lakes Maritime Research Institute: return to sea to conduct a ballast water exchange. The SLSDC serves on the advisory board of the Vessels that were unable to exchange their ballast Great Lakes Maritime Research Institute (GLMRI), water/residuals, and that were required to retain a National Maritime Enhancement Institute them onboard, received a verification boarding established in 2004. The GLMRI’s mission is to during their outbound transit prior to exiting the conduct research to support the advancement of the Seaway. In addition, 100 percent of ballast water Great Lakes marine transportation system. The reporting forms were screened to assess ballast GLMRI, a consortium between the University of Wisconsin-Superior and the University of

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Minnesota-Duluth, conducts research and publishes more fuel-efficient and less impactful on the findings on maritime issues including aquatic environment than rail and highway freight invasive species. The Maritime Administration also transport. supports the GLMRI. The Office of the Secretary’s Transportation Planning, Research and Environmental Initiatives Development account has also provided funds to the GLMRI. In addition, the SLSDC plays a key Ballast Water and Related Technologies: role on the Great Lakes Regional Waterways MARAD has contributed funding and ship Management Forum—a group of U.S. and platforms for scientific, technical, engineering, and Canadian Federal representatives who work marine architectural support to develop technical cooperatively to identify and resolve waterways and scientific protocols for ballast water treatment management issues that involve the Great Lakes technology testing and verification. MARAD has region. Over the past few years, the SLSDC has also worked to coordinate and provide Federal played an active role on the Forum's ballast water support for the development of a network of working group. The ballast water working group independent facilities for testing and verification of was developed to harmonize efforts between the technologies. The Environmental Spending Plan USCG, Transport Canada, and the two Seaway for 2012 is specifically designed to address the Corporations to coordinate and exchange Congressional expectation of establishing the compliance and research efforts for reducing verification and certification infrastructure in the aquatic nuisance species invasions via ballast water U.S. in the Great Lakes.

Great Ships Initiative: MARAD continues to Asset Renewal Program fund the Great Ships Initiative (GSI). With funding from the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative (GLRI), The SLSDC’s multi-year ARP was initiated in FiY MARAD was able to upgrade the facility in order to 2009 and focuses on improving U.S. Seaway conduct ballast water management system (BWMS) infrastructure, conducting maintenance dredging, testing in accordance with International Maritime investing in new technologies, purchasing new Organization (IMO) guidelines and U.S. Coast equipment, and refurbishing old facilities. The Guard protocols. The facility is focused on program marks the first time in the Seaway’s verifying the efficacy of BWMS in fresh water. history that a coordinated effort to rehabilitate and The testing is conducted at the land-based level as modernize the U.S. Seaway infrastructure has taken well as bench scale. The Saint Lawrence Seaway place. None of the ARP projects result in increases Development Corporation also funds the Great to the authorized depth or width of the navigation Ships Initiative. channel or the dimensions of the two existing U.S. locks. Through the ARP’s first three years (FYs Maritime Environmental Resource Center 2009-11), the SLSDC was able to maintain the (MERC): MARAD continues to fund the original schedule and overall cost estimates. development and operation of a barge-based ballast water management system (BWMS) test facility Maritime Administration based in the Chesapeake Bay. The MERC facility is capable of testing BWMS according to The Maritime Administration (MARAD) supports International Maritime Organization (IMO) national economic and environmental outcomes. guidelines and USCG testing protocols. MERC is MARAD programs advance economic also conducting research associated with hull bio- competitiveness by sustaining a viable U.S. fouling. merchant marine for commerce, emergency response, and national security. A viable U.S. GOLDEN BEAR Facility: MARAD is also Merchant Marine provides transportation options sponsoring BWMS testing aboard its vessel for businesses to reach their suppliers and Training Ship GOLDEN BEAR based at the customers that, measured on a per-ton basis, are California Maritime Academy in Vallejo,

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California. The facility is capable of testing and graduate merchant marine officers ready to BWMS in accordance with IMO guidelines. serve the maritime industry and Armed Forces. Both the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy and the Air Emissions/Energy: MARAD’s port and vessel State maritime academies support marine–related air emissions and energy efforts, like those of commerce by educating young men and women to ballast water, have been ongoing since the early become officers in the American merchant marine. 2000s. The breadth and intensity of those efforts, The U.S. Merchant Marine Academy is a federally- however, has not yet matched that of ballast water, operated institution. MARAD provides funding and which have been cooperative efforts that involve other assistance to the six State maritime other Federal, State, and local government partners. academies.

In 2011, MARAD entered into a Cooperative Assistance to Shipyards: MARAD’s Title XI and Agreement with the Great Lakes Maritime Research Assistance to Small Shipyards programs provide Institute (GLMRI) to facilitate the investigation of loan guarantees and grants supporting the industry, the feasibility of using LNG as a marine fuel in the providing an engine for capacity and economic Great Lakes Region. growth. MARAD awarded $9.98 million in grants in FY 2012 to support capital improvements at Other Discharges: MARAD has more recently qualified shipyards to improve the ability of engaged in efforts to address other discharges from domestic shipyards to compete for domestic and vessels such as those being addressed by the international commercial ship construction. recently issued Vessel General Permit. MARAD’s Maritime Security Program (MSP): Marine Generated Noise: Marine generated noise MSP assists U.S.-flag operators to ensure that an has been an ongoing issue in which MARAD is also active U.S.-flag merchant fleet of militarily useful engaged. However, it has taken on new importance general cargo vessels continue to operate in as concerns have grown regarding the potential international trade, and the trained personnel impacts of marine-generated noise on marine needed to operate both active commercial and mammals and endangered marine species. The government-owned reserve vessels, are available to issue is also gaining attention with the focus on port meet U.S. economic and national security improvements and expansion, which adds requirements. The Maritime Security Program additional traffic into sensitive estuaries. sustains a fleet of commercial vessels capable of supporting national security and Federal emergency Operations and Training response requirements.

The FY 2009 DOD authorization created the Port of The Maritime Guaranteed Loan Program (Title Guam Improvement Enterprise Fund with the intent XI): The Maritime Guaranteed Loan Program of consolidating all resources dedicated to the authorizes MARAD to guarantee up to 87.5 percent Guam Port Improvement project within the Fund. of the obligations on private sector debt financing The project will affect the substantial improvement for ships constructed, reconstructed, or of the Jose D. Leon Guerrero Commercial Port to reconditioned in the United States, including provide modern and efficient transportation access vessels for export, and to guarantee shipyard to the island of Guam and to the region to meet the obligations of indebtedness for eligible domestic Department of Defense requirements for the Guam and exports vessels and for shipyard modernization build-up needed for the relocation of troops from and improvement. Guarantees in force and Okinawa. commitments to guarantee include a significant portion of the U.S.-flag fleet, including vessels on MARAD programs also help ensure the readiness the coastal and inland waterways. of sealift capacity to respond to national crises and DOD mobilizations. The U.S. Merchant Marine The Cargo Preference Program: The Cargo Academy and State maritime academies educate Preference Program oversees the administration of

A-88 2010-2011 Federal Ocean and Coastal Activities Report to the U.S. Congress and compliance with U.S. cargo preference laws transportation system (MTS); promoting integration and regulations. Those laws require shippers to use of the MTS with other modes of transportation and U.S.-flag vessels to transport specified shares of other uses of the marine environment; and any government-impelled ocean-borne cargoes. Coordinating, improving the coordination of, and The ocean freight revenue provided to the U.S. flag making recommendations with regard to Federal merchant fleet by the Cargo Preference Program policies that impact the MTS.” In 2010, the CMTS provides an economic incentive to remain under the was directed by Congress to coordinate U.S. flag to support mobility, national economic transportation policies in the U.S. Arctic to support and system capacity, and defense needs. The Cargo safety and security. In response, the CMTS has Preference Program supports the transport of DOD developed a U.S. Arctic Marine Transportation cargoes, civilian agency cargoes, and U.S. food aid System recommendation paper to be issued in by U.S.-flag vessels. 2013. Also of note, the eNavigation Strategic Action Plan (2012) offers a strategy to coordinate Ship Disposal Program: MARAD is the U.S. the Federal role for navigation safety services and is government’s disposal agent for merchant type updating the 2008 National Strategy for the MTS to vessels 1,500 gross tons or more and is the owner of reflect current needs of the MTS and approximately 50 obsolete ships designated for Administration policies. The CMTS is an ex- disposal. The presence of hazardous materials officio member of the National Ocean Council’s onboard the ships such as residual fuel, ex-foliating interagency policy committees. paint, asbestos, and solid polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) pose a risk to the surrounding environment. Office of the Secretary The Ship Disposal Program ensures proper disposal of the obsolete vessels through qualified ship recycling facilities that protect the environment and Transportation Planning, Research and worker health and safety during the recycling Development process. The Transportation Planning, Research and The Nuclear Ship SAVANNAH, the world’s first Development (TPR&D) account finances research nuclear-powered merchant ship is owned and activities and studies concerned with planning, maintained by MARAD, and is licensed and analysis, and information development needed to regulated by the United States Nuclear Regulatory support the Secretary's responsibilities in the Commission (NRC). MARAD programs support formulation of national transportation policies. The both the disposal of obsolete ships from the program is carried out primarily through contracts National Defense Reserve Fleet (NDRF) and with other Federal agencies, educational management of the inactive Nuclear Ship institutions, non-profit research organizations, and SAVANNAH. private firms. Activities support the development of transportation policy, coordination of national- level transportation planning, and such issues as U.S. Committee on the Marine regulatory modernization, energy conservation, and Transportation System (CMTS) environmental and safety impacts of transportation. These funds have supported studies on ballast water The U.S. CMTS was authorized in December 2012 and marine transportation performed by the Great and directed in 46 U.S.C. 55502(b) for the purpose Lakes Marine Research Institute (2010 and earlier). of “Assessing the adequacy of the marine

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DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

Percentage of Funds Dedicated to Each Ocean- Do llars in Millio ns Related Pro gram Functio n Other FY Actual 2010 FY Actual 2011 FY Enacted 2012 Science and Policy and Science Great Lakes resources Lakes Great Advancing International Ocean Advancing our understanding of oceans, coasts, and Great Lakes Great and coasts, oceans, management of ocean coastal and and coastal of ocean management Supporting Maritime Transportation Enhance the use, conservation,and

Saint Lawrence Seaway Development Agency Operations 90% 10% 17.00 17.00 18.00 Asset Renewal Program 100% 18.00 16.00 16.00 Maritime Administration Operations and Training MARAD Academies 100% 90.00 96.00 102.00 MARAD Operations 100% 60.00 61.00 54.00 Assistanc e to Small Shipyards 100% 15.00 10.00 10.00 Maritime Sec urity Program 100% 174.00 174.00 174.00 Maritime Guaranteed Loan Program 100% 9.00 9.00 4.00 Ocean Freight Differential 100% 175.00 175.00 175.00 Ship Disposal 100% 15.00 15.00 6.00 Office of the Secretary Transportation Planning Research & Development Great Lakes Maritime Research Institute 15% 85% 0.45 0.00 0.00 National Export Initiative 100% 0.00 0.00 0.20 Panama Canal Expansion Study 100% 0.75 0.00 0.00 TOTAL 574.20 573.00 559.20

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DEPARTMENT OF TREASURY

Global Environment Facility banks, the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), the International Fund for Agricultural The Department of the Treasury is responsible for Development (IFAD), and the U.N. Industrial oversight of U.S. participation in the Global Development Organization (UNIDO)). GEF Environment Facility (GEF) which, funds projects to projects are co-financed by developing country address international water pollution and over governments, bilateral aid agencies, GEF fishing. Other portions of the GEF portfolio also implementing agencies, private-sector investors, and advance U.S. objectives on oceans policy by non-governmental organizations. supporting marine and coastal biodiversity projects, phasing-out the use and manufacture of persistent GEF operations generally take two forms: (1) organic pollutants (POPs), and by fighting Technical assistance to help developing countries desertification, which can impact ocean and coastal develop and implement environmentally sound ecosystem health. policies and practices; and (2) direct investments to demonstrate innovative technologies or improve The GEF was created in 1991 to help developing management practices, such as installation of new countries address global environmental problems equipment on fishing boats to reduce by-catch of that may affect the United States and the rest of the non-target species, including sea turtles and world, including those related to international water mammals. GEF operations to reverse the pollution and protecting fisheries. GEF funding is degradation of international waters are grouped into also focused on expanding clean energy production four primary objectives: (1) catalyze multi-state and efficient energy use, conserving biological cooperation to balance conflicting uses in trans- diversity, reducing deforestation, phasing out ozone boundary basins; (2) catalyze multi-state cooperation depleting substances, reducing persistent organic to rebuild marine fisheries and reduce pollution of pollutants, and preventing land degradation and coasts and large marine ecosystems; (3) support desertification. foundational capacity building, portfolio learning, and targeted research needs for joint, ecosystem- based management of trans-boundary water systems; GEF Operations and (4) promote effective management of marine areas beyond national jurisdiction. The GEF focuses on innovative and cost-effective projects that can be replicated elsewhere with Among others, the GEF international waters financing from non-GEF sources. These projects are program has facilitated international agreements that implemented by developing countries through 10 have enhanced the governance over international implementing agencies (the World Bank, the U.N. bodies of water. Development Program, the U.N. Environment

Program, the four regional multilateral development

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DEPARTMENT OF TREASURY

Percentage of Funds Dedicated to Each Ocean- Do llars in Millio ns Related Pro gram Functio n Other FY Actual 2010 FY Actual 2011 FY Enacted 2012 Science and Policy and Science Great Lakes resources Lakes Great Advancing International Ocean Advancing our understanding of oceans, coasts, and Great Lakes Great and coasts, oceans, management of ocean coastal and and coastal of ocean management Supporting Maritime Transportation Enhance the use, conservation, and

International Assistance Programs Global Environment Fac ility 75% 25% 8.00 9.00 12.00 TOTAL 8.00 9.00 12.00

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